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3-Introduction To Filters

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17 views

3-Introduction To Filters

Uploaded by

highman6000
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction To Analog

Filters
Filters
Background
. Filters may be classified as either digital or analog.

. Digital filters are implemented using a digital computer

or special purpose digital hardware.

. Analog filters may be classified as either passive or

active and are usually implemented with R, L, and C


components and operational amplifiers.
Filters
Background
. An active filter is one that, along with R, L, and C components,

also contains an energy source, such as that derived from an


operational amplifier.

.A passive filter is one that contains only R, L, and C components.


It is not necessary that all three be present. L is often omitted (on
purpose) from passive filter design because of the size and cost of
inductors – and they also carry along an R that must be included
in the design.
Filters
Background

. The analysis of analog filters is well described in filter text


books. The most popular include Butterworth, Chebyshev
and elliptic methods.

. The synthesis (realization) of analog filters, that is, the


way one builds (topological layout) the filters, received
significant attention during 1940 thru 1960. Leading
the work were Cauer and Tuttle. Since that time,
very little effort has been directed to analog filter
realization.
Filters
Background
. Generally speaking, digital filters have become the focus
of attention in the last 40 years. The interest in digital
filters started with the advent of the digital computer,
especially the affordable PC and special purpose signal
processing boards. People who led the way in the work
(the analysis part) were Kaiser, Gold and Radar.

. A digital filter is simply the implementation of an


equation(s) in computer software. There are no R, L,
C components as such. However, digital filters can also
be built directly into special purpose computers in
hardware form. But the execution is still in software.
Passive Analog Filters

Background Four types of filters - “Ideal”


lowpass highpass

bandpass bandstop
Passive Analog Filters

Background Realistic Filters:


lowpass highpass

bandpass bandstop
Passive Analog Filters
Low Pass Filter Consider the circuit below.

R +
+
VI C VO
_
_

Low pass filter circuit

1
VO ( jw) jwC 1
= =
Vi ( jw) 1 1 + jwRC
R+
jwC
Passive Analog Filters

High Pass Filter Consider the circuit below.

+
C
+
Vi R
_ VO
_

High Pass Filter

VO ( jw) R jwRC
= =
Vi ( jw) 1 1 + jwRC
R+
jwC
Passive Analog Filters

Band Pass Filter Consider the circuit shown below:

C L +
+
Vi R VO
_
_

When studying series resonant circuit we showed that;


R
VO ( s) s
= L
Vi ( s ) s 2 + R s + 1
L LC
Basic Active Filters

Low Pass Filter

Rfb

+ Rin +
Vin
_ VO
_
Basic Active Filters

High Pass Filter

Rfb

C Rin
+
Vin +
_ VO
_
Basic Active Filters

Band Pass Filter

R1 C2

C1 R2 Rfb
R1 R2
Ri
+
Vin
_ +
VO
_
Basic Active Filters

Band Stop Filter


C1

R1
R1

Rfb

R2 Ri
+ C2 +
Vin VO
_
_
A model of a distribution system powering
a nonlinear load
Line Reactor

One of the simplest harmonic filters is the line reactor.


This magnetic component is often used in the line in series
with motor controllers and other converters that draw
significant harmonic current. The reactor presents high
impedance to high frequency currents while passing the
fundamental.
Shunt Passive Filter

The installation of the shunt passive filter is the most common


method for controlling harmonic currents.
The capacitors of the filter also provide reactive power at the
fundamental frequency (50 Hz) for power factor correction.
The filter is usually made up of one or more sections. The single-
tuned RLC filter for each harmonic frequency is the most
common.
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters
Passive power harmonic filter design requires a number of practical
considerations. There is no unique solution to the design problem, so
in each case a careful trade-off analysis must be performed.
Practical considerations include the following:

■ Tuning: The harmonic filter sections are tuned below the harmonic
frequency to prevent the filter frequency from shifting upward if one
or more capacitors fail and their fuses blow. Typical orders are 4.85
for the 5th harmonic; 6.7 for the 7th; and 10.6 for the 11th harmonic.
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters
■ Protection: Capacitors are protected by fuses in small groups
to minimize the effect of fuse blowing. The whole filter can be
divided into assemblies, each protected by a circuit breaker.

■ Switching: Filters provide fundamental frequency reactive


power (vars). Portions of the filter can be switched off at times of
light load to limit overvoltage.

■ Location: Filters should be located electrically close to the


nonlinear load that produces the harmonic currents.
Practical Considerations in the Use of Passive Filters
■ Tolerances: Capacitors and inductors must be specified so that the
combination of ratings (L and C) does not result in resonance at an
undesired frequency.

■ Rating: The current rating of the inductors and the voltage rating
of the capacitors must include the fundamental and harmonic
components.

■ Detuning: A change in system impedance or component variations


due to aging or temperature can result in some detuning of the
harmonic filter.

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