Bachelor of Secondary Education Department

Reaccredited Level IV by the Accrediting Agency of Chartered Colleges and Universities

of the Philippines

BACHELOR OF SECONDARY EDUCATION

DEPARTMENT
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Calculus 1 with Analytic Geometry
M106

Stephen John B. Caducoy, LPT

BSEd Mathematics (Magna Cum Laude) - Tarlac State University
Board Topnotcher (91.0%)
10th place, September 2018 LET
[email protected]
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Table of Contents
Course Description................................................................................................................. 5
Chapter 6 – Conic Sections (Ellipse and Hyperbola) ........................................................ 6
Chapter 7 – Limits and Continuity ..................................................................................... 23
References ............................................................................................................................. 47

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Course Description

This course equips the students with knowledge and skills needed to identify a set, to solve
inequalities, to solve equations dealing absolute value, to graph equations and functions, to solve
problems about distance and midpoint, to determine different equations of a line, and conic
sections, to solve limits of functions, to differentiate, and to integrate algebraic, exponential,
logarithmic, and trigonometric functions in one variable. It also includes exposure to more
challenging problems covering continuity and areas of regions.

I. Sets, Real Numbers, and Inequalities

II. Absolute Value
III. The Number Plane and Graphs of Equations and Functions
IV. Distance Formula and Midpoint Formula
V. Equations of a Line
VI. Conic Sections
VII. Limits and Continuity
VIII. Derivative of a Function
IX. Integration

Purpose and Rationale

College of Teacher Education, as part of its commitment in supporting equity of access to Higher
Education for all students, has developed this module for use by both teachers and students to
support in building their skills needed to access quality education.

Through this instructional module, the students will be able to:

1. Identify a set, describe the different subsets of real numbers, and solve for the solution set of
inequalities.
2. Define absolute value, and solve equations dealing absolute value.
3. Sketch the graph of linear, quadratic, polynomial, rational, radical, exponential and logarithmic
equations and functions.
4. Solve certain problems using the distance formula and midpoint formula.
5. Determine the different equations of a line including the equation of parallel and tangent lines.
6. Determine whether the equation of a conic section is a circle, parabola, ellipse or hyperbola.
7. Determine the limit and continuity of a function.
8. Differentiate algebraic, trigonometric and exponential functions explicitly and implicitly, and solve
problems related to rate of change.
9. Integrate algebraic, trigonometric and exponential functions, and solve for area between two
curves.
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Chapter 6 – Conic Sections
6.3 Ellipse

Ellipse, a closed curve, is the intersection of a right circular cone and a plane that
is not parallel to the base, the axis, or an element of the cone. It may be defined as the
path of a point moving in a plane so that the ratio of its distances from a fixed point (the
focus) and a fixed straight line is a constant less than one. Any such path has this same
property with respect to a second fixed point and a second fixed line, and ellipses often are
regarded as having two foci and two directrixes. The ratio of distances, called the
eccentricity, is the discriminant. Another definition of an ellipse is that it is the locus of
points for which the sum of their distances from two fixed points (the foci) is constant. The
smaller the distance between the foci, the smaller is the eccentricity and the more closely
the ellipse resembles a circle.

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Standard equations:

Major axis parallel to the x-axis

(𝒙 − 𝒉 ) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐

Major axis parallel to the y-axis

(𝒙 − 𝒉 ) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐

Other formulae:

Length of the major axis = 2𝑎

Length of the minor axis = 2𝑏
2𝑏2
Length of the latus rectum = 𝑎
𝑐
Eccentricity = 𝑎

Formula for 𝒄: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2

Examples:
1. State the center, vertices, foci of the ellipse with the general equation
16𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 400.

Solution:
16𝑥 2 25𝑦 2 400 𝑥 2 𝑦 2
16𝑥 2 + 25𝑦 2 = 400 + = +
400 400 400 25 16
(𝑥 − 0 )2 (𝑦 − 0)2
=1 + =1
52 42

So, 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑏 = 4.

Then solve for 𝑐.

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑐 2 = 52 − 42 𝑐 2 = 25 − 16𝑐 2 = 9𝑐 = 3

Answer:
Center: (𝟎, 𝟎)
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 Vertices: (−𝟓, 𝟎) and (𝟓, 𝟎)
Foci: (𝟑, 𝟎) and (−𝟑, 𝟎)

2. State the center, foci, vertices, and co-vertices, and solve the length of the axes of
the ellipse with equation:
25𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 + 100𝑥 − 40𝑦 + 100 = 0

Solution:
25𝑥 2 + 100𝑥 + 4𝑦 2 − 40𝑦 = −100
25(𝑥 2 + 4𝑥 ) + 4(𝑦 2 − 10𝑦) = −100
25(𝑥 + 4𝑥 + 4) + 4(𝑦 2 − 10𝑦 + 25) = −100 + 100 + 100
2

25(𝑥 + 2)2 + 4(𝑦 − 5)2 = 100

(𝑥 + 2) 2 (𝑦 − 5)2
+ =1
4 25
(𝑥 + 2) 2 (𝑦 − 5)2
+ =1
22 52
So, 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑏 = 2.

Solve for 𝑐:

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 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑐 2 = 52 − 22 𝑐 2 = 25 − 4𝑐 2 = 21𝑐 = √21

Length of the major axis: 2𝑎 = 2(5) = 10

Length of the minor axis: 2𝑏 = 2(2) = 4

Answers:
𝑪(−𝟐, 𝟓)
Vertices: (−𝟐, 𝟎) and (−𝟐, 𝟏𝟎)
Foci: (−𝟐, 𝟓 + √𝟐𝟏) and (−𝟐, 𝟓 − √𝟐𝟏)
Co-vertices: (−𝟒, 𝟓) and (𝟎, 𝟓)
Major axis = 10
Minor axis = 4

3. Write an equation for the ellipse having one focus at (0, 3), a vertex at (0, 4) and
its center at (0,0).

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Solution:
Based on the graph above, we get 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑐 = 3.

Solve for 𝑏:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
32 = 42 − 𝑏 2
𝑏 2 = 42 − 32
𝑏2 = 16 − 9
𝑏2 = 7
𝑏 = √7

Then, substitute 𝑎 and 𝑏 to the formula:

(𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2

(𝑥 − 0) 2 (𝑦 − 0)2
2 + =1
(√7) 42
Answer:
𝒙 𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟕 𝟏𝟔

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4. Find the equation for the ellipse with vertices (4,0) and (−2,0) and foci (3,0)
and (−1,0)

Solution:
The center is the midpoint of the vertices, thus the center is (1,0).

Based on the graph above, we get 𝑎 = 3 and 𝑐 = 2.

Solve for 𝑏:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2 𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2 𝑏2 = 32 − 22 𝑏2 = 9 − 4𝑏2 = 5𝑏 = √5
Now, substitute 𝑎 and 𝑏 to the formula:
(𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

Answer:
( 𝒙 − 𝟏) 𝟐 𝒚 𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟗 𝟓

5. Find the equation for the ellipse centered at the origin, having a vertex at (0, −5)
and containing the point (−2,4)

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Solution:
Based on the graph above, we get 𝑎 = 5.

We will use the formula:

(𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2
+ =1
𝑏2 𝑎2
(𝑥 − 0) 2 (𝑦 − 0)2
+ =1
𝑏2 52
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
𝑏2 25
(−2)2 (4)2
+ =1
𝑏2 25
4 16
+ =1
𝑏2 25
4 16
25𝑏2 ⋅ [ 2 + = 1] ⋅ 25𝑏2
𝑏 25
100 + 16𝑏2 = 25𝑏2
100 = 25𝑏2 − 16𝑏2
100 = 9𝑏2
100
= 𝑏2
9
Thus,

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 𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
100 25
9
Answer:
𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟏𝟎𝟎 𝟐𝟓

6. Find the equation for the ellipse having foci at (−2,0) & (2,0) and eccentricity
3
𝑒 = 4.

Solution:
The center is the midpoint of the foci, thus, 𝐶(0,0).

Based on the graph above, we get 𝑐 = 2.

3
𝑒=
4

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 𝑐 3
=
𝑎 4
2 3
=
𝑎 4

3𝑎 = 8
8
𝑎=
3
64
𝑎2 =
9
Then, get 𝑏2 :
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑏2
𝑏2 = 𝑎2 − 𝑐 2
64
𝑏2 = − 22
9
64
𝑏2 = −4
9
28
𝑏2 =
9

Use the formula:

(𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2
+ =1
𝑎2 𝑏2

(𝑥 − 0)2 (𝑦 − 0)2
+ =1
64 28
9 9
𝑥2 𝑦2
+ =1
64 28
9 9
Answer:
𝟗𝒙𝟐 𝟗𝒚𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝟔𝟒 𝟐𝟖

Exercises 6.3
1. Find the equation of an ellipse with center at (2, 5), foci at (2, 8) and (2, 2) with a
major axis of 4.
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 2. Find the equation of an ellipse centered at the origin having a vertex at (0, -5) and
containing the point (-2, 4)
3. Find the equation for the ellipse having foci at (0, 1) & (0, −1) and eccentricity
1
𝑒 = 2.
4. Which of the following is an ellipse? Explain your answer.
• 4𝑥 2 + 4𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 2𝑦 + 2 = 0
• 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 4 = 0
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0
• 2𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 4𝑥 + 2𝑦 − 1 = 0

6.4 Hyperbola
In analytic geometry, a hyperbola is a conic section formed by intersecting a right circular
cone with a plane at an angle such that both halves of the cone are intersected. This
intersection produces two separate unbounded curves that are mirror images of each
other.
Like the ellipse, the hyperbola can also be defined as a set of points in the coordinate
plane. A hyperbola is the set of all points (𝑥, 𝑦) in a plane such that the difference of the
distances between (𝑥, 𝑦) and the foci is a positive constant.

Notice that the definition of a hyperbola is very similar to that of an ellipse. The distinction
is that the hyperbola is defined in terms of the difference of two distances, whereas the
ellipse is defined in terms of the sum of two distances.

As with the ellipse, every hyperbola has two axes of symmetry. The transverse axis is a
line segment that passes through the center of the hyperbola and has vertices as its
endpoints. The foci lie on the line that contains the transverse axis. The conjugate axis is
perpendicular to the transverse axis and has the co-vertices as its endpoints. The center
of a hyperbola is the midpoint of both the transverse and conjugate axes, where they
intersect. Every hyperbola also has two asymptotes that pass through its center. As a
hyperbola recedes from the center, its branches approach these asymptotes. The central
rectangle of the hyperbola is centered at the origin with sides that pass through each
vertex and co-vertex; it is a useful tool for graphing the hyperbola and its asymptotes. To
sketch the asymptotes of the hyperbola, simply sketch and extend the diagonals of the
central rectangle.

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 𝒂
𝒄

Standard equations:
Horizontal transverse axis:
(𝒙 − 𝒉 ) 𝟐 (𝒚 − 𝒌 )𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝑏
Asymptote: 𝑦 = ± 𝑎 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘

Vertical transverse axis:

(𝒚 − 𝒌 ) 𝟐 (𝒙 − 𝒉 )𝟐
− =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
𝑎
Asymptote: 𝑦 = ± 𝑏 (𝑥 − ℎ) + 𝑘

Other formulae:
Formula for 𝑐: 𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑐
Eccentricity 𝑒=𝑎

Examples:
1. Find the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes of the hyperbola with the given
equation:
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 𝑦2 𝑥2
− =1
25 144

Solution:
(𝑦 − 0)2 ( 𝑥 − 0)2
− =1
52 122

So, the center is (0, 0) and 𝑎 = 5 and 𝑏 = 12.

Solve for 𝑐:
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 𝑐 2 = 52 + 122 𝑐 2 = 25 + 144𝑐 2 = 169𝑐 = 13
So the foci are (0,13) and (0, −13)

To get the vertices, just add/subtract 𝑎 to the coordinates of the center. Thus, the
vertices are (0,5) and (0, −5)

For the asymptotes, use:

𝑎
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑏
5
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − 0) + 0
12
5
𝑦=± 𝑥
12

Answers:

Center: (𝟎, 𝟎)
Vertices: (𝟎, 𝟓) and (𝟎, −𝟓)
Foci: (𝟎, 𝟏𝟑) and (𝟎, −𝟏𝟑)
𝟓
Asymptotes: 𝒚 = ± 𝟏𝟐 𝒙

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2. Give the center, vertices, foci, and asymptotes for the hyperbola with the equation:
(𝑥 + 3)2 ( 𝑦 − 2)2
− =1
16 9

Solution:
The center is (−3,2)

(𝑥 + 3)2 ( 𝑦 − 2)2
− =1
16 9
(𝑥 + 3)2 ( 𝑦 − 2)2
− =1
42 32
So, 𝑎 = 4 and 𝑏 = 3.

Solve for 𝑐 to get the locus of the foci:

𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑐 2 = 42 + 32
𝑐 2 = 16 + 9
𝑐 2 = 25
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 𝑐=5

So, the foci are (2,2) and (−8,2). Then, the vertices are (1,2) and (−7,2).

For the asymptotes, use:

𝑏
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − ℎ ) + 𝑘
𝑎

So,
3
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 − (−3)) + 2
4
3
𝑦 = ± (𝑥 + 3 ) + 2
4

Answers:
Center: (−𝟑, 𝟐)
Vertices: (𝟏, 𝟐) and (−𝟕, 𝟐)
Foci: (𝟐, 𝟐) and (−𝟖, 𝟐)
𝟑
Asymptotes: 𝒚 = ± 𝟒 (𝒙 + 𝟑) + 𝟐

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3. Find the equation for the hyperbola with center (2,3), vertex (0,3) and focus
(5,3)

Solution:
Based on the graph above, we get 𝑎 = 2 and 𝑐 = 3.

Solve for 𝑏2 :
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2
𝑏2 = 𝑐 2 − 𝑎2
𝑏 2 = 32 − 22
𝑏2 = 9 − 4
𝑏2 = 5

Use the formula:

(𝑥 − ℎ ) 2 (𝑦 − 𝑘 )2
− =1
𝑎2 𝑏2
(𝑥 − 2) 2 (𝑦 − 3)2
− =1
22 5

Answer:
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 ( 𝒙 − 𝟐) 𝟐 ( 𝒚 − 𝟑) 𝟐
− =𝟏
𝟒 𝟓

Exercises 6.4
1. Find the equation of a hyperbola with center (-3, 2), a vertex at (-7, 2) and a focus
at (-8, 2).
2. Find the equations of the asymptotes of the given hyperbola in item 1.
3. Which of the following equations is a hyperbola? Explain your answer.
• 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 − 1 = 0
• 𝑥 2 − 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 = 0
• 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − 2𝑥 + 1 = 0

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Chapter 7 – Limits and Continuity
At the end of this chapter, the students will be able to:

1. Evaluate limits of algebraic functions.

2. Evaluate limits of trigonometric functions.
3. Determine whether a function is continuous or discontinuous at a number.

7.1 The Limit of a Function

Consider the function 𝑓 defined by the equation:

(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
𝑓 (𝑥 ) =
(𝑥 − 1)

𝑓 is defined for all values of 𝑥 except 𝑥 = 1. Furthermore, if 𝑥 ≠ 1, the numerator and

denominator can be divided by (𝑥 − 1) to obtain
𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 2𝑥 + 3, 𝑥≠1

We shall investigate the function values, 𝑓 (𝑥 ), when 𝑥 is close to 1 but not equal to 1.
First, let 𝑥 take on the value 0, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 0.9, 0.99, 0.999, 0.9999, and so on.
We are taking values of 𝑥 close and close to 1, but less than 1; in other words, the variable
𝑥 is approaching 1 through values that are less than 1.
𝑥 0 0.25 0.75 0.5 0.9 0.99 0.999 0.9999 0.99999
𝑓(𝑥) 3 3.5 4 4.5 4.8 4.98 4.998 4.9998 4.99998

Now, let the variable 𝑥 approach 1, through the values that are greater than 1; that is, let 𝑥
take on the values 2, 1.75, 1.5, 1.25, 1.1, 1.01, 1.001, 1.0001, 1.00001, and so on.

𝑥 2 1.75 1.5 1.25 1.1 1.01 1.001 1.0001 1.00001

𝑓(𝑥) 7 6.5 6.0 5.5 5.2 5.02 5.002 5.0002 5.00002

We see from both tables that as 𝑥 gets closer and closer to 1, 𝑓(𝑥) gets closer and closer
to 5; and the closer 𝑥 is to 1, the closer 𝑓(𝑥) is to 5. This can be expressed as:

lim (2𝑥 + 3) = 5
𝑥→1

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Definition:
Let 𝑓 be a function which is defined at every number in some open interval 𝐼 containing 𝑎,
except possibly at the number 𝑎 itself. The limit of 𝒇(𝒙) as 𝒙 approaches 𝒂 is 𝑳, written
as:
lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿
𝑥→𝑎
If for any 𝜖 > 0, however small, there exists 𝛿 > 0 such that |𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝐿| < 𝜖, whenever
0 < |𝑥 − 𝑎| < 𝛿.

In words, this states that the function values 𝑓(𝑥) approach a limit 𝐿 as 𝑥 approaches a
number 𝑎 if the absolute value of the difference between 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝐿 can be made as
small as we please by taking 𝑥 sufficiently near 𝑎, but not equal to 𝑎.

Examples:
1. Find a 𝜹 to prove that lim (4𝑥 − 1) = 11.
𝑥→3
Solution:
Use |𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝐿| < 𝜖.
|(4𝑥 − 1) − 11| < 𝜖
|4𝑥 − 12| < 𝜖
|4(𝑥 − 3)| < 𝜖
4 |𝑥 − 3 | < 𝜖
1
|𝑥 − 3 | < 𝜖
4
1
So we can say that 𝛿 = 4 𝜖 since 0 < |𝑥 − 3| < 𝛿.

Answer:
𝟏
𝜹= 𝝐
𝟒

2. Find a 𝜹 to prove that lim (2𝑥 + 3) = 5.

𝑥→1
Solution:
Use |𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝐿| < 𝜖.
|(2𝑥 + 3) − 5| < 𝜖
|2𝑥 − 2| < 𝜖
|2(𝑥 − 1)| < 𝜖
2 |𝑥 − 1 | < 𝜖
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 1
|𝑥 − 1 | < 𝜖
2
1
So we can say that 𝛿 = 𝜖 since 0 < |𝑥 − 1| < 𝛿.
2

Answer:
𝟏
𝜹= 𝝐
𝟐

3. Find a 𝜹 to prove that lim 𝑥 2 = 4.

𝑥→2
Solution:
Use |𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝐿| < 𝜖.

|𝑥 2 − 4| < 𝜖
|𝑥 − 2||𝑥 + 2| < 𝜖

Let |𝑥 − 2| < 1 (which a very small positive number)

.
−1 < 𝑥 − 2 < 1
1<𝑥<3
3< 𝒙+𝟐 <𝟓
Substitute:
|𝑥 − 2||𝑥 + 2| < 𝜖
|𝑥 − 2 | ⋅ 5 < 𝜖
1
|𝑥 − 2 | < 𝜖
5

Answer:
𝟏
𝜹 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧 {𝟏, 𝝐}
𝟓

4. Find a 𝜹 to prove that lim 𝑥 2 = 9.

𝑥→3

Solution:
Use |𝑓 (𝑥 ) − 𝐿| < 𝜖.

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 |𝑥 2 − 9| < 𝜖
|𝑥 − 3||𝑥 + 3| < 𝜖

Let |𝑥 − 3| < 1 (which a very small positive number)

.
−1 < 𝑥 − 3 < 1
2<𝑥<4
5< 𝒙+𝟑 <𝟕
Substitute:
|𝑥 − 3||𝑥 + 3| < 𝜖
|𝑥 − 3 | ⋅ 7 < 𝜖
1
|𝑥 − 3 | < 𝜖
7

Answer:
𝟏
𝜹 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧 {𝟏, 𝝐}
𝟕
8
5. Find a 𝜹 to prove that lim 𝑡−3 = 2.
𝑡→7
Solution:
8
| − 2| < 𝜖
𝑡−3
8 − 2(𝑡 − 3)
| |<𝜖
𝑡−3
8 − 2𝑡 + 6
| |<𝜖
𝑡−3
14 − 2𝑡
| |<𝜖
𝑡−3
−2(𝑡 − 7)
| |<𝜖
𝑡−3
𝑡−7
2| |<𝜖
𝑡−3
1
|𝑡 − 7 | ⋅ 2 ( )<𝜖
|𝑡 − 3|

Let |𝑡 − 7| < 1 (which is a very small positive number)

25 | P a g e
 −1 < t − 7 < 1
6<𝑡<8
3 <𝑡−3 <5
1 1 1
> >
3 𝑡−3 5
1 𝟏 𝟏
< <
5 𝒕−𝟑 𝟑

Substitute:
1
|𝑡 − 7 | ⋅ 2 ( )<𝜖
|𝑡 − 3|
1
|𝑡 − 7 | ⋅ 2 ( ) < 𝜖
3
2
|𝑡 − 7 | ⋅ < 𝜖
3
3
|𝑡 − 7| < 𝜖
2

Answer:
𝟑
𝜹 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧 {𝟏, 𝝐}
𝟐
𝑥
6. Find a 𝜹 to prove that lim 𝑥−3 = 2.
𝑥→6
Solution:
𝑥
| − 2| < 𝜖
𝑥−3
𝑥 − 2(𝑥 − 3)
| |<𝜖
𝑥−3
𝑥 − 2𝑥 + 6
| |<𝜖
𝑥−3
−𝑥 + 6
| |<𝜖
𝑥−3
−1(𝑥 − 6)
| |<𝜖
𝑥−3

26 | P a g e
 𝑥−6
1| |<𝜖
𝑥−3
1
|𝑥 − 6 | ⋅ <𝜖
|𝑥 − 3 |

Let |𝑥 − 6| < 1.
−1 < 𝑥 − 6 < 1
5<𝑥<7
2 <𝑥−3 <4
1 1 1
> >
2 𝑥−3 4
1 𝟏 𝟏
< <
4 𝒙−𝟑 𝟐
Substitute:
1
|𝑥 − 6 | ⋅ <𝜖
2
|𝑥 − 6| < 2𝜖

Answer:
𝜹 = 𝐦𝐢𝐧{𝟏, 𝟐𝝐}

Exercises 7.1 (Posttest)

Find a 𝜹 to prove the following limits.

1. lim (5𝑥 − 3) = 2
𝑥→1
2. lim (7 − 2𝑥 ) = 11
𝑥→−2
3. lim 𝑥 2 = 1
𝑥→1
4. lim (𝑥 2 − 3𝑥 ) = 10
𝑥→5
5. lim √𝑥 + 5 = 3
𝑥→4
2
6. lim 𝑥−4 = 2
𝑥→5
√𝑥−2 1
7. lim =
𝑥→4 𝑥−4 4

27 | P a g e
 7.2 Theorems on Limits of an Algebraic and Trigonometric Function
In order to find limits of functions in a straightforward manner, we shall need some
theorems.

Theorems on Limits of an Algebraic Function

• If 𝑚 and 𝑏 are any constants,

𝐥𝐢𝐦(𝒎𝒙 + 𝒃) = 𝒎𝒂 + 𝒃
𝒙→𝒂
Example:
lim (3𝑥 + 5) = 3(2) + 5 = 11
𝑥→2

• If 𝑐 is a constant, then for any number 𝑎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒄 = 𝒄
𝒙→𝒂
Example:
lim 7 = 7
𝑥→5

• If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀, then

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙) ± 𝒈(𝒙)] = 𝑳 ± 𝑴
𝒙→𝒂

• If lim 𝑓1 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿1 , lim 𝑓2 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿2 , … , lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝑛 , then

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇𝟏 (𝒙) ± 𝒇𝟐 (𝒙) ± ⋯ ± 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)] = 𝑳𝟏 ± 𝑳𝟐 ± ⋯ ± 𝑳𝒏

𝒙→𝒂

• If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀, then

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) ⋅ 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝑳 ⋅ 𝑴

𝒙→𝒂

28 | P a g e
 Example:
lim 𝑥(2𝑥 + 1) = lim 𝑥 ⋅ lim (2𝑥 + 1) = 3 ⋅ (2(3) + 1) = 3 ⋅ 7 = 21
𝑥→3 𝑥→3 𝑥→3

• If lim 𝑓1 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿1 , lim 𝑓2 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿2 , … , lim 𝑓𝑛 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿𝑛 , then

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇𝟏 (𝒙)𝒇𝟐 (𝒙) … 𝒇𝒏 (𝒙)] = 𝑳𝟏 𝑳𝟐 … 𝑳𝒏

𝒙→𝒂

• If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿 and 𝑛 is any positive integer, then

𝑥→𝑎

𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒇(𝒙)]𝒏 = 𝑳𝒏
𝒙→𝒂
Example:
lim (5𝑥 + 7)4 = (5(−2) + 7)4 = (−3)4 = 81
𝑥→−2

• If lim 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = 𝐿 and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑀, and 𝑀 ≠ 0, then

𝑥→𝑎 𝑥→𝑎

𝑓 (𝑥 ) 𝐿
lim =
𝑥→𝑎 𝑔 (𝑥 ) 𝑀

Example:
𝑥 lim 𝑥 4 4 4
𝑥→4
lim = = = =−
𝑥→4 1 − 7𝑥 lim (1 − 7𝑥) 1 − 7(4) −27 27
𝑥→4

• If 𝑥→𝑎
lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿, then
𝒏 𝒏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 √𝒇(𝒙) = √𝑳
𝒙→𝒂
Example:
3
3 𝑥 3 𝑥 3 4 √4
lim √ = √lim √
= − =−
𝑥→4 −7𝑥 + 1 𝑥→4 −7𝑥 + 1 27 3

More examples:
1. lim (2𝑥 + 1)
𝑥→2
29 | P a g e
 = 2(2) + 1 = 5
2. lim (𝑥 + 7𝑥 − 5)
2
𝑥→3
= 32 + 7(3) − 5 = 25
𝑥 3+2𝑥+3
3. lim √
𝑥→2 𝑥 2+5

23 + 2(2) + 3 15 √15
=√ 2
=√ =
2 +5 9 3

𝑥 2−9
4. lim
𝑥→3 𝑥−3
32 − 9
=
3−3
0
=
0
Since it is in indeterminate form, we need to manipulate/simplify the function.

𝑥2 − 9
=
𝑥 −3
(𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 3)
=
𝑥−3

= 𝑥+3
= 3+3
=6

√𝑥−2
5. lim
𝑥→4 𝑥−4

√4 − 2 0
= =
4−4 0

Since it is in indeterminate form, we need to manipulate/simplify the function.

√𝑥 − 2
=
𝑥−4
√𝑥 − 2 √𝑥 + 2
= ⋅
𝑥 − 4 √𝑥 + 2

30 | P a g e
 𝑥−4
=
(𝑥 − 4)(√𝑥 + 2)
1
=
√𝑥 + 2
1 𝟏
= =
√4 + 2 𝟒
1
6. lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
1
=
𝑥
1
=
0

Since it is undefined, the limit does not exist (DNE).

𝑥 − 3 if 𝑥 ≠ 4
7. lim 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓(𝑥) = {
𝑥→4 5 if 𝑥 = 4

=1

Theorems on Limits of Trigonometric Function

sin 𝑡 𝑡
• lim = 1 or lim =1
𝑡→0 𝑡 𝑡→0 sin 𝑡
1−cos 𝑡
• lim =0
𝑡→0 𝑡
tan 𝑡
• lim 𝑡
=1
𝑡→0

Examples:
sin 4𝑥
1. lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
sin 4𝑥 4
= ⋅
𝑥 4
sin 4𝑥
= ⋅4
4𝑥
=1⋅4
=𝟒
2𝑥
2. lim sin 3𝑥
𝑥→0

31 | P a g e
 2𝑥 3
= ⋅
sin 3𝑥 3
3𝑥 2
= ⋅
sin 3𝑥 3
2
=1⋅
3
𝟐
=
𝟑
1−cos 4𝑥
3. lim 𝑥
𝑥→0
1 − cos 4𝑥 4
= ⋅
𝑥 4
1 − cos 4𝑥
= ⋅4
4𝑥
=0⋅4
=𝟎
1−cos 𝑥
4. lim
𝑥→0 1+sin 𝑥
1 − cos 𝑥
=
1 + sin 𝑥
1 − cos(0)
=
1 + sin(0)
1−1
=
1+0
0
=
1
=𝟎

sin3 𝑥
5. lim 𝑥2
𝑥→0

sin3 𝑥
=
𝑥2
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
= ⋅ ⋅ sin 𝑥
𝑥 𝑥
= 1 ⋅ 1 ⋅ sin(0)
= 1⋅1⋅0
=𝟎

32 | P a g e
 tan4 2𝑥
6. lim
𝑥→0 4𝑥 4

tan4 2𝑥
=
4𝑥 4
tan 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥
= ⋅ ⋅ ⋅
2𝑥 2𝑥 𝑥 𝑥

tan 2𝑥 2 tan 2𝑥 2
= 1⋅1⋅( ⋅ )⋅( ⋅ )
𝑥 2 𝑥 2
tan 2𝑥 tan 2𝑥
= 1⋅( ⋅ 2) ⋅ ( ⋅ 2)
2𝑥 2𝑥
= 1 ⋅ (1 ⋅ 2 ) ⋅ (1 ⋅ 2)
=𝟒

sin 𝑥
7. lim 3𝑥 2+2𝑥
𝑥→0

sin 𝑥
=
3𝑥 2 + 2𝑥
sin 𝑥
=
𝑥(3𝑥 + 2)
sin 𝑥 1
= ⋅
𝑥 3𝑥 + 2
1
= 1⋅
3(0) + 2
1
=1⋅
2
𝟏
=
𝟐
Exercises 7.2 (Posttest)
Evaluate the following limits.

1. lim (𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 1) 𝑡 2 −5
3. lim 2𝑡 3 +6
𝑥→−2
𝑡→2

2. lim (𝑦 3 + 2𝑦 2 + 3𝑦 − 4) 2𝑥+1
𝑦→1 4. lim
𝑥→−1 𝑥 2 −3𝑥+4

33 | P a g e
 𝑥 2 +5𝑥+6
5. lim
𝑥→−3 𝑥 2 −𝑥−12 1−cos 2𝑦
9. lim
𝑦→0 sin 3𝑦

𝑥 3 −27
6. lim 10. lim
3𝑡 2
𝑥→3 𝑥−3 1
3 𝑡→0 1−cos2 (2𝑡)
√ℎ+1−1
7. lim
ℎ→0 ℎ
𝜃2 +3𝜃
8. lim
𝜃→0 sin 𝜃

7.3 One-sided Limits

When considering lim 𝑓(𝑥) we are concerned with values of 𝑥 in an open interval
𝑥→𝑎
containing 𝑎 but not at 𝑎 itself, that is, at values of 𝑥 close to 𝑎 and either greater than 𝑎
or less than 𝑎. However, suppose, for example, that we have the function 𝑓 for which
𝑓(𝑥 ) = √𝑥 − 4. Because 𝑓(𝑥) does not exist if 𝑥 < 4, 𝑓 is not defined on any open
interval containing 4. Hence, we cannot consider lim √𝑥 − 4. However if 𝑥 is restricted to
𝑥→4
values greater than 4, the value of √𝑥 − 4 can be made as close to 0 as we please by
taking 𝑥 sufficiently close to 4 but greater than 4. In such a case as this, we let 𝑥 approach
4 from the right and consider one-sided limit from the right or the right-hand limit.

In symbols, we have:
One-sided limit from the right: 𝑥 → 𝑎+
One-sided limit from the left: 𝑥 → 𝑎−

Examples:
|𝑥 | if 𝑥 ≠ 0
1. Evaluate lim 𝑔(𝑥) if it exists where 𝑔(𝑥 ) = {
𝑥→0 2 if 𝑥 = 0
a. Find lim+ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→0
lim |𝑥 | = |0| = 0
𝑥→0+

b. Find lim− 𝑔(𝑥)

𝑥→0
lim |𝑥 | = |0| = 0
𝑥→0−

34 | P a g e
 Since lim+ 𝑔(𝑥) = lim− 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑥→0 𝑥→0
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒙) = 𝟎
𝒙→𝟎

2
2. Evaluate lim ℎ(𝑥) if it exists where ℎ(𝑥 ) = {4 − 𝑥 2 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥→1 2 + 𝑥 if 𝑥 > 1

a. Find lim+ ℎ(𝑥)

𝑥→1
lim (2 + 𝑥 2 ) = (2 + 12 ) = 3
𝑥→1+

b. Find lim− ℎ(𝑥)

𝑥→1
lim (4 − 𝑥 2 ) = 4 − 12 = 3
𝑥→1−

Since lim+ ℎ(𝑥) = lim− ℎ(𝑥)

𝑥→1 𝑥→1
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒉(𝒙) = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟏

3. Evaluate lim 𝑓(𝑥) if it exists where 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 + |2𝑥 − 4|

𝑥→2

3 + (2𝑥 − 4), if 𝑥 ≥ 2
𝑓(𝑥 ) = 3 + |2𝑥 − 4| can also be written as 𝑓(𝑥 ) = {
3 − (2𝑥 − 4), if 𝑥 < 2

a. Find lim+ 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→2
lim 3 + (2𝑥 − 4) = 3 + (2(2) − 4) = 3
𝑥→2+

b. Find lim− 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→2
lim 3 − (2𝑥 − 4) = 3 − (2(2) − 4) = 3
𝑥→2+

Since lim+ 𝑓(𝑥) = lim− 𝑓(𝑥)

𝑥→2 𝑥→2
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟑
𝒙→𝟐

𝑠 + 3 if 𝑠 ≤ −2
4. Evaluate lim 𝑔(𝑠) if it exists where 𝑔(𝑠) = {
𝑠→−2 3 − 𝑠 if − 2 < 𝑠
a. Find lim+ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠→−2

35 | P a g e
 lim 3 − 𝑠 = 3 − (−2) = 5
𝑠→−2+
b. Find lim− 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠→−2
lim 𝑠 + 3 = −2 + 3 = 1
𝑠→−2−

Since lim+ 𝑔(𝑠) ≠ lim− 𝑔(𝑠)

𝑠→−2 𝑠→−2
𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒈(𝒔) 𝑫𝑵𝑬
𝒔→−𝟐

Exercises 7.3 (Posttest)

Evaluate the following limits.

2 if 𝑥 < 1
1. lim 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓 𝑥 = {−1 if 𝑥 = 1
( )
𝑥→1
−3 if 𝑥 > 1

2𝑥 + 1 if 𝑥 < 3
2. lim ℎ(𝑥) where ℎ(𝑥 ) = {
𝑥→3 10 − 𝑥 if 𝑥 ≥ 3

2
3. lim 𝐹(𝑥) where 𝐹(𝑥 ) = { 𝑥 if 𝑥 ≤ 2
𝑥→2 8 − 2𝑥 if 2 < 𝑥

|𝑥|
4. lim
𝑥→0 𝑥

2
5. lim 𝑓(𝑥) where 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = {𝑥 + 3 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
𝑥→1 𝑥 + 1 if 𝑥 > 1

7.4 Limits at Infinity

36 | P a g e
By limits at infinity we mean one of the following two limits.

lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→∞

lim 𝑓(𝑥)
𝑥→−∞

In other words, we are going to be looking at what happens to a function if we let 𝑥 get
very large in either the positive or negative sense. Also, as we’ll soon see, these limits
may also have infinity as a value.

Theorem:

If 𝑟 is any positive integer, then

1
i) lim 𝑥 𝑟 = 0
𝑥→+∞
1
ii) lim =0
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥 𝑟

Conclusion:

Let 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥) be continuous functions where 𝑔(𝑥 ) ≠ 0.

𝑓(𝑥)
1. If deg[𝑓(𝑥 )] > deg[𝑔(𝑥 )] in lim , the limit will be either ∞ or −∞
𝑥→±∞ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
2. If deg[𝑓(𝑥 )] < deg[𝑔(𝑥 )] in lim , the limit will be 0.
𝑥→±∞ 𝑔(𝑥)
𝑓(𝑥)
3. If deg[𝑓(𝑥 )] = deg[𝑔(𝑥)] in lim , the limit will be quotient of the leading
𝑥→±∞ 𝑔(𝑥)
coefficients of 𝑓(𝑥) and 𝑔(𝑥).
Examples:
2𝑥 3−4
1. lim
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥+3
Solution:
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
exponent. (𝑥 3 )

37 | P a g e
 2𝑥 3 4
3 − 𝑥3
lim 𝑥
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 3
+
𝑥3 𝑥3
2−0
=
2
+0
𝑥2
2
=
0+0
2
=
0
= +∞
Or by simply looking at their exponents, since the degree of the numerator is
higher than the degree of the denominator, the limit is +∞.
𝑥+4
2. lim
𝑥→−∞ 3𝑥 2−5
Solution:
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
exponent. (𝑥 2 )
𝑥+4
lim
𝑥→−∞ 3𝑥 2 − 5

𝑥 4
𝑥 2 + 𝑥2
= lim
𝑥→−∞ 3𝑥 2 5
2 − 2
𝑥 𝑥
1
+0
=𝑥
3−0
0+0
=
3
=𝟎

Or by simply looking at their exponents, since the degree of the numerator is less
than the degree of the denominator, the limit is 0.

38 | P a g e
 4𝑥 2+3
3. lim
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 2−1
Solution:
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
exponent. (𝑥 2 )
4𝑥 2 + 3
lim
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 2 − 1

4𝑥 2 3
2 + 2
= lim 𝑥 2 𝑥
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 1
−
𝑥2 𝑥2
4+0
=
2−0
4
=
2
=𝟐

Or by simply looking at their exponents, since the degree of the numerator is equal
to the degree of the denominator, get their leading coefficients. The leading
4
coefficients are 4 and 2. Get the quotient so, 2 = 𝟐.

7𝑥 2−3𝑥 4+2
4. lim
𝑥→+∞ 2𝑥 4+1
Solution:
Since the degree of the numerator is equal to the degree of the denominator, get
the leading coefficients and divide them.

The leading coefficient of the numerator is −3 while the leading coefficient of the
𝟑
denominator is 2. So, the limit is − 𝟐.

3𝑥+4
5. lim
𝑥→−∞ √2𝑥 2 −5
Solution:
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
exponent. (𝑥)

39 | P a g e
 3𝑥 + 4
lim
𝑥→−∞ √2𝑥 2
−5
3𝑥 4
= lim 𝑥 +𝑥
𝑥→−∞ √2𝑥 2 − 5
𝑥
3𝑥 4
+
= lim 𝑥 𝑥
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥 2 − 5
√
𝑥2
4
3+𝑥
= lim
𝑥→−∞ 2𝑥 2
√ 2 − 52
𝑥 𝑥
3+0
=
√2 − 0
3
=
√2
𝟑√𝟐
=
𝟐
Or by simply looking at their exponents, since the degree of the numerator is equal
to the degree of the denominator, get their leading coefficients. The leading
3 3√2
coefficients are 3 and √2. Get the quotient so, = .
√2 2

For trigonometric functions:

sin 𝑥
lim =0
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥

cos 𝑥
lim =0
𝑥→±∞ 𝑥

lim sin 𝑥 𝐃𝐍𝐄

𝑥→±∞

lim cos 𝑥 𝐃𝐍𝐄

𝑥→±∞

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Examples:
𝑥−cos 𝑥
1. lim
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥
Solution:
𝑥 − cos 𝑥
lim
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥
𝑥 cos 𝑥
= lim −
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥
= lim 1 −
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥
=1−0
=𝟏
1
2. lim cos (𝑥)
𝑥→+∞
Solution:
1
The lim =0
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥
So,
= lim cos(0)
𝑥→+∞
= lim 1
𝑥→+∞
=𝟏
4
3. lim
𝑡→+∞ 3𝑡−sin 𝑡
Solution:
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
exponent. (𝑡)

4
lim
𝑡→+∞ 3𝑡 − sin 𝑡
4
= lim 𝑡
𝑡→+∞ 3𝑡 sin 𝑡
𝑡 − 𝑡
0
=
3−0
0
=
3
=𝟎
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 cos 𝑥
4. lim
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥+5
Solution:
Divide the numerator and the denominator by the variable with the highest
exponent. (𝑥)
cos 𝑥
lim
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 + 5
cos 𝑥
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+∞ 𝑥 5
+
𝑥 𝑥
cos 𝑥
= lim 𝑥
𝑥→+∞ 5
1+𝑥
0
=
1+0
0
=
1
=𝟎

Exercises 7.4 (Posttest)

Evaluate the following limits.
2𝑥+1
1. lim √𝑥+√𝑥+√𝑥
𝑥→+∞ 5𝑥−2
6. lim
𝑥→+∞ √𝑥+1
𝑥 2 −2𝑥+5
2. lim
𝑥→+∞ 7𝑥 3+𝑥+1 7. lim (√𝑥 2 + 1 − 𝑥)
𝑥→∞
4𝑥 3+2𝑥 2−5
3. lim 𝑥−3
𝑥→−∞ 8𝑥 3+𝑥+2 8. lim
𝑥→+∞ cos 𝑥 + 𝑥
4
4. lim
𝑥→+∞ 3𝑥 2−5 𝑥 2 +1
9. lim
𝑥→+∞ sin 𝑥

√𝑥 2+4
5. lim 10. lim
2−𝑛−2𝑛
𝑥→−∞ 𝑥+4
𝑛→−∞ 2−𝑛+2𝑛

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7.5 Continuity of a Function at a Number
The function 𝑓 is said to be continuous at the number 𝑎 if and only if the following three
conditions are satisfied:

(i) 𝑓(𝑎) exists

(ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists
𝑥→𝑎
(iii) lim 𝑓 (𝑥) = 𝑓(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎

If one or more of these three conditions fails to hold at 𝑎, the function 𝑓 is said to be
discontinuous at 𝑎.

Types of discontinuity

1. Removable discontinuity
In general, suppose that 𝑓 is a function which discontinuous at the number 𝑎, but
which 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒇(𝒙) exists. Then either 𝑓(𝑎) ≠ lim 𝑓(𝑥) or else 𝑓(𝑎) does not exist.
𝒙→𝒂 𝑥→𝑎
Such discontinuity is called a removable discontinuity.

2. Essential discontinuity
If the discontinuity is not a removable discontinuity, it is called an essential
discontinuity.

Examples:

Determine whether the given functions are continuous or discontinuous at a given

number.
(2𝑥+3)(𝑥−1)
if 𝑥 ≠ 1
1. 𝑓 (𝑥 ) = { 𝑥−1
2 if 𝑥 = 1
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 i) 𝑓(𝑎) exists?
𝑓 (1) = 2, so 𝑓(𝑎) exists.

ii) lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists?

𝑥→𝑎
(2𝑥 + 3)(𝑥 − 1)
lim = lim 2𝑥 + 3 = 2(1) + 3 = 5
𝑥→1 𝑥−1 𝑥→1
So, lim 𝑓(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→𝑎

iii) lim 𝑓 (𝑥) ≠ 𝑓(𝑎)

𝑥→𝑎
5≠2
Condition iii is not satisfied, so 𝒇 is discontinuous at 1.
(removable discontinuity)

1
if 𝑥 ≠ 2
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = { 𝑥−2
3 if 𝑥 = 2

i) 𝑔(𝑎) exists?
𝑔(2) = 3, so 𝑔(𝑎) exists.

ii) lim 𝑔(𝑥) exists?

𝑥→𝑎
1 1 1
lim = = 𝐃𝐍𝐄
𝑥→2 𝑥 − 2 2−2 0
So, lim 𝑔(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→𝑎

Since condition ii is not satisfied, 𝒈 is discontinuous at 𝟐.

(essential discontinuity)

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 3 + 𝑥 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
3. ℎ(𝑥 ) = {
3 − 𝑥 if 𝑥 > 1

i) ℎ(𝑎) exists?
ℎ(1) = 3 + 𝑥 = 3 + 1 = 4, so ℎ(𝑎) exists.

ii) lim ℎ(𝑥) exists?

𝑥→𝑎
Get the right hand and left hand limit.
lim+ 3 − 𝑥 = 3 − 1 = 2
𝑥→1
lim 3 + 𝑥 = 3 + 1 = 4
𝑥→1−
Since lim+ ℎ(𝑥 ) ≠ lim− ℎ(𝑥), lim ℎ(𝑥) does not exist.
𝑥→1 𝑥→1 𝑥→1

Condition ii is not satisfied, so 𝒉 is discontinuous at 1.

𝑥 2+𝑥−6
4. 𝐹(𝑥 ) = { if 𝑥 ≠ 3
𝑥+3
1 if 𝑥 = 3

i) 𝐹(𝑎) exists?
𝐹(3) = 1, so 𝐹(𝑎) exists.
ii) lim 𝐹(𝑥) exists?
𝑥→𝑎
𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 6 32 + 3 − 6 6
lim = = =1
𝑥→3 𝑥+3 3+3 6
lim 𝐹(𝑥) exists.
𝑥→𝑎
iii) lim 𝐹(𝑥 ) = 𝐹(𝑎)
𝑥→𝑎
1=1

Since all conditions are satisfied, 𝐹 is continuous at 3

Exercises 7.5 (Posttest)

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Determine whether the given functions are continuous or discontinuous at a given number.
5
if 𝑥 ≠ 4
1. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = {𝑥−4
1 if 𝑥 = 4
1
if 𝑥 ≠ 2
2. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = {𝑥+2
0 if 𝑥 = 2
−1 if 𝑥 < 0
3. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { 0 if 𝑥 = 0
1 if 𝑥 > 0
2𝑥 + 3 if 𝑥 ≤ 1
4. 𝑔(𝑥 ) = {8 − 3𝑥 if 1 < 𝑥 < 2
𝑥 + 3 if 2 ≤ 𝑥
𝑥 2 +𝑥−2
5. 𝑓(𝑥 ) = { if 𝑥 ≠ −2
𝑥+2
−3 if 𝑥 = −2

References

Burdette, A. C. (1971). Analytic Geometry. New York, NY: Academic Press, Inc.

Crowell, H. & Slesnick, W. E. (2008). Calculus with Analytic Geometry. The Dartmouth
CHANCE Project.

Leithold, L. (1976). The Calculus with Analytic Geometry. New York, NY: Harper & Row,
Publishers.

Love, C. E. (1969). Differential and Integral Calculus. New York, NY: The MacMillan
Company.

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