*ONTI-2*

eneion & Discsete robabitty distsi buions

Rgession:
r t i s a totiktal which hdps to etimate the
nno Value ot o n e &iable +on Kuun Vaue
Selated Vaziable.
t e have tuo metheds tos etudung Senseceion
eraaphit MethodTn thie methodthe poimtspetn
he fisL of Values of the to Vaslables aKe Plotted
ma g3aph,í.e the imdependent is taken on 2taris
nd the dependont \bsiable is tahen cn y-aiS.e
Poimls ombinly tosm a (usve oß deaelsian line
Line

)Alqebsoic NethadA Sesession line ie a staiaht

ne Ftted to the doata by metiod of leact
alcauc tuD Seseebn Imes
UaeS. These ase
scte fos the selationshp bu Vasiables «4y
and amcthes
Ome ne hoWS X UpoYm y amd

Shows 9 Upn
 Stmple nead euation
>It iS used to model the elation bw
Continous. Cmple lne beaecLOm i a as

Conce.
Value.i.e,
model with Pnale Cxploonatorsy Value.i.e,
wn tuo d7nenional SAmple pis t
Tndeperdent one deperdent hoia bleonc laral
denoted by .
IC sespdd a psedatos,t
splanatsy o ndependent bslable, othes vásia)
denote wth y is Called sesponbe,outlome o"
dependendnt Vasable.
ENamplefleiaht &weiaht
2Dsiving Speed &petsol riea4e
3AlCohol Conbined &blood alcohol (ontent
Smple mea fenseLson mocdel
The mple mea
Cne
e e mmodel a
selaiorshp bJ tne mputl output Variables
eLinead selatioRP b/Lsthe
the value of a mearn sespme
2nale ndarendemt vasíable
let Catal Y be the
bethe
defendent Varfable -

ndepandent tasfable then atbX

Y-a+b
(alled a Smple lineas seoseon egutio
oli cates the vulue cf y hen X=0k
Called
ytkdept. b ndicateé the opeo e a f t

Deae cAtn net ES

also alleserae0
alla ea
 effTient cf n X.

dw tuc 2lyX-atby 1S alSo a Seaecsion Equalin of X

sen ksen whese a md+cates X rtstept b ndRates
.e,t p slepe of seaeeion Ume & it 1s alsSo Colled
zint, ne espession -eticient of Xon Y
e lora ble
e use the method of least quaes to edimate
the Pozanetss of this modeL
v6sra bde s t Squases Method fos Fing
6sfabe
epession equation
The Smple Gnea eqseccion eguatlon ot
>n X
YarbXX
Se Values of o 4b o-e Calkulated tfith the
resnal eg25 telewer
ant The roral egs ave:
YNa -b EY
. Y=ax +b x
hese n Fe the total no of Pints în the aiven
coto
h e Seaskesen e9 of Y on i
Y-a+bY
hee md the mcsrral egs ase
Y=Na +bEY
the
Y= +bEy2
 Colve theLe two and fnd a,b alueC Put
hlues in-the eg thm e gel bect saiah
ne
hiapeiom Cguation )re titted fos given eg

YcotbX tolo tho

sfit a Ctsasaht lnc în the ton atbX the
folloing data
lo 12 13 16 7 2o 25

22
22 2 27 29 33 37

l) Let Y=arbX b the staiy bnseaston

be frtted tos he aiven data.
niven n= 7
he nosmal equntbn ase Y=Na+b2X
Xxy-aX-bEX
X Y Xy
oo
12 22 (44 26
3 2 I69 312
6 27 2S6 32
7 29 289 413
20 33 660
25 37 6)5 q25
Ex12 Y-12 Ex=|949 xy 3196
 ul theke Value s im nsmal e2

7aHI3b=152 >0
I13a-H923b-3186 >
Colve thece two egs k tind a,b vaues
A=o 7426
bI.5612
fut akb Values Stzai9ht Gne eg
atb X
0 - 7 B6 +05612) Xiz the kest Re
of the selime,

a 4lne -atbX to the tollahng ctata

X O 5 lo 5 20 25
22 2 30.
2 S 17

el) m =6
eys ase 2Na +bEx
(he nomal
Exy-a xtbx2
X Y XY
2
25 75
OO
7

22 225 330
20
25 30 625 750
2x-75 2 0 -135
2XY=1%s
 Put these Values m nosmal es

6a+7sb= l20>
75Abiz75b=1205 >
a-1235
b= 0 6 5
Eotb X
Y=l205+6:/a55)x
a)By the method ot leacl sauase tos a ne
the fos X=dtb Y -to the tol lowing dato

X 2 3 5
4 33 4o 3 76 25

Col) Cyen m-
he msmal e9 a%ee Zx=Na t-bEy
-aY-bEY
Y
196
2 33 l0B4 66
600
120
63 3469 252
5 76 5776 390
5 7225 SIO
r-2 Y311 EY(9eSg Z XY=1342
 Z1lo+1EG 1h

Y- o+b/

Ud o eijinnte hr vn Pnc yalyf d

bbo 4lor, Vrncun Value c nthr alye in

t retan lent 1X y

1-

fes pltnr, line f cn y

yy)
e e Called sense n

itiesd
? adercted h
utirn ehe.et ' cc't
!
 amd is denote by y i
y
ensesion (6-eHrcient of o my

Fomula.)
2
whese X=X-2
Yy-y
hese =meon ot sl

ymean ot 9.

2) Sxy
y y2

twhese X= 7-2

Yy-y
whese e ef
=man ot y

Hese i called the (o-selatiomit

eertotedisqeomesy mean of two Seg
Co-iieny
 A-
6t66 +67-tó746td4+7|+73
N

A25
6

Sy67ttSt6+672+70+69+7
N

6 S
The eion line of com is
- (y-5)
Sddy- Ed<Sdy

VSd-
N
 y

7 2
 %2
e eae Men lneon Y on X is

y d dy- dYEdy)
N

N
20 )-4)

Uo -
20t
Jso
21

2
21
7-03

CA-62)- z32 (y-69)

62= z32)y-224
y+1ól 2=0b
 -5= 6
)
(y--299 -6)
y-69-(24e-20264
C29s)-yi334)=o
hen =67.5
y-?
(29a) 67s)-y- 13%6
y-2ol415133-64
9-67-51
. The oms heahl s 67.5) when fathesS rãaht
67.5
Least Squase ecimate
An &ctmate s a fanctan thot
potns how to @mEre the chta On XY oers
the mteslept g slope.
i.e the Anple eression eq is

B X+e h e e is eto

Tie nethe of tenst uaet ainkLthetam

fos B&P2
b &bshich ase he etiratos
eeraloss a odom vasfalec thg"
e
Cm, Vaimce &tomhsd deiation.
 b -x-7)G-y)

b -bz
Thee ase Called Least Sguase etmatosS

B(eskrnatea) besiated)
>About b& ba
>About P1 P2
) They ase fasarnetes The ase estimatoss

Thay donot havemam 2)we use vau of

the
b b bo dsat imteeres
Vasiarn Ce
about f2
3 Thoe is Te Fosmub fes THese estiratosS ase having
tomula that eplam Shousto
Combne the data poînts
m a Saomple of daa tes best
AiE ofthe st-line.
)They ose etimateduéim 4 bi& ase the bondom
b2
&bin acomple oF Vasiables they Vai som
data on XY Soomple to Sample

Hopestfes
the etmatoss by & b ase unbarsed
1eE b.=b
he e L aSe mbaic
Ihe lnct Cquare Celntosk, ase, n ba'Ced
1.e EF1-PF
4) The e t t aseo-Yelated tKth (mm Vosienne

Psobability
Poobability of amevent isdelined as
Cates
PE)- lo of tavauable
Total moof eveentS

r()--PE
P+2-
PrsobabGty of geBbing suCesS
-Psobn biity of getivng tailuses.
RondonVatiable
>ARondom Vasiable X) whose valueis cdetesrimi
the outtome cf asandon pesiment 1s Calel a
ardom
A Rardon Varviable Con also be desibed ass
Vakue umction delined on aSomple sPa e of a
potmont Sath tat fos each Rnt Fa)is te
PooaHliAy of octusance o the
event
when two ng
afetocsea the total ot
SHIH, TH, HT, TT?
 deal noS aSimed tos {he smom
TCSE a e the

isbles X=So, \12

Tes of
sandom usiables

h e ase thoo tuPes of aandom Vésiables

ete D:V:
(ontam anlyfiite
Amdom Variable X wh+ch a

mtorál is Called
mo of diLoete alves m am

sEte SV
Sg. The moofmistahes îm a paqe
The n o f defezive koltsima Cample of bolts.

ninuOnS DV.
A oordom Vasiable X which Con take the valuee
cmtimuouS n am imtaval iS (alled ontinuous V.

9 The hdahts txats ot mdividual Pstons

Pobabii dletibution tumction Cosunmu lative
digiubion funcbinCD
Let andom Vasiable
be a samdom Vasiable
a

Lhen pobability ditsibution tunction îs dcfad asS

eR i t 1s dereted by F
e F P (Xs*),XER
hat 1c F,G)= 3pta,) Xx 42
P)
 Abi()-TA)

Discte po babiltydfststbution (o Pso»bi

Macs tunction(PMF)
indom vasiable u
Supoe Xis
eible out ComCs 2 then the PMF s
defintd as PX=x)=Pt)
i1,2,3,

PopesSes
) P ) 2o

p-)=
1

(Ontinuou Psobabîlty distibution (ox loai

densty fuencbonn(PDJ
he pobailitty densty fun?lan i
a
lesivative of Curulative dfclsîbu?le u
t i denrle by f ()
e C) - d &(e)
 i.e f) (G odt
pesties
)20
(radr

5) PA¢<b) (FlJd
-

x poeiabion, Meam, Varioble

, a sancom Vaviable Xasrred
Suppoce
he Value A, ,x,,.. n ith pobabilitiec pl)Pé)
PAn) Hhen Expectoabfon os expected ValueoF

delined a Ex)= P )

ellyE ) )
2

MRT A-E-}4rG)
VaanCe()- E(x-A 2

EX- E (uSpl4)
 The ptitive squase soot of hsionce is Cal)..
todasd devitin g i by
danoted oy

Note: i.e
e S.D=*0 ECY-a2
T f x 15 andem Vasable gKiS (onskont the
hes
E K)-E)+KJE

E+b-a EC+b
Vas ()-E(2)-E
Va)-E (-

E(ru-zljet)
-2tu+Pt
tiomte of VasCaxtb)=alas(x
Vap=o
voy c)ECG)-(tJ
2
El)-C
A dicste hancbm Uarsiable X hag the
folei
ababslty masc tune ten

2 3 456 7
K K 2K 2k 3K 2 7K+K
Fird )K
a)Evaloate P(X<l) Plx2¢) PleYL5)
3 Mon aaionde.
l) wKT

otK+2K +2K+3K+K+2K+7K+K=]
+loK=
lOk-aK-1=0
loK1OK-IR-1=O
IOKKH1)-1(Kn)-O
K-, ho
Sim@kZ-

prp)+P/*e)rpk-)apes)+9/e
O+K+2K+2K+3KtK
 W
A

M
 -

Vo siend-E(K) [Et)]
E)-Z2 P/)
Coxo)+(i)+az Aav2r)-htrzk)
25R)/32)-loarR1u)
124 Khyok2
- 124 yo

= 12-4 tH

Vasience=\6-e-(z-66
- 3-yoy

A Rndom Vaxiable X has the tollousa PoE

aRtsibution
2 34 S 6

P)
nd tMeon 2)\Vosien le 3)pI<x<4)
 sete Katongue distiuaon (ov) ui fosm
dctsibutiom
A Sondom Vasiable x isaid
haye adecsete uitotm ditRution OVes the
oneCm) 1F Es PMF is P=) ,2,

, otheswise
Whese mis olled fabanmetes ot tnismdisbihen
Nan E)-r(x-) 2/3n

a))- )
+

(t2t3t.+")

2
t
2

Vasl)-E(3-[ECY)]
 .n

Kenan)n
(rt)nt)

Vavsione-(rt2nti)(nt

ntl/2n+|

m+/4n+2-3 -3
2

o
Vasan(e - -1
12

Carols disibuin
A sondem Vasiable thich latr"e
Values O ie Caid to have o hrroi dz
ith tuwo pnetess pl9 is defincd y
-
P ( - P,1-4,1
lhexise

Uhese PMbbilit of 1NTe,

 -PebabiGty of toiluse

MCan-E)-= Z4
0
P4;)

P
P
Vsiante E (K)- [ttOl
- O-P-PY
P- P2
Vasornde Pl-P)
P
Bioial dfst buticm(B.D)
A omckm Vasia ble X W rom

tive value defined y the pocbabiUty mosonckim

m ,y2
otheswise

hese ade poometes of thediLibuion

derolad by e4m,e) ) b4,m,P)
Cwhese p is caled Peba biUty of Sulcess
no of thialm expeser
i e a l to
 fai (UDe

Emomial dR
tollotws
VAiable thich
imial Lhsfate.
1 Clled
bolts in a box
g. No of defet ive
nitakeE m a page
n et

Coditions to apply BD:

1) The mo of tials ate tinite
othes
2) The tials abemdesendent ot each
fibe
3Each tial ContAns mly two events,suces
Sutlecs i (onsant tos ercht
4) The poka Bility eof
Mea of BD:
Mean-k)=JU= ZplkLA)

Put-=y