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Stats and Prob Reviewer 3rdq

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22 views5 pages

Stats and Prob Reviewer 3rdq

Uploaded by

vengeheiter
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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STATS AND PROB REVIEWER

STATISTICS:
- organizing, collecting, analyzing, presenting, interpretation of data
STATISTICIAN:
- expert in the field of statistics
DATA:
- raw material
- information gathered
POPULATION:
- a very large amount of data
SAMPLE:
- a subset of a population
AREA OF STATISTICS:
DESCRIPTIVE: use to describe basic features of data
INFERENTIAL: used to find something about a population
2 SOURCES OF DATA
PRIMARY: Original data
SECONDARY: from published records

GERTRUDE COX
- lady of statistics
- founder of experimental statistics
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
- polar area charts
- lady with a lamp
JOHN CARL FRIEDRICH GAUSS
- prince of mathematics
- normal distribution
WILLIAM SEALLY GOSSET
- T concept
THOMAS BAYNES
- theory of probability

METHODS OF COLLECTING DATA:


OBSERVATION
- viewing
- hearing, seeing, sensing
 Participant observation: observers engage
 Non-participant observation: not actively engaging
 Direct observation: observing what they are hearing
 Indirect observation: rely on others
 Controlled observation: watched in a contained space
 Uncontrolled observation: natural condition or situation
EXPERIMENTATION
- effects of an independent variable on a dependent variable
SIMULATION
- conducted experiments to understand the behavior of the system
INTERVIEWING
- two-way data gathering
PANEL METHOD
- gathering data from the same sample of students
MAIL SURVEY:
- sending questionnaires to target respondents
PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES
- psychological
- indirect method
 Visual projective
 Rorschach inkblot test
 Verbal projective
 Expressive projective
PROBABILITY
- studies all possible outcome
- chances
- uncertainty
EXPERIMENT
- results cannot be predicted with certainty
OUTCOME
- the result of an experiment
SAMPLE SPACE
- total set of all possible outcomes
EVENT
- the subset of all possible outcomes
SIMPLE EVENT
- one possible outcome
PROBABILITY OF COMPOUND EVENTS
- more than one event
- ‘and’ ‘or’

UNION AND INTERSECTION


INTERSECTION
- shared by A and B
UNION
- combine all elements
MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
- cannot occur at the same time
NON-MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
- can happen at the same time
PERMUTATION
- arrangement of objects is important
COMBINATION
- order is not important
- no repetition
VARIABLE
- characteristics or attributes of a sample
QUALITATIVE
- generates categorical data
QUANTITATIVE
- generates numerical data
RANDOM VARIABLE
- determined by chance
DISCRETE
- finite, can be counted
CONTINUOUS
- infinite, can be measured

BINOMIAL PROBABILITY
- gives only two outcomes in an experiment that is either true or false
 Has a fixed number
 2 outcomes
 Trials are independent
 Success is consistent

MEAN & VARIANCE


-
POISSON PROBABILITY
- number of rare events
- how many times an event is likely to occur over a specified period
NORMAL DISTRIBUTION
- gaussian distribution
- continuous
- symmetric about the mean showing that data near the mean are more frequent

PROPERTIES OF A NORMAL DISTRIBUTION


- Bell-shaped
- curve is symmetrical
- mean, median and mode is at the center
- area is 1 or 100%
- curve is asymptotic to baseline
2 PARAMETERS
MEAN
- always positive and located at the center
- change of the value of the mean, the graph of the normal curve to right or left
STANDARD DEVIATION
- a measure of spread or disperse
- the shape of the graph
- more spread out, the higher the standard deviation
- large sd = short and wide graph
- small sd = skinnier and taller
STANDARD NORMAL CURBE
EMPIRICAL RULE: 68-75-99.7%

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