CONCENTRATES

GROUP 3
Concentrates refers to animal feeds that are rich in
energy and/or protein but low in fiber, such as
corn, soybean meal, oats, wheat, molasses, etc.
Feed concentrates provide nutrients that forage
alone cannot provide. This is particularly true in
the case of high-producing animals. At times
concentrates are a more economical source of
nutri- ents than forages. There are two types of
concentrate feeds: carbonaceous and
proteinaceous.
TYPES OF CONCENTRATES:
CARBONACEOUS
Carbonaceous concentrates, also known as "energy"
feeds, are characterized by their high total digestible
nutrient content but typically exhibit lower protein
levels, ranging from 8% to 11%. This category
encompasses cereal grains such as corn, barley, wheat,
oats, milo, and rye.
EXAMPLES:
Barley
High-energy, high-starch, ingredient, risk of acidosis at
high feeding rates, low protein (10-11% CP), low in
vitamins and calcium, limit inclusion level to 6-7 kg of
finishing diets, higher inclusions possible but feeding
management is critical, feed rolled rather than ground.
Wheat
High-energy high-starch ingredient, energy content
similar to barley, starch is rapidly digestible, higher risk
of acidosis than with barley or maize, low in vitamins
and calcium limit inclusion to 2-3 kg, unless it’s caustic
treated, feed rolled only.
BARLEY WHEAT
EXAMPLES:

Maize grain
High-energy high-starch, but slowly digestible, lower
risk of acidosis than with either barley or wheat, 30% of
the starch is bypass, low protein (9-10%), low in calcium,
there is no limit on usage but price will limit inclusion.

Citrus pulp
By-product of pressing citrus fruits, high energy, good
source of digestible fibre and sugar, useful ingredient
combined with cereal and protein source, low protein
(6% CP), low in phosphorus, limit inclusion to 3-4 kg but
must be balanced for minerals.
MAIZE GRAIN CITRU PULP
EXAMPLES:

Beet pulp
By-product of sugar processing, high energy, good
source of digestible fibre, useful ingredient combined
with cereal and protein source, low protein (10% CP),
low in phosphorus, limit inclusion in dry matter.

Soya hulls
By-product of dehulling soyabeans, moderate energy,
good source of digestible fibre, low protein (10%), useful
ingredient in ad lib concentrate diets or fodder beet
diets, reduces the risk of digestive upsets, limit
inclusion to 2-3 kg.
BEET PULP SOYA HULLS
EXAMPLES:

Wheat feed (Pollard)

By-product of flour manufacture, low-energy
digestible-fibre source, moderate protein (16% CP),
Good source of phosphorus but low in calcium and
vitamins, variable quality, limit inclusion to 5-10%,
depending on target energy density.

Molasses
Moderate energy, good source of sugar, useful for
binding pelleted concentrates, reducing dust and
improves palatability of concentrate mixes
WHEAT FEED ( POLLARD) MOLASSES
TYPES OF CONCENTRATES:
PROTEINACEOUS
Proteinaceous concentrates, also referred to as "protein
feeds," are characterized by their elevated protein
content, surpassing 15%. Examples of such feeds include
soybean meal, cottonseed meal, peanuts (groundnuts),
flaxseed (linseed), canola, cottonseed, coconuts, oil
palm, and sunflower seeds. In ruminant livestock, the
quantity of protein is generally more critical than its
quality, specifically the amino acid content, as the
microorganisms in the rumen synthesize their own
body protein. Unlike some nutrients, livestock cannot
store excess protein; it is either utilized as energy or
eliminated as nitrogen through the kidneys.
EXAMPLES:
Soyabean meal
High quality protein feed (48% CP) with high energy
content, high in by-pass protein, good amino acid
profile, being high in lysine but low in methionine, no
limit on inclusion, limited by protein requirement and
price.
Maize distillers
By-product of alcohol distilling, moderate protein (25%
CP) and high energy, high in digestible fibre and by-
pass protein, high oil which can affect fibre digestibility
and intake if the diet exceeds 5% fat, limit inclusion to
3.0-3.5 kg.
SOYABEAN MEAL MAIZE DISTILLERS
EXAMPLES:

Maize gluten feed

By-product of the manufacture of maize starch,
moderate protein feed (20% CP)with moderate energy,
variable quality, limit inclusion to 2.5-3.0 kg.

Rapeseed meal
By-product of oil manufacture, high protein (34% CP),
good source of rumen-degradable protein, moderate
energy, palatability issues at high inclusion rate, limit
inclusion to 2 kg.
MAIZE GLUTEN FEED RAPESEED MEAL
EXAMPLES:
Palm kernel meal
By-product of oil manufacture, moderate protein (16%
CP) but protein is poor quality, low-energy feed, limit
inclusion to 5-10%, depending on target energy density.

Sunflower meal
By-product of oil manufacture, very low energy high-
fibre feed, high protein (25% CP) but protein of
moderate quality, high in phosphorus, limit inclusion to
5-10%, depending on target energy density.
PALM KERNEL MEAL SUNFLOWER MEAL
 ADVANTAGE
•Feed concentrates provide nutrients that forage
alone cannot provide. This is particularly true in the
case of high-producing animals. At times concentrates
are a more economical source of nutri- ents than
forages.
•The use of concentrates gives the producer a way to
boost production levels through higher levels of
energy consumed. These grains can be used to bolster
high levels of production, or to compensate for
animals which are unable to use forages effectively.
 DISADVANTAGES
Cost: Concentrates can be more expensive than roughage
or forage, impacting overall feed costs.

Digestive Issues: Rapid consumption of concentrates may

lead to digestive problems in animals, such as acidosis, if
not managed properly.
Dependency: Over-reliance on concentrates may reduce
the animal's ability to utilize fibrous forages effectively,
potentially impacting overall digestive health.
Balancing the use of feed concentrates with other feed
components is crucial for optimizing animal nutrition and
minimizing potential drawbacks.
 NUTRITIENTS CONTENT
Concentrates are an essential component of animal
nutrition as they provde a concentrated source of
energy, protein, vitamins, and minerals that animals
need to maintain good health and achieve optimal
production levels.
STARCH
Starch is the primary source of energy in dairy
rations. The source and processing method of the
starch will determine how it will be digested in the
rumen. Cereal grains like corn provide most of the
starch in dairy cattle diets.
 NUTRITIENTS CONTENT
Of the energy sources, improper starch feeding,
such as type and amount, can have the greatest
negative impact on rumen function. To increase the
amount of sugar in the ration, ingredients like
liquid molasses or citrus pulp can be fed.

FATS
They are very energy dense compared to
carbohydrates and protein. Fatty acid profiles of
ingredients are important as they can have negative
effects on fiber digestibility and animal
performance.
 NUTRITIENTS CONTENT
Unsaturated fat is highly digestible but may reduce
fiber digestibility in the rumen compared to
saturated fat that has less impact on fiber digestion.
Like starch, fat digestibility can be affected by
source, physical nature, and its chemical
composition. Protected fats are available, and they
have been designed to bypass the rumen,
eliminating risks to rumen function.

PROTEIN
Protein can be broken down into several fractions
in ration-formulation programs: degradable and
undegradable protein and soluble protein.
 NUTRITIENTS CONTENT
Degradable protein is digested in the rumen.
Soluble protein is very rapidly digested in the
rumen. Undegradable protein is that fraction
bypassing the rumen. All these fractions are
important and require the proper balance to keep
the rumen microbes functioning properly.
The other nutrients in concentrates include fiber,
minerals, and vitamins. The main fiber components
are neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent
fiber (ADF). Most byproduct feeds contain substantial
fiber levels compared to the cereal grains. The
macro-minerals are calcium, phosphorus,
magnesium, potassium, sodium, sulfur, and chloride.
The micro-minerals are manganese, copper, zinc,
iron, selenium, cobalt, and iodine.
 TOXIC CONTENT
The concentration at which a particular substance
produces a toxic effect. Apart from nutrients, forages
may contain various harmful compounds that can
adversely affect animal performance and cause
sickness or even death. These compounds are called
anti-quality factors and include tannins, nitrates,
alkaloids, cyanoglycosides, estrogens and mycotoxins.

Mycotoxins are toxins that occur naturally, are

generated by particular molds (fungi), and appear in
food. They can be the source of various negative health
effects and can be a significant health danger to
livestock, horses, companion animals, and humans.
 CORN
increased susceptibility to
AFLATOXIN infectious diseases and
Aspergillus flavus increased mortality,
weight loss, poor
performance and reduced
reproductive capability

FUMONISIN Fusarium verticillioides inappetence, weight loss,

and mild liver damage

Gibberella zeae food refusal and growth

DEOXYNIVALENOL retardation
ZEARALENONE Fusarium graminearum causes hyperestrongenism
weight loss, decreased
T-2 Fesarium feed conversion, feed
sporotrichioides refusal, vomiting, bloody
diarrhea, severe
dermatitis, hemorrhage,
decreased egg production,
abortion, and dealth.
 WHEAT
gastrointestinal problems,
vomiting, loss of appetite,
NIVALENOL Fusarium genus poor feed utilization and
efficiency, bloody
diarrhea,

FUMONISIN Fusarium verticillioides inappetence, weight loss,

and mild liver damage

Gibberella zeae food refusal and growth

DEOXYNIVALENOL retardation
ZEARALENONE Fusarium graminearum causes hyperestrongenism
weight loss, decreased
T-2 Fesarium feed conversion, feed
sporotrichioides refusal, vomiting, bloody
diarrhea, severe
dermatitis, hemorrhage,
decreased egg production,
abortion, and dealth.
BARLEY
CADMIUM increase in blood pressure, blood iron deficiency,
liver disease, and nerve and brain damage.

CHROMIUM greater incidence of post-implantation loss,

decreased fetal body weight, reduced ossification,
and decreased number of live fetuses.

signs of central nervous system (CNS) damage -

LEAD they may cease grazing, appear dull and
unresponsive, walk aimlessly, or be blind.
 RYE
hyperthermia, loss in milk production, loss of body
ERGOTAMINE mass and reduced fertility

ERGOMETRINE nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea,

headache, dizziness, tinnitus, chest pain, palpitation,
bradycardia, transient hypertension and other
cardiac arrhythmias, dyspnea, rashes, and shock.

ERGOCRISTINE hyperthermia, loss in milk production, loss of body

mass and reduced fertility

ERGOSINE hyperthermia, loss in milk production, loss of body

mass and reduced fertility

ERGOCRYPTININE hyperthermia, loss in milk production, loss of body

mass and reduced fertility
 GOAT
Several Fusarium feed refusal, poor weight
species, such as Fusarium gains, diarrhea, vomiting,
TYPE A sporotrichioides, immunological challenges,
TRICHOTHECENE Fusarium poae, skin dermatitis, and
Fusarium mycotoxins hemorrhages
kyushuense, and
Fusarium langsethiae

SOY BEAN
nausea, vomiting, abdominal
AFLATOXINS Aspergillus flavus pain, convulsions, and other
signs of acute liver injury
Aspergillus and nausea, vomiting, abdominal
OCHRATOXINS pain, convulsions, and other
Penicillum species
signs of acute liver injury

TYPE B Fusarium graminearum feed refusal, salivation

TRICHOTHECENE and F. culmorum and, sometimes, vomiting
 COTTON SEED
nausea, vomiting, abdominal
AFLATOXINS Aspergillus flavus pain, convulsions, and other
signs of acute liver injury
Thank
You