NUMBER SYSTEMS

Natural numbers:
All counting numbers are called as natural numbers.
Natural numbers are denoted by ‘N’.
Natural numbers are also called as ‘counting numbers’ N = 1, 2, 3, 4,………
Whole numbers:
All counting numbers including zero such as 0, 1, 2, 3,…. are called as whole numbers.
Whole numbers are denoted by ‘W’.
W = 0, 1, 2, 3,……

Note: All natural numbers are whole numbers but all whole
numbers are not natural numbers.

Integers:
All counting numbers and their negatives including zero are called as integers.
Integers are denoted by ‘Z’
Z = –∞,…… –3, –2, –1, 0, 1, 2, 3, ……..∞
Basically integers are divided into three parts such as positive integers, negative integers and zero.
Positive integers:
All counting numbers are called as positive integers.
Positive integers are denoted by Z+ and also called as natural numbers.
Z+ = 1, 2, 3, 4, ………..
Negative integers:
Negatives of all natural numbers are called as negative integers.
Negative integers are denoted by Z–
Z– = –1, –2, –3, –4, ………..
Zero:
‘Zero’ is neither positive nor negative integer.
Integers

–3 –2 –1 0 1 2 3
Negative integers Positive integers
Zero
Rational numbers:
𝑎
Numbers which are able to write in the form of 𝑏 , where both ‘a’ and ‘b’ are integers but b ≠ 0

are called as “rational numbers”.

Rational numbers are denoted by Q.
2 7 −9 0 −5
Examples: 3, 15, 8
, 4, 16 etc

All integers ‘Z’ are rational numbers.

𝑍
Since every integer can be represented in the form of 1.

Irrational numbers:
𝑎
Numbers which are not able to write in the form of 𝑏
are called as “irrational numbers” and are

denoted by Q.
Examples: √2, √3, √5, √6, √7, √8, √10, …….. and also π.
22
The value of π is not exactly 7
, that is only appropriate value of π and hence π is also irrational

numbers
In the square roots, except perfect square values remaining all values are irrational numbers.
Terminating decimals:
Any decimal number which contains finite number of digits after the decimal point are called as
“Terminating decimals”.
Examples: 0.75, 0.526, 3.7248, ……
Non – Terminating decimals:
Any decimal number which contains infinite number of digits after the decimal point are called
as “Non – Terminating decimals”.
Again these are divided into two parts.
i. Recurring decimals
ii. Non – recurring decimals
i) Recurring decimals:
Any decimal number in which a single digit (or) group of digits are repeated are called as
“Recurring decimals”.
To write the recurring decimals in shortened form, we use the bar (–) symbol for the digits which
are repeated.
11
Examples: 3
= 3.666…. = 3.6 Pure circulator
22
7
= 3.142857142857…… = 3.142857
 41
= 0.93181818 …… = 0.9318 Mixed circulator
44

In recurring decimals, if all digits are repeated after the decimal point those are called as ‘Pure
Circulator”.
In recurring decimals, if only few digits are repeated after decimal point those are called as
“Mixed Circulator”.
ii) Non – recurring decimals:
Any decimal number in which no digit(s) cycle is/are repeated after the decimal point are called
as “Non – recurring decimals”.
Examples: √2 = 1.414213……
√3 = 1.73205……
❖ Let us look at the comparison between the terminating and non – terminating decimals.

Terminating decimals Non – terminating decimals

Eg: x = 0.3275
3275
x = 10000 Recurring decimals Non – recurring decimal
131 11
x = 400 x = 3.666…. = 3
x = 1.414213…. = √2

Rational number Rational number Irrational number

Note:
Every terminating number is a Rational number.
Every non – terminating and recurring decimal is a Rational number.
Every non – terminating and non- recurring decimal is an Irrational number.

Real numbers:
The combination of rational numbers and irrational numbers are called as Real numbers.
Real numbers are denoted by R.
15 6 −7
Examples: 17, 23, 5
, √3, 5 + √2, π, 6 – √3 etc

The sum, difference (or) product of a rational number and irrational number is always irrational.
Examples: 7 + √2, 5 – √3, 10 + 2√5 all are irrational numbers.
Complex numbers:
Numbers which can be expressed in the form of x + iy are called as “Complex numbers”. Where
‘x’ and ‘y’ are real numbers and ‘i’ is the imaginary number.
 For the complex number x + iy, ‘x’ is called as real part and ‘y’ is called as imaginary part.
Basically square root of any negative real number is called as imaginary numbers.
The concept of imaginary numbers was first introduced by great mathematician ‘Euler’.
The value of i = √−1 was first introduced by ‘Euler’.
Example: 5 + 3i, 7 – 5i, 3 + i√5, –2 + i√3 etc are all complex numbers.
❖ Let us look at the diagrammatical representation of all types of numbers.
Complex numbers

Real numbers Imaginary numbers

Rational numbers Irrational numbers

Integers Fractions

Negative Whole numbers

integers

Zero Natural numbers

Factors:
A number which can be expressed as a product of two (or) more numbers, then those numbers are
called as factors for the given number.
Example: 12 = 1 × 12 Factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
=2×6
=3×4
In algebra terms, any equation can be expressed as a product of two (or) more independent
expressions, then those independent expressions are called as factors of given equation.
Example: 3x² + 17x + 10 = (3x + 2)(x + 5)
Factors of 3x² + 17x + 10 are 1, (3x + 2), (x + 5), (3x² + 17x + 10)
 Note:
For any number 1 and itself are definitely a factors.
Number of factors for any number are always finite.

Multiples:
The product obtained by multiplying two (or) more numbers are called as multiple of the numbers
being multipled.
Example: 5 × 7 = 35
Hence 35 is a multiple of 5 and 7.
Multiples of 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8 , 10,……
Multiples of 3 = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,……

Note:
Zero is a multiple of all natural numbers.
For any number, number of multiples are always infinite.

Prime numbers:
Numbers which have exactly two factors i.e; one and itself are called as “prime numbers”.
Prime numbers upto 100:
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59, 61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 97.
Total 25 prime numbers from 1 to 100.
Total 15 prime numbers from 1 to 50 and 10 prime numbers from 51 to 100.
2 is the only even prime number.
3 is the first odd prime number.
Composite numbers:
Numbers which have more than two factors are called as “composite numbers”.
In other words; numbers greater than 1, other than prime numbers are called as “composite
numbers”.
1 is neither prime number nor composite number.
Examples: 4, 6, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14,… are composite numbers.
Twin prime numbers:
Two prime numbers with a difference of 2 are called as “Twin prime numbers”.
Examples: (3,5), (5,7), (11,13), (17,19), (29,31), …….. are all Twin prime numbers.
Co-prime numbers:
Two numbers doesn’t have any common factor except 1, then those numbers are called as co-
prime numbers.
Here, two numbers are either prime (or) composite numbers.
Examples: (5,7), (11,17), (13,28), (9,16), .….. are all co-prime numbers.

Note: Every twin prime number is a co-prime number but

every co-prime number need not be a twin prime.

Example: (5, 7) Twin prime and also co-prime

(9, 16) Co-prime but not Twin prime
Prime triplet:
Three prime numbers with a difference of 2 in between them are called as “prime triplet”.
In the entire number system, we have only one prime triplet i.e; (3, 5, 7).
Upto 100 numbers we have only one prime triplet (3, 5, 7).
Beyond 100 all prime numbers are ending with 1, 3, 5, 7, 9.
Now, let us look at all possible cases why there is no other prime triplet in the entire number
system.
Beyond 100 prime numbers ending with:
→ (1, 3, 5)
In these 3 cases one number is ending with
→ (3, 5, 7)
5 and hence that is not a prime number.
→ (5, 7, 9)

→ (7, 9, 1) In these 2 cases, if you take any example

→ (9, 1, 3) in the entire number system one number
will definitely divisible by 3 and hence
that is not a prime number.
Examples: 1) 107, 109, 111
111 is divisible by 3 Because of these reasons we have only one
2) 219, 221, 223 prime triplet in the entire number system.
219 is divisible by 3
Prime factors:
Numbers which can be expressed as a product of only prime numbers are called as prime factors.
 Example: 72

(Prime) 2 × 36 (Non – prime)

(Prime) 2 × 18 (Non – prime)

(Prime) 2 × 9 (Non – prime)

(Prime) 3 × 3 (Prime)
72 = 23 × 32
How to identify whether a number is prime (or) not:
Let us consider the given number is ‘x’, then
❖ Take the nearest whole number ‘W’ which is greater than square root of given number.
(W > √𝑥)
❖ Take all the prime numbers less than or equal to ‘W’.
❖ If no prime number divides the given number ‘x’, then ‘x’ is a prime number, if not ‘x’ is not
a prime number.
Example: x = 211  15 > √211
Now take all prime numbers up to 15
2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13
Here, no prime number divides the number 211 exactly. Hence 211 is a prime number.
Arithmetical Operations:
In mathematics, there are four arithmetical operations to be performed on numbers. Those
are addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
Addition:
To find the total (or) sum by combining two (or) more numbers are called as “Addition”.
Addition is denoted by ‘+’ sign.
Example: 35 + 62 + 87 = 184
Subtraction:
When one (or) more numbers are taken out from a larger number, then it is called as
“Subtraction”.
Subtraction is denoted by ‘–‘ sign.
Example: 641 – 328 = 313
 Multiplication:
Multiplication means repeated addition.
When ‘a’ is multiplied by ‘b’, then it means ‘a’ is added ‘b’ times (or) ‘b’ is added ‘a’ times.
Multiplication is denoted by ‘×’ sign.
a × b = ab
Where a = Multiplicand, b = Multiplier, ab = Product
Example: 4 × 5 = 20 [4 + 4 + 4 + 4 + 4 = 20 (or) 5 + 5 + 5 + 5 = 20]
Division:
Division means repeated subtraction.
Basically in division problems, we have four elements.
They are
i) Dividend – Number which is to be divided.
ii) Divisor – Number which divides the other number.
iii) Quotient – The result obtained after the division
iv) Remainder – The value which is left undivided.
Division is denoted by ‘÷’ sign.
Divisor) Dividend (Quotient
xxxxx
Remainder
The relationship between these four elements is

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Example: 17 ÷ 5 5) 17 (3
It means 5 is subtracted repeated 15
3 times from 17 and the remainder left is 2 2
DIVISIBILITY RULES:
Divisibility by 2:
A number is divisible by 2, if it is ends with either 0, 2, 4, 6 (or) 8.
Example: 30, 242, 674, 1096, 4238….
Divisibility by 3:
A number is divisible by 3, if the sum of the digits of a number is divisible by 3.
Example: 32247 is divisible by 3. Since sum of the digits
3 + 2 + 2 + 4 + 7 = 18 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 4:
A number is divisible by 4, if the last two digits of the number are divisible by 4.
Example: 52472 is divisible by 4. Since the last two digits 72 is divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 5:
A number is divisible by 5, if it is ends with either 0 (or) 5.
Example: 250, 325, 560, 785, ……..
Divisibility by 6:
A number is divisible by 6, if it is divisible by both 2 and 3.
Example: 9504 is divisible by 6. Since it is ending with 4 so divisible by 2 and sum of the
digits 9 + 5 + 0 + 4 = 18 is divisible by 3.
Divisibility by 7:
A number is divisible by 7, if the difference between number of tens and twice the unit’s
place is divisible by 7.
Example: 665
No. of ten’s = 66, twice of unit’s place = 2 × 5 = 10, difference = 66 – 10 = 56
Since 56 is divisible by 7, hence 665 is divisible by 7.
➢ Sometimes difference is higher digit number (3-digit, 4-digit, ……) in that case, we
have to follow the same rule till we get the single-digit (or) 2-digit number.
Example: 3794
No. of tens = 379, twice the units place = 2 × 4 = 8,
Difference = 379 – 8 = 371
Again, follow the same rule for 371
No. of tens = 37, twice the unit’s place = 2 × 1 = 2
Difference = 37 – 2 = 35
Since 35 is divisible by 7, hence 3794 is divisible by 7.
Divisibility by 8:
A number is divisible by 8, if the last three digits of the number is divisible by 8.
Example: 34568 is divisible by 8, since the last 3 digits is 568 is divisible by 8.
Divisibility by 9:
A number is divisible by 9, if the sum of the digits of the number is divisible by 9.
Example: 96678 is divisible by 9.
Since the sum of the digits 9 + 6 + 6 + 7 + 8 = 36 is divisible by 9.
Divisibility by 10:
A number is divisible by 10, if the number is ends with zero.
 Example: 3640 is divisible by 10, since it is ends with ‘0’.
Divisibility by 11:
A number is divisible by 11, if the difference between the sum of odd place digits and the sum of
even place digits is either zero (or) multiple of 11.
Example: 1) 26543
Sum of odd place digits = 2 + 5 + 3 = 10
Sum of even place digits = 6 + 4 = 10
Difference = 10 – 10 = 0
Hence, the number 26543 is divisible by 11.
2) 62128
Sum of odd place digits = 6 + 1 + 8 = 15
Sum of even place digits = 2 + 2 = 4
Difference = 15 – 4 = 11
Hence, the number 62128 is divisible by 11.
Divisibility by 12:
A number is divisible by 12, if the number is divisible by both 3 and 4.
Example: 82104 is divisible by 12, since the sum of the digits 8 + 2 + 1 + 0 + 4 = 15 is divisible
by 3 and the last two digits of the number is divisible by 4, so the number is divisible
by 12.
Divisibility by 13:
A number is divisible by 13, if the sum of number of tens and four times of unit’s place is divisible
by 13.
Example: 312
Number of tens = 31, Four times of unit’s place = 4 × 2 = 8
Sum = 31 + 8 = 39
Since 39 is divisible by 13, so 312 is divisible by 13.
Divisibility by 14:
A number is divisible by 14, if the number is divisible by both 2 and 7.
Example: 364 is divisible by 14, since it is divisible by both 2 and 7.
Divisibility by 15:
A number is divisible by 15, if the number is divisible by both 3 and 5.
Example: 1335 is divisible by 15, since sum of the digits 1 + 3 + 3 + 5 = 12 is divisible by 3 so
the number is divisible by 3 and also the number is ending with 5 so it is divisible by 5.
Divisibility by 16:
A number is divisible by 16, if the last 4 digits of the number is divisible by 16.
Example: 3256432 is divisible by 16, since last 4 digits 6432 is divisible by 16.
Divisibility by 17:
A number is divisible by 17, if the difference between the number of tens and 5 times of unit’s
place is divisible by 17.
Example: 986
No. of tens = 98, Five times of unit’s place = 5 × 6 = 30
Difference = 98 – 30 = 68
Since 68 is divisible by 17, so 986 is also divisible by 17.
Divisibility by 18:
A number is divisible by 18, if an even number which satisfies the divisibility rule of 9.
Example: 1242 is divisible by 18, since it is an even number and also the sum of the digits
1 + 2 + 4 + 2 = 9 is divisible by 9.
Divisibility by 19:
A number is divisible by 19, if the sum of number of tens and twice the units place is
divisible by 19.
Example: 703
No. of tens = 70, twice the unit’s place = 2 × 3 = 6
Sum = 70 + 6 = 76
Since 76 is divisible by 19, so 703 is also divisible by 19.
Divisibility by 20:
A number is divisible by 20, if the number is divisible by both 4 and 5.
Example: 720 is divisible by 20, since the number is ending with ‘0’ so it is divisible by 5 and
the last two digits 20 is divisible by 4.
Divisibility by 25:
A number is divisible by 25, if the last two digits of the number is divisible by 25 (or)
last two digits are zeros.
Example: 37575 is divisible by 25, since the last two digits 75 is divisible by 25.
Divisibility by 45:
A number is divisible by 45, if it is divisible by both 5 and 9.
Divisibility by 24:
A number is divisible by 24, if it is divisible by both 3 and 8.
 Divisibility by 36:
A number is divisible by 36, if it is divisible by both 4 and 9.
Divisibility by 77:
A number is divisible by 77, if it is divisible by both 7 and 11.
Divisibility by 125:
A number is divisible by 125, if the last three digits of the number is divisible by 125 (or)
the last three digits are zeros.
Example: 7564250 is divisible by 125, since the last three digits 250 is divisible by 125.
Divisibility rules of xn – yn:
Here ‘n’ is a natural number, to get the conclusions for xn – yn we have to take few examples.
n=1  x–y
n=2  x2 – y2 = (x + y)(x – y)
n=3  x3 – y3 = (x – y)(x2 + xy + y2)
n=4  x4 – y4 = (x2)2 – (y2)2 = (x2 + y2)(x2 – y2) = (x2 + y2)(x + y)(x – y)
Conclusion 1: xn – yn is always divisible by (x – y).
Conclusion 2: xn – yn is divisible by (x + y), if ‘n’ is an even number.
Conclusion 3: xn – yn is never divisible by (x + y), if ‘n’ is an odd number.
Divisibility rules of xn + yn:
Here ‘n’ is a natural number, to get the conclusions for xn + yn we have to take few examples.
n=1  x+y
n=2  x2 + y2
n=3  x3 + y3 = (x + y)(x2 – xy + y2)
n=4  x4 + y4
Conclusion 1: xn + yn is divisible by (x + y), if ‘n’ is an odd number.
Conclusion 2: xn + yn is never divisible by (x + y), if ‘n’ is an even number.
Conclusion 3: xn + yn is never divisible by (x – y) for all values of ‘n’.
How to find number of factors of a given number:
We all know that what are factors, for example factors of the number 24 are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24
⸫ Number of factors = 8
For small numbers we can write the factors and then we can easily count the number of factors
but for large numbers it is very difficult to write all the factors.
In order to avoid that difficulty, we have one simplest method to find the number of factors of any
number easily.
 Shortcut method:
Let us consider a given number N, write that number interms of prime factors.
N = P1a × P2b × P3c × ……….
Where P1, P2, P3, ….. are prime numbers.
a, b, c …… are natural numbers.

No. of factors = (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1) …….

Example: 1) 72 = 23 × 32
No. of factors = (3 + 1)(2 + 1) = 4 × 3 = 12 factors
2) 196 = 22 × 72
No. of factors = (2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 3 × 3 = 9 factors

Note:
1) For any perfect square, number of factors are always odd number because
the power of prime number is always even number for perfect squares.
2) For non – perfect squares, number of factors are always even number.

Number of ways of expressing a given number as a product of two factors:

For small numbers, we can easily write the number of ways.
Example: 24 = 1 × 24
2 × 12 Total 4 ways for the number 24.
3×8
4×6
But for large numbers it is difficult to write all the ways. So in order to avoid that difficulty we
have one simplest method to find the number of ways.
Shortcut method:
Number of ways are always depends on number of factors. There are two cases to find the
number of ways.
Case 1: If number of factors are even, then
𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
Number of ways = 2

Example: 24 factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24

No. of factors = 8 (even number)
⸫ No. of ways = 82 = 4 ways
 Case 2: If number of factors are odd, then again we have two conditions.
i) As a product of two factors
1 × 36
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 + 1
Number of ways = 2 2 × 18
3 × 12
Example: 36 factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36
No. of factors = 9 (odd number) 4×9
6×6
⸫ No. of ways = 9 +2 1 = 5 ways.
ii) As a Product of two different factors
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 − 1 1 × 36
Number of ways = 2
2 × 18
Example: 36 factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 9, 12, 18, 36 3 × 12
No. of factors = 9 (odd number) 4×9
9−1
⸫ No. of ways = 2
= 4 ways.

Sum of all the factors:

Calculating sum of all factors is easy for small numbers.
Example: 12 factors are 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
Sum of factors = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 6 + 12 = 28
However, it is some what difficult to calculate sum of factors for large numbers.
In order to avoid that difficulty, we have one simplest method to calculate sum of all factors.
Shortcut method:
Let us consider a given number ‘N’. Write that number interms of prime factors.
N = P1a × P2b × P3c × ……….
Where P1, P2, P3, ….. are prime numbers.
a, b, c …… are natural numbers.
𝑃1 𝑎 + 1 − 1 𝑃2 𝑏 + 1 − 1 𝑃3 𝑐 + 1 − 1
Sum of factors = [ 𝑃1 − 1
][ 𝑃2 − 1
][ 𝑃3 − 1
]
…………….
Example: 12 = 22 × 31
22 + 1 − 1 31 + 1 − 1 8
Sum of factors = × = 7 × = 28
2−1 3−1 2

How to find unit’s place digit:

i) Product form:
To find the unit’s place digit of any product, first take unit’s place digit of each number and
then multiply these digits.
 If there is any ten’s place digit, ignore that digit.
Example: 346 × 257
Unit’s place digit in 6 × 7 = 42
⸫ Unit’s place digit in 346 × 257 = 2
ii) Index form (Interms of powers):
Basically in the number system, we have ten digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9.
For clear understanding of concept, we have to divide these ten digits into three categories.
1) 0, 1, 5, 6 2) 4, 9 3) 2, 3, 7, 8
Category 1:
If a number ends with either 0, 1, 5 (or) 6 to any power, then the unit’s place digit
is always the same digit.
Example: Unit’s place digit of (240)163 = 0
Unit’s place digit of (651)327 = 1
Unit’s place digit of (425)648 = 5
Unit’s place digit of (586)732 = 6
Category 2:
First let us look at the powers of 4 and 9.
If you clearly observes the unit’s place, you will get one conclusion regarding unit’s place
If a number ends with 4:
41 = 4 91 = 9
For odd power of 4, unit’s place digit is ‘4’.
42 = 16 92 = 81
For even power of 4, unit’s place digit is ‘6’.
43 = 64 93 = 729
If a number ends with 9:
For odd power of 9, unit’s place digit is ‘9’. 44 = 256 94 = 6561

For even power of 9, unit’s place digit is ‘1’.

Example: Unit’s place digit of (364)147 = 4
Unit’s place digit of (724)686 = 6
Unit’s place digit of (529)371 = 9
Unit’s place digit of (279)548 = 1
Category 3:
First let us look at the powers of 2, 3, 7, 8.

21 = 2 31 = 3 71 = 7 81 = 8
22 = 4 32 = 9 72 = 49 82 = 64
23 = 8 33 = 27 73 = 343 83 = 512
24 = 16 34 = 81 74 = 2401 84 = 4096
25 = 32 35 = 243 75 = 16807 85 = 32768
 In third category digits the concept of cycle length is very important.
Cycle length:
After how many cycles unit’s place digit is repeated that is called as cycle length.
Cycle-length of the digits 0, 1, 5, 6 is 1
Cycle-length of the digits 4, 9 is 2
Cycle-length of the digits 2, 3, 7, 8 is 4
If a number ends with 2, then the unit’s place digit is 2Remainder

If a number ends with 3, then the unit’s place digit is 3Remainder

If a number ends with 7, then the unit’s place digit is 7Remainder

If a number ends with 8, then the unit’s place digit is 8Remainder

Note:
We are getting remainder by dividing the given power value with cycle length (4).
If remainder is ‘0’ take that value as ‘4’ instead of ‘0’ because remainder ‘0’ means
it is in fourth cycle. So we have to take the unit’s place digit at fourth cycle.

Examples: 1) Unit’s place digit in (562)327 = 2Remainder

327
4
 Remainder = 3

⸫ Unit’s place digit in (562)327 = 23 = 8

2) Unit’s place digit in (347)652 = 7Remainder
652
 Remainder = 0 means we have to take 4
4

⸫ Unit’s place digit in (347)652 = 74 = 2401 = 1

Highest power of a prime number in N!:
N! means it is a continuous product of ‘n’ natural numbers.
To solve the problems in this concept, first we have to check whether the given number is prime
(or) not. If it is not a prime number, then convert that number into prime factors.
Here ‘N’ is any natural number.
Example: Highest power of 2 in 10!
Sol: Here ‘2’ is a prime number and
10! = 1 × 2 × 3 × 4 × 5 × 6 × 7 × 8 × 9 × 10
Write every possible number interms of 2
 10! = 1 × 21 × 3 × 22 × 5 × (21 × 31) × 7 × 23 × 9 × (21 × 51)
10! = 28 × 32 × 52 × 7 × 9
⸫ Highest power of 2 in 10! is 8.
In the above example, 10! is a small number. So we can solve the problem easily, but for large
numbers like 20!, 50!, 100!, 120! etc it is not easy to write all the values.
In order to avoid that difficulty, we have one simplest technic to solve these kind of problems.

𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

Highest power of a prime number in N! =
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟

Example 1: Find the highest power of 2 in 50!

Sol: Step 1: Check whether the number is prime (or) not.
Here ‘2’ is a prime number.
Step 2: Divide the given factorial number with the prime number to get the quotients
and leave the remainder every time while division.
⸫ Highest Power of 21 in 50! 2 50
𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
= 2 25
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2
25 + 12 + 6 + 3 + 1
= = 47 2 12 Quotients
1

⸫ Highest power of 2 in 50! is 47 2 6

2 3
1
Example 2: Find the highest power of 6 in 100!
Sol: Step 1: Here ‘6’ is not a prime number, so we have to convert that into prime factors.
6=2×3
Step 2: Here ‘6’ is a combination of both 2 and 3. So we have to divide 100 by both
2 and 3.
2 100
2 50 3 100
2 25 3 33
2 12 Quotients 3 11 Quotients
2 6 3 3
2 3 1
1
 50 + 25 + 12 + 6 + 3 + 1
Highest Power of 2 in 100! = = 97
1
33 + 11 + 3 + 1
Highest power of 3 in 100! = = 48
1

Since ‘6’ is a combination of both 2 and 3, so we have to take combined

value of both 2 and 3 which is 48.

Note:
If a number is a combination of 2 (or) more than 2 prime numbers and their
powers are also equal, then we can just divide with highest prime number.
For this kind of problems, the required answer is always ‘’Least value”.

Example 3: Find the highest power of 24 in 100!

Sol: Step 1: Here ‘24’ is not a prime number, so we have to convert that into prime factors.
24 = 23 × 31
Step 2: Here, we have two prime numbers but their powers are not equal. So we have
to divide with both the prime numbers.
2 100
2 50 3 100
2 25 3 33
2 12 Quotients 3 11 Quotients
2 6 3 3
2 3 1
1
50 + 25 + 12 + 6 + 3 + 1 97
Highest Power of 23 in 100! = = = 32 (leave remainder)
3 3
33 + 11 + 3 + 1
Highest power of 3 in 100! = 1
= 48

⸫ Highest power of 24 (23 × 3) in 100! is 32 because combined value in both the

cases is 32.
Types of number systems:
❖ Basically number systems are divided into 4 types
1) Decimal number system
2) Binary number system
3) Octal number system
4) Hexa decimal number system
 Decimal number system consisting of 10 digits from 0 to 9. It is denoted by base 10. In general
we are using decimal number system.
Binary number system consisting of only 2 digits, those are 0 and 1. It is denoted by base 2.
Octal number system consisting of 8 digits from 0 to 7. It is denoted by base 8.
Hexa decimal number system consisting of 16 digits from 0–9, A–F. It is denoted by base 16. In
this A = 10, B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14 and F = 15.
Octal numbers interms of Binary:
We are writing every octal number interms of binary as three digits.
To convert any octal number into binary number
Step 1: First divide the given octal number with 2 successively.
Step 2: After completion of division, write all the remainders from bottom to top.
Example: (6)8 = 2 6
2 3 – 0 (6)8 = (110)2
1 –1
Following table shows the octal numbers interms of binary numbers.

Octal number 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Binary number 000 001 010 011 100 101 110 111

Hexa decimal numbers interms of Binary:

We are writing every hexa decimal number interms of binary as four digits.
To convert any hexa decimal number into binary number
Step 1: First divide the given hexa decimal number with 2 successively.
Step 2: After completion of division, write all the remainders from bottom to top.
Example: (9)16 = 2 9
2 4 – 1 (9)16 = (1001)2
2 2 –0
1 –0
 Following table shows the hexa decimal numbers interms of binary numbers

Hexa decimal number Binary number Hexa decimal number Binary number
0 0000 8 1000
1 0001 9 1001
2 0010 A 1010
3 0011 B 1011
4 0100 C 1100
5 0101 D 1101
6 0110 E 1110
7 0111 F 1111

Conversion of number system:

1) Decimal to Binary conversion:
To convert any decimal number into binary number first divide the given decimal number
with 2 successively and then write all the remainders from bottom to top.
Example: (74)10 = 2 74
2 37 – 0 (74)10 = (1001010)2
2 18 – 1
2 9 –0
2 4 –1
2 2 –0
1 –0

2) Decimal to Octal conversion:

To convert any decimal number into octal number, first divide the given decimal number
with 8 successively and then write all the remainders from bottom to top.
Example: (254)10 = 8 254
8 31 – 6 (254)10 = (376)8
3 –7
3) Decimal to Hexa decimal conversion:
To convert any decimal number into hexa decimal number, first divide the given decimal
number with 16 successively and then write all the remainders from bottom to top.
 Example: (2148)10 = 16 2148
16 134 – 4 (2148)10 = (864)16
8 –6
4) Binary to Decimal conversion:
To convert any binary number into decimal number it all depends on place values of binary
number system.
In binary number system, places are starts from 20 and the power values are increases from
right hand side to left hand side.
Example: (1011011)2 = 1 0 1 1 0 1 1
26 25 24 23 22 21 20 places
= 2 × 1 + 2 × 0 + 2 × 1 + 23 × 1 + 22 × 0 + 21 × 1 + 20 × 1
6 5 4

= 64 + 16 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 91
⸫ (1011011)2 = (91)10
5) Octal to Decimal conversion:
To convert any octal number into decimal number, it all depends on place values of octal
number system.
In octal number system, places are starts from 80 and the power values are increases from
right hand side to left hand side.
Example: (247)8 = 2 4 7
2 1
8 8 80 places
2 1 0
= 8 × 2 + 8 × 4 + 8 × 7 = 128 + 32 + 7 = 167
⸫ (247)8 = (167)10
6) Hexa decimal to Decimal conversion:
To convert any hexa decimal number into decimal number, it all depends on place values
of hexa decimal number system.
In hexa decimal number system, places are starts from 160 and the power values are
increases from right hand side to left hand side.
Example: (13A9)16 = 1 3 A 9
16 16 161 160
3 2
places
= 16 × 1 + 16 × 3 + 16 × 10 + 160 × 9
3 2 1
[A = 10]
= 4096 + 768 + 160 + 9 = 5033
⸫ (13A9)16 = (5033)10
 7) Octal to Binary conversion:
We know that, we will write every octal number interms of binary as three digits.
Hence, write all the give octal digits as three digits of binary.
Example: (36475)8
Octal digits 3 6 4 7 5
⸫ (36475)8 = (011110100111101)2
Binary digits 011 110 100 111 101

8) Hexa decimal to Binary conversion:

We know that, we will write every hexa decimal number interms of binary as four digits.
Hence, write all the give hexa decimal digits as four digits of binary.
Example: (946A3D)16

Hexa decimal digits 9 4 6 A 3 D

Binary digits 1001 0100 0110 1010 0011 1101

⸫ (946A3D)16 = (100101000110101000111101)2
9) Binary to Octal conversion:
To convert any binary number into octal number, split every three digits of the given binary
number from right hand side to left hand side.
After that write down their respective octal numbers.
Example: (100110101110011)2
100 110 101 110 011
= (46563)8
10) Binary to Hexa decimal conversion:
To convert any binary number into hexa decimal number, split every four digits of the given
binary number from right hand side to left hand side.
After that write down their respective hexa decimal numbers.
Example: (100011010110101001011001)2
1000 1101 0110 1010 0101 1001
= (8D6A59)16
Arithmetic Progression:
Arithmetic Progression is a series of numbers in which the difference between any two
consecutive terms is always same.
Example: 3, 7, 11, 15, 19, 23, ……
The above series of numbers are in A.P because those are having a common difference of 4.
The general form of an arithmetic series is
 a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, ….
Where a = First term, d = Common difference
d = Second term – First term

nth term in A.P, Tn = a + (n – 1)d

𝑛
Sum of ‘n’ terms, Sn = [First term + Last term]
2
𝑛
Sn = [a + a + (n – 1)d]
2

𝑛
Sn = 2 [2a + (n – 1)d]

Geometric Progression:
Geometric Progression is a series of numbers in which there is a common ratio between any two
consecutive terms.
Example: 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64,…..
The above series of numbers are in geometric progression because those are having a
common ratio of 2.
The general form of geometric series is
a, ar, ar2, ar3 , ar4,………
Where a = First term, r = Common ratio
r = Second term ÷ First term

nth term in G.P, Tn = arn – 1

𝑎(1 − 𝑟𝑛 )
Sum of ‘n’ terms, Sn = , if r < 1
1−𝑟

𝑎(𝑟𝑛 − 1 )
Sn = , if r > 1
𝑟−1
𝑎
Sum of infinite terms = 1 − 𝑟

Some important points to be remember:

𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
Sum of ‘n’ natural numbers = 2
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)(2𝑛 + 1)
Sum of squares of ‘n’ natural numbers = 6
𝑛2 (𝑛 + 1)2 𝑛(𝑛 + 1) 2
Sum of cubes of ‘n’ natural numbers = 4
(or) [ 2
]
Sum of first ‘n’ odd numbers = n²
Sum of first ‘n’ even numbers = n(n + 1)
Numbers of prime factors of aP × bq × cr × ds……. is p + q + r + s + …….
 where a, b, c, d are prime numbers.
The product of 3 consecutive natural numbers is always divisible by 6.
For any natural number ‘n’, (n3 – n) is divisible by 6.
If the difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is x,
𝑥−1 𝑥+1
then the numbers are 2
and 2
.

If the ratio of the sum and difference of two numbers is x : y, then the ratio of these two numbers
𝑥+𝑦
is (x > y)
𝑥−𝑦

If ‘a’ divides b and c, then ‘a’ divides their sum and difference also.
Example: 5 divides 25 and 40, then ‘5’ also divides 25 + 40 = 65 and 40 – 25 = 15
When two numbers are divided by a third number, leaves the same remainder, the difference of
those two numbers must be divisible by third number.
√1 + 4𝑥 − 1
If the sum of a number and its square is x, then the number is
2
(𝑥 + 1)𝑛
always gives the remainder as 1.
𝑥
𝑥𝑛
gives the remainder as 1, if ‘n’ is an even number and gives the remainder as ‘x’ itself, if ‘n’
𝑥+1

is an odd number.
Some important algebraic formulae:
(a + b)² = a² + 2ab + b²
(a – b)² = a² – 2ab + b²
(a + b + c)² = a² + b² + c² + 2(ab + bc + ca)
(a + b)³ = a³ + b³ + 3ab (a + b)
(a – b)3 = a3 – b3 – 3ab (a – b)
(a + b + c)3 = a³ + b³ + c³ + 3 (a + b)(b + c)(c + a)
a² – b² = (a + b)(a – b)
(a + b)² – (a – b)² = 4ab
a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² – ab + b²)
a³ – b³ = (a – b)(a² + ab + b²)
a³ + b³ + c³ – 3abc = (a + b + c)(a² + b² + c² – ab – bc – ca)
 SOLVED EXAMPLES
Q-1 Two-fifth of three-seventh of a number is 54. Find the number.

Sol: Consider, a number is ‘N’.

2 3 2 3
of of N = 54  × × N = 54  N = 315
5 7 5 7

⸫ Required number is 315.

Q-2 One-fourth of a number when subtracted from half of it gives 18. Find the number.

Sol: Consider a number is ‘x’.

According to question,
𝑥 𝑥 𝑥
– = 18  = 18  x = 72.
2 4 4

Q-3 How many numbers up to 200 are divisible by 3?

Sol: 3) 200 (66

198 ⸫ 66 numbers are divisible by 3 upto 200.
2

Q-4 How many numbers up to 300 are divisible by both 2 and 7?

Sol: If a number is divisible by both 2 and 7,

then that number must be divisible by 14 (LCM of 2, 7)
14) 300 (21
294 ⸫ 21 numbers are divisible by both 2 and 7 i.e; 14 upto 300.
6

Q-5 Find the number of factors for the numbers

a) 504 b) 1156
Sol:
To find the number of factors, first write down the given number interms of prime factors.
N = P1a × P2b × P3c × ………
Where P1, P2, P3, ….. are prime numbers.
a, b, c …… are natural numbers.

No. of factors = (a + 1)(b + 1)(c + 1)………..

 a) 504 = 9 × 56 = 32 × 7 × 8 = 23 × 32 × 71
⸫ No. of factors = (3 + 1)(2 + 1)(1 + 1) = 4 × 3 × 2 = 24
b) 1156 = 34 × 34 = 22 × 172
⸫ No. of factors = (2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 3 × 3 = 9
Q-6 Find the number of factors for the numbers
a) 848 b) 1764
Sol: a) 848 = 8 × 106 = 24 × 531
⸫ No. of factors = (4 + 1)(1 + 1) = 5 × 2 = 10
b) 1764 = 42 × 42 = (2 × 3 × 7)2 = 22 × 32 × 72
⸫ No. of factors = (2 + 1)(2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 3 × 3 × 3 = 27
Q-7 In how many ways the following numbers can be expressed as a product of two factors?
a) 742 b) 1296
Sol:
No. of ways is always depends on no. of factors, so first we have to calculate no. of factors.
a) 742 = 7 × 106 = 21 × 71 × 531
No. of factors = (1 + 1)(1 + 1)(1 + 1) = 2 × 2 × 2 = 8

If no. of factors are even, then

𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
No. of ways =
2

⸫ No. of ways = 82 = 4 ways.

b) 1296 = 36 × 36 = 24 × 34
No. of factors = (4 + 1)(4 + 1) = 5 × 5 = 25

If no. of factors are odd, then

i) As a product of 2 factors ii) As a product of 2 different factors
𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 + 1 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠 − 1
No. of ways = 2
No. of ways = 2

Here, in the given question he used about as a product of 2 factors.

⸫ No. of ways = 252+ 1 = 13 ways.
Q-8 In how many ways the following numbers can be expressed as a product of two different
factors?
a) 1444 b) 3249
Sol: a) 1444 = 38 × 38 = 22 × 192
No. of factors = (2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 3 × 3 = 9
If no. of factors are odd and also as a product of 2 different factors, then
⸫ No. of ways = 𝑁𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠
2
−1 9−1
= 2 = 4 ways.

b) 3249 = 57 × 57 = 32 × 192
No. of factors = (2 + 1)(2 + 1) = 3 × 3 = 9

⸫ No. of ways = 𝑛𝑜.𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑠

2
−1 9−1
= 2 = 4 ways.

Q-9 Find the sum of factors for the numbers

a) 628 b) 576
Sol: Consider, given number is ‘N’ write that number interms of Prime factors i.e;
N = P1a × P2b × P3c × ………
Where P1, P2, P3…….are prime numbers
a, b, c ,……… are natural numbers
𝑃1 𝑎 + 1 − 1 𝑃2 𝑏 + 1 − 1 𝑃3 𝑐 + 1 − 1
Sum of factors = 𝑃1 − 1
× 𝑃2 − 1
× 𝑃3 − 1
× ………

a) 628 = 22 × 1571
2+1 1+1
⸫ Sum of factors = 2 2 − −1 1 × 157157 − −1 1 = 1106.
b) 576 = 24 × 24 = 26 × 32
6+1 2+1
⸫ Sum of factors = 2 2 − 1−1 × 3 3 − 1− 1 = 1651.

Q - 10 What is the unit’s place digit in 1482 × 327 × 568?

Sol: Unit’s place digit in 1482 × 327 × 568 = 2 × 7 × 8 = 112 = 2

⸫ Required unit’s place digit is 2.
Q - 11 Find the unit’s place digit in
a) (13)726 b) (27)843
Sol: a) (13)726
If a number ends with 3, then the unit’s place digit is 3remainder
To get the remainder value, we have to divide the given power value with cycle
length of 3 which is equal to 4.
 726
remainder = 2
4

⸫ Unit’s place digit in (13)726 is 32 = 9.

b) (27)843
If a number ends with 7, then the unit’s place digit is 7remainder
843
4
remainder = 3

⸫ Unit’s place digit in (27)843 is 73 = 343 = 3.

Q - 12 Find the unit’s place digit in
a) (32)124 b) (48)362
Sol: a) (32)124
If a number ends with 2, then the unit’s place digit is 2remainder
124
4
remainder = 0

Note: If remainder is ‘0’, then take that value as 4.

⸫ Unit’s place digit in (32)124 = 24 = 16 = 6.

b) (48)362
If a number ends with 8, then the unit’s place digit is 8remainder
362
4
remainder = 2

⸫ Unit’s place digit in (48)362 = 82 = 64 = 4.

Q - 13 What is the unit’s place digit in (345)312 + (219)679 + (953)247?

Sol: (345)312 + (219)679 + (953)247

If a number ends with 5 to any power, then its unit’s place is 5
If a number ends with 9, for odd power of 9 unit’s place is 9
If a number ends with 3, then the unit’s place digit is 3remainder
247
(953)247  4
 remainder = 3

Unit’s place digit in (953)247 = 33 = 27 = 7

⸫ Required unit’s digit = 5 + 9 + 7 = 21 = 1.
Q - 14 Find the unit’s place digit in (786)824 – (642)329

Sol: (786)824 – (642)329

If a number ends with 6 to any power, then its unit’s place is 6
 If a number ends with 2, then the unit’s place is 2remainder
329
(642)329  4
 remainder = 1

Unit’s place digit in (642)329 is 21 = 2

⸫ Required unit’s digit = 6 – 2 = 4.
Q - 15 What is the units place digit in (869)284 – (763)159?

Sol: (869)284 – (763)159

If a number ends with 9, for even power of 9 unit’s place is 1.
If a number ends with 3, then the unit’s place is 3remainder
159
(763)159  4
 remainder = 3

Unit’s place in (763)159 is 33 = 27 = 7

⸫ Required unit’s place is 1 – 7
Take borrow 10, then 11 – 7 = 4.

Q - 16 Find the units place digit in (874)126 × (329)832 × (623)257.

Sol:
If a number ends with 4: For even power of 4, then its unit’s place is 6.
If a number ends with 9: For even power of 9, then its unit’s place is 1.
If a number ends with 3, then the unit’s place is 3remainder
257
(623)257  4
 remainder = 1

Unit’s place in (623)257 is 31 = 3

⸫ Required unit’s place = 6 × 1 × 3 = 18 = 8.
Q - 17 Find the highest power of
a) 3 in 120! b) 7 in 160!
Sol: 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠
Highest power of a prime number in N! = 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟
∴
a) Highest power of 3 in 120!
Step 1: Check whether the number is prime (or) not.
Here 3 is a prime number.
Step 2: Divide the given factorial number with prime number to get the quotients and
leave the remainders every time while division.
 3 120
3 40
3 13 Quotients
3 4
1
⸫ Highest power of 31 in 120! = 40 + 131+ 4 + 1 = 58.
b) Highest Power of 7 in 160!
Step 1: Here 7 is a prime number.
Step 2: Divide 160 with 7 and leave the remainders every time.
7 160
7 22 Quotients
3

⸫ Highest Power of 7 in 160! = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 7
22 + 3
= 1 = 25.

Find the highest power of

Q - 18
a) 8 in 110! b) 9 in 170!
Sol: a) Highest Power of 8 in 110!
Step 1: Here 8 is not a prime number, so we have to convert that into prime factors.
8 = 23
Step 2: Divide 110 with 2 and leave the remainders every time.
2 110
2 55
2 27
2 13 Quotients
2 6
2 3
1

⸫ Highest Power of 23(8) in 110! = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 2
=
55 + 27 + 13 + 6 + 3 + 1
3
= 35.

b) Highest Power of 9 in 170!

Step 1: Here 9 is not a prime number, so we have to convert that into prime factors.
9 = 32
Step 2: Divide 170 with 3 and leave the remainders every time.
 3 170
3 56
3 18 Quotients
3 6
2

⸫ Highest power of 32 (9) in 170! = 𝑆𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑞𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠

𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 3
=
56 + 18 + 6 + 2
2
= 41.

Q - 19 Find the highest power of

a) 24 in 200! b) 36 in 220!
Sol: a) Highest Power of 24 in 200!
Step 1: Here, 24 is not a prime number. So we have to convert that into prime factors
24 = 23 × 31
Step 2: Here, we have two prime numbers. So we have to divide 200 with both the prime
numbers
2 200
2 100 3 200
2 50 3 66
2 25 Quotients 3 22 Quotients
2 12 3 7
2 6 2
2 3
1

⸫ Highest power of 23 in 200! = 100 + 50 + 25 +3 12 + 6 + 3 + 1 = 197

3
= 65 (leave remainder)
66 + 22 + 7 + 2
Highest power of 31 in 200! = = 97
1

Since 24 is a combination of both 23 and 31, so we have to take the combined value
of both 23 and 31 which is 65.
b) Highest Power of 36 in 220!
Step 1: Here, 36 is not a prime number. So we have to convert that into prime factors.
36 = 22 × 32
Step 2: Here, we have two Prime numbers and their powers are also equal, So we can just
divide 220 with only highest prime number 3 to get the answer
 Highest power of 32 in 220! 3 220
73 + 24 + 8 + 2
= 2
= 53 (leave remainder) 3 73

⸫ Highest power of 36 in 220! is 53. 3 24 Quotients

3 8
2

Q - 20 Find the number of zero’s at the end of 140!

Sol: No. of Zeros at the end of 140! Means highest power of 10 in 140!
Step 1: Here, 10 is not a prime number. So we have to convert that into prime factors
10 = 21 × 51
Step 2: Here, we have 2 prime numbers and their powers are also equal. So we can just
divide 140 with only highest prime number 5 to get the answer.
5 140
5 28
5 5 Quotients
1
28 + 5 + 1
Highest power of 51 in 140! = 1
= 34

Highest power of 10 in 140! is 34

⸫ No. of zeros at the end of 140! is 34.
Q - 21 Convert the decimal number (224)10 into binary number.

Sol: To convert any decimal number into binary, first divide the given decimal number
with 2 successively and then write all the remainders from bottom to top.
2 224
2 112 – 0
2 56 – 0 ⸫ (224)10 = (11100000)2
2 28 – 0
2 14 – 0
2 7 –0
2 3 –1
1 –1
 Convert the decimal number (3452)10 into hexadecimal number.
Q - 22
Sol: To convert any decimal number into hexa decimal number, first divide the given
decimal number with 16 successively and then write all the remainders from bottom to top.
16 3452
16 215 – 12(C)
13(D) – 7 ⸫ (3452)10 = (D7C)16

Q - 23 Convert the binary number (111011010110100110)2 into octal number.

Sol:
To convert any binary number into octal number, split every three-digit parts of the
given binary number from right hand side to left hand side.
After that write down their respective octal numbers.

111 011 010 110 100 110

= (732646)8

Q - 24 Convert the binary number (11000111010110001010)2 into hexadecimal number.

Sol:
To convert any binary number into hexa decimal number, split every four digit parts of
the given binary number from right hand side to left hand side
After that write down their respective hexa decimal numbers.

1100 0111 0101 1000 1010

= (C758A)16

Q - 25 Convert the binary number (101101011)2 into decimal number.

Sol:
To convert any binary number into decimal number, it all depends on place values of
binary number system.
In binary number system, places are starts from 20 and the power values are increases
from right hand side to left hand side.
(101101011)2 = 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 places
= 2 × 1 + 2 × 0 + 2 × 1 + 2 × 1 + 2 × 0 + 23 × 1 + 2 2 × 0 + 2 1 × 1 + 2 0 × 1
8 7 6 5 4

= 256 + 64 + 32 + 8 + 2 + 1 = 363
⸫ (101101011)2 = (363)10
Q - 26 Convert the hexadecimal number (2C4)16 into decimal number.

Sol:
To convert any hexa decimal number into decimal number, it all depends on place values
of hexa decimal number system.
In hexa decimal number system, places are starts from 160 and the power values are
increases from right hand side to left hand side.
(2C4)16 = 2 C 4
2 1
16 16 160 places
= 162 × 2 + 161 × 12 + 160 × 4 ⸪ C = 12 in hexa decimal number system
= 512 + 192 + 4 = 708
⸫ (2C4)16 = (708)10
Q - 27 The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is 49. Find the numbers.

Sol: Consider two consecutive numbers are x, x + 1

According to question,
(x + 1)2 – x2 = 49  x2 + 2x + 1 – x2 = 49
2x + 1 = 49  x = 24
⸫ Two numbers are 24 and 25.
Shortcut:

The difference between 2 consecutive numbers is x,

𝑥−1 𝑥+1
then the numbers are 2
and 2

Here, x = 49
⸫ Two numbers are 492− 1 = 24 and 492+ 1 = 25.
𝟏
Q - 28 Divide 90 into two parts, so that the sum of their reciprocals is . Find the two parts.
𝟐𝟎

Sol: Consider two parts are ‘x’ and ‘90 – x’ ⸪ Total = 90

According to question,
1 1 1 90 − 𝑥 + 𝑥 1
𝑥
+ 90 − 𝑥 = 20  𝑥(90 − 𝑥)
= 20  90 × 20 = x (90 – x)

x2 – 90x + 1800 = 0  x2 – 60x – 30x + 1800 = 0

x(x – 60) – 30 (x – 60) = 0  (x – 60)(x – 30) = 0  x = 60, 30

⸫ Two parts are 30 and 60.

 Note: This problem can be solved easily through option verification method.

A number when divided by 426 leaves the remainder as 38 and the value of quotient is
Q - 29
12. Find the number.
Sol: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Here, Divisor = 426, Quotient = 12 and Remainder = 38

⸫ Required number = 426 × 12 + 38 = 5150.
The quotient arising from a division of a number by 54 is 135 and the remainder is 28.
Q - 30
What is the number?
Sol: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Here, divisor = 54, quotient = 135 and remainder = 28

⸫ Required number = 54 × 135 + 28 = 7318.
Q - 31 What is the least value of k, so that the number 34861k2 is divisible by 9?

Sol: A number is divisible by 9, if its sum of the digits are divisible by 9

Sum of digits = 3 + 4 + 8 + 6 + 1 + k + 2 = 24 + k
(24 + k) is divisible by 9, so the least value of k is 3 in order to satisfies the given condition.
Q - 32 What is the least value of x, so that the number 452x73 is divisible by 11?

Sol: A number is divisible by 11, if the difference between sum of odd place digits and
sum of even place digits is either 0 (or) multiple of 11.
(4 + 2 + 7) – (5 + x + 3) = 0  13 – (8 + x) = 0
⸫ Least value of x = 5.
Q - 33 Find the number of prime factors and number of distinct prime factors in the expression
126 × 510 × 713
Sol:
To find the no. of prime factors, first all base values must be prime numbers.
If all bases are not prime numbers, then convert them into prime numbers.
126 × 510 × 713 = (3 × 22)6 × 510 × 713 = 212 × 36 × 510 × 713
No. of prime factors in ap × bq × cr × ds × ………… = p + q + r + s + …..
where a, b, c, d …… are prime numbers
⸫ No. of prime factors in 212 × 36 × 510 × 713 = 12 + 6 + 10 + 13 = 41 and
No. of distinct prime factors = 4 (2, 3, 5, 7).
Q - 34 How many natural numbers less than 1200 have exactly three factors?

Sol: Note: The square of any prime number is having exactly 3 factors.

Less than 1200, last perfect square is 342 (1156)

⸫ Required no. of natural numbers which are having exactly 3 factors is 11
(22, 32, 52, 72, 112, 132, 172, 192, 232, 292, 312).
Q - 35 How many natural numbers between 100 and 700 have odd number of factors?

Sol:
Note: Every perfect square is having odd no. of factors.

After 100 first perfect square = 11² = 121

Before 700 last perfect square = 26² = 676
⸫ Required no. of natural numbers which are having odd no. of factors between 100 and
700 is 16 (11² to 26²).
A number is decreased by 7 and divided by 4, the result is 11. What would be the result,
Q - 36
if 9 is subtracted from the number and divided by 6?
Sol: Consider a number be ‘x’.
𝑥−7
According to question, 4
= 11  x = 11 × 4 + 7 = 51

⸫ Required result = 516− 9 = 7.

Q - 37 The sum of squares of two numbers is 92 and the square of their difference is 64. Find the
product of two numbers.
Sol: Consider two numbers are x and y.
According to question,
x² + y² = 92 and (x – y)² = 64
𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 − (𝑥 − 𝑦)²
(x – y)² = x² + y² – 2xy  xy = 2
92 − 64
⸫ Product of two numbers, xy = 2
= 14.

Q - 38 The product of two numbers is 196. The sum of their squares is 284. Find the sum of the
numbers.
Sol: Consider two numbers are x and y.
Given that, xy = 196 and x² + y² = 284
(x + y)² = x² + y² + 2xy  x + y = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 + 2𝑥𝑦

⸫ Sum of the numbers, x + y = √284 + 2 × 196 = 26.

Q - 39 The sum of three numbers is 154. Second number is thrice the first and third number is
half of the second. Find the second number.
Sol: Given that, F + S + T = 154 ⸪ F – First number
𝑆 3𝐹
S = 3F and T = 2 = 2
S – Second number
3𝐹
F + 3F + 2
= 154 T – Third number
11𝐹
2
= 154  F = 28

⸫ Second number S = 3F = 3 × 28 = 84.

The denominator of a rational number is 2 more than its numerator. If the numerator is
Q - 40
increased by 15 and denominator is decreased by 5, we obtain 4. Find the rational
number.
𝑎
Sol: Consider, a rational number is 𝑏
𝑎
Given that, b = a + 2  Rational number = 𝑎 + 2
𝑎 + 15 𝑎 + 15
Now, (𝑎 =4  =4  a + 15 = 4a – 12
+ 2) − 5 𝑎 −3

3a = 27  a=9
b = a + 2 = 9 + 2 = 11
⸫ Required rational number = 𝑎𝑏 = 119
Find the sum of first 42 odd numbers.
Q - 41

Sol: Sum of first ‘n’ odd numbers = n²

⸫ Sum of first 42 odd numbers = 42² = 1764.

Find the sum of first 38 even numbers.
Q - 42

Sol: Sum of first ‘n’ even numbers = n(n + 1)

⸫ Sum of first 38 even numbers = 38(38 + 1) = 1482.

What is the least number that should be added to 2072 to get a number is exactly divisible
Q - 43
by 31?
Sol: 31) 2072 (66
2046
26 Remainder
⸫ Required least number added = Divisor – Remainder = 31 – 26 = 5.
 What is the least number to be subtracted from 2167 to get a number is exactly divisible
Q - 44
by 43?
Sol: 43) 2167 (50
2150
17 Remainder
⸫ Required least number subtracted = Remainder = 17.
The sum of five consecutive odd numbers A, B, C, D and E is 375. Find the product of B
Q - 45
and D.
Sol: Consider, 5 consecutive odd numbers A, B, C, D and E are x, x + 2, x + 4, x + 6, x + 8
⸪ Gap between any two consecutive odd numbers is 2.
Given that, x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) + (x + 8) = 375
5x + 20 = 375  x = 71
5 odd numbers A, B, C, D and E are 71, 73, 75, 77, 79
⸫ Product of B and D = 73 × 77 = 5621.
Alternate method:
Consider, 5 consecutive odd numbers A, B, C, D and E are x – 4, x – 2, x, x + 2, x + 4
Given that, (x – 4) + (x – 2) + x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) = 375
5x = 375  x = 75
5 odd numbers A, B, C, D and E are 71, 73, 75, 77, 79
⸫ Product of Band D = 73 × 77 = 5621.
Q - 46 The sum of four consecutive even numbers P, Q, R and S is 348. What is the product of P
and R?
Sol: Consider, 4 consecutive even numbers P, Q, R, S are x, x + 2, x + 4, x + 6
∴ Gap between any two consecutive even numbers is 2.
Given that, x + (x + 2) + (x + 4) + (x + 6) = 348
4x + 12 = 348  x = 84
4 consecutive even numbers P, Q, R, S are 84, 86, 88, 90
⸫ Product of P and R = 84 × 88 = 7392.
Alternate method:
Consider, 4 consecutive even numbers P, Q, R, S are (x – 3), (x – 1), (x + 1), (x + 3)
Given that, (x – 3) + (x – 1) + (x + 1) + (x + 3) = 348
4x = 348  x = 87
4 consecutive even numbers P, Q, R, S are 84, 86, 88, 90
 ⸫ Product of P and R = 84 × 88 = 7392.
Q - 47 A number when divided by 72 gives 48 as remainder. If the same remainder is divided by
9, then what will be the remainder?
Sol:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Consider, a number is N
N = 72Q + 48 ⸪ Divisor = 72, Remainder = 48
𝑁 72𝑄 + 48 (72𝑄 + 45) + 3 9(8𝑄 + 5) + 3
Now, 9
= 9
= 9
= 9

⸫ Remainder obtained by dividing the same number with 9 is 3.

Shortcut:
Since, 72 is a multiple of 9, so we can directly divide given remainder with 9.
Therefore, required remainder when 48 divided by 9 is 3.
A number when divided by 323 gives 82 as remainder. If the same number is divided by
Q - 48
19, then what will be the remainder?
Sol: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Consider, a number is N
N = 323Q + 82 ⸪ Divisor = 323, Remainder = 82
𝑁 323𝑄 + 82 19(17𝑄 + 4) + 6
Now, = =
19 19 19

⸫ Remainder obtained by dividing the same number with 19 is 6.

Shortcut:
Since, 323 is a multiple of 19, so we can directly divide given remainder with 19.
⸫ Required remainder when 82 divided by 19 is 6.
A number when divided by 6, leaves 5 as remainder. What will be the remainder, when
Q - 49
square of the same number is divided by 6?
Sol:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Let us consider a number is N

N = 6Q + 5 ⸪ Divisor = 6, Remainder = 5
N2 = (6Q + 5)2 = 36Q2 + 60Q + 24 = 36Q2 + 60Q + 24 + 1
N2 = 6 (6Q2 + 10Q + 4) + 1
𝑁2 6(6𝑄2 + 10𝑄 + 4) + 1
Now, 
6 6
 ⸫ Remainder obtained by dividing the square of the number with 6 is 1.
Q - 50 If the sum of a natural number and its square is 210, then what is the number?

Sol: Consider, a number be ‘x’

Given that, x + x2 = 210  x2 + x – 210 = 0
x2 + 15x – 14x – 210 = 0  (x + 15)(x – 14) = 0  x = 14 & x ≠ –15

⸫ Required number = 14.

Shortcut:

√1 + 4𝑥 − 1
If the sum of a number and its square is x, then number is 2

Here x = 210

⸫ Required number = √1 + 4 ×2 210 − 1 = 14.

Q - 51 The ratio of the sum and the difference of the two numbers is 8 : 3. Find the ratio of those
two numbers.
Sol: Consider, two numbers are x and y.
Given that, (x + y) : (x - y) = 8 : 3
𝑥+𝑦 8
𝑥−𝑦
=3  3x + 3y = 8x – 8y  5x = 11y

⸫ x : y = 11 : 5
Shortcut:
𝑥+𝑦 8
Given that, 𝑥 − 𝑦 = 3

By componendo and dividendo method,

⸫ (𝑥 + 𝑦) + (𝑥 − 𝑦) 8 + 3
=
(𝑥 + 𝑦) − (𝑥 − 𝑦) 8 − 3
 x : y = 11 : 5.

Find the number of zeros at the end of the product 15 × 20 × 36 × 24 × 25 × 35.

Q - 52

Sol: No. of zeros at the end of the product can be formed by the combination of 2 and 5.
First write down the given product interms of prime factors.
 (3 × 5) × (22 × 5) × (22 × 32) × (23 × 3) × 52 × (5 × 7)
 (27 × 55) × 34 × 7
⸫ No. of zeros at the end of the given product is 5,
since the combined value of 2 and 5 is 5.
Q - 53 Find the number which when multiplied by 27 is increased by 754.

Sol: Let the number be ‘x’

According to question,
27x – x = 754  26x = 754  x = 29

⸫ Required number x = 29.

The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is 43. Find the numbers.
Q - 54

Sol: Consider, two consecutive numbers are ‘x’ and ‘x + 1’

According to question,
(x + 1)² – x² = 43  x² + 2x + 1 – x² = 43
2x + 1 = 43  x = 21

⸫ Two consecutive numbers are 21 and 22.

Shortcut:

If the difference between two consecutive numbers is ‘x’, then

𝑥−1 𝑥+1
the numbers are 2
and 2

Here, x = 43
⸫ Two consecutive numbers are 432− 1 = 21 and 432+ 1 = 22.
𝟕𝟔𝟐 × 𝟕𝟔𝟐 × 𝟕𝟔𝟐 + 𝟗𝟑𝟖 × 𝟗𝟑𝟖 × 𝟗𝟑𝟖
Q - 55 Calculate
𝟕𝟔𝟐 × 𝟕𝟔𝟐 − 𝟕𝟔𝟐 × 𝟗𝟑𝟖 + 𝟗𝟑𝟖 × 𝟗𝟑𝟖
𝑎 3 + 𝑏³
Sol: The given question is in the form of 𝑎2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²

a³ + b³ = (a + b)(a² – ab + b² )
𝑎 3 + 𝑏³ (𝑎 + 𝑏)(𝑎 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²)
𝑎 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²
= 𝑎 2 − 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²
=a+b

Here, a = 762 and b = 938

⸫ Required number = a + b = 762 + 938 = 1700.
𝟖𝟑𝟒 × 𝟖𝟑𝟒 × 𝟖𝟑𝟒 − 𝟑𝟕𝟓 × 𝟑𝟕𝟓 × 𝟑𝟕𝟓
Q - 56 Calculate
𝟖𝟑𝟒 × 𝟖𝟑𝟒 + 𝟖𝟑𝟒 × 𝟑𝟕𝟓 − 𝟑𝟕𝟓 × 𝟑𝟕𝟓
𝑎³ − 𝑏³
Sol: The given question is in the form of 𝑎2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²

a³ – b³ = (a – b)(a² + ab + b²)
𝑎³ − 𝑏³ (𝑎 − 𝑏)(𝑎 2+ 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²)
𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²
= 𝑎 2 + 𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏²
=a–b

Here, a = 834 and b = 375

 ⸫ Required number = a – b = 834 – 375 = 459.
Q - 57 On dividing 12662 by a certain number, we get 29 as quotient and 18 as remainder. Find
the divisor.
Sol: Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

𝐷𝑖𝑣𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑑 − 𝑅𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
Divisor = 𝑄𝑢𝑜𝑡𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡
⸪ Dividend = 12662, Remainder = 18, Quotient = 29
12662 − 18
⸫ Divisor = 29
= 436.

Q - 58 If the product 1976 × 6x5 is divisible by 24, then find the least value of x.

Sol: Given that, 1976 × 6x5 is divisible by 24

If a number is divisible by 24, then it must be divisible by both 3 and 8
Here 1976 is divisible by 8 but not divisible by 3, so 6x5 must be divisible by 3
According to divisibility rule of 3,
Sum of digits of 6x5 = 6 + x + 5 = 11 + x is divisible by 3.
⸫ The least value of x is 1 in order to divisible by 3.
Q - 59 The difference of two numbers is 1985. By dividing the larger number with smaller
number, we got a quotient of 7 and remainder is 35. Find the larger number.
Sol: According to question,
L – S = 1985  L = S +1985 ⸪ L – Larger number & S – Smaller number
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

L = S × 7 + 35  S + 1985 = 7S + 35
6S = 1950  S = 325
⸫ Larger number L = S + 1985 = 325 + 1985 = 2310.
Q - 60 What will be the remainder when (3843 + 38) is divided by 39?

Sol: 3843 + 38 = (3843 + 143) + 37

xn + yn is divisible by x + y, if ‘n’ is an odd number.
Here, x = 38, y = 1 and n = 43
43 43
38 + 1 is divisible by 38 + 1 = 39
(3843 + 143 ) + 37
Now, 39

⸫ Required remainder when 3843 + 38 is divided by 39 is 37.

Q - 61 A 3-digit number 5a7 is added to another 3-digit number 786 to give a 4-digit number
1b53, which is divisible by 11. Then, find the value of a – b.
Sol: Given that, 1b53 is divisible by 11 means 5a7
Sum of odd place digits = Sum of even place digits 786
1+5=b+3  b=3 1b53
5a7 + 786 = 1353  5a7 = 1353 – 786 = 567  a = 6

⸫ Required value of a – b = 6 – 3 = 3.
Q - 62 The sum of three consecutive odd numbers is 25 more than the two-third of 48. What are
the numbers?
Sol: Consider, 3 consecutive numbers are x – 2, x, x + 2.
According to question,
2
(x – 2) + x + (x + 2) = 3 × 48 + 25  3x = 57  x = 19

⸫ Required numbers are 17, 19, 21.

Q - 63 Find the number of times the keys of a type writer must be pressed to type the first 1025
natural numbers.
Sol: Upto 1025 natural numbers, we have 1-digit numbers, 2-digit numbers,
3-digit numbers and 4-digit numbers.
To type 1-digit no’s, type writer press the key for 1 time
To type 2-digit no’s, type writer press the key for 2 times
To type 3-digit no’s, type writer press the key for 3 times
To type 4-digit no’s, type writer press the key for 4 times

1 – digit no’s 2 – digit no’s 3 – digit no’s 4 – digit no’s

1 to 9 10 to 99 100 to 999 1000 to 1025
9×1=9 90 × 2 = 180 90 × 3 = 2700 26 × 4 = 104

⸫ Type writer press the key for 9 + 180 + 2700 + 104 = 2993 times.
How many digits are required to write the numbers on a book contains 500 pages?
Q - 64

Sol: Upto 500 pages, we have 1-digit no’s, 2-digit no’s and 3-digit no’s.

1 – digit no’s 2 – digit no’s 3 – digit no’s

1 to 9 10 to 99 100 to 500
9×1=9 90 × 2 = 180 401 × 3 = 1203
 ⸫ No. of digits required to write 500 pages = 9 + 180 + 1203 = 1392.
In a division sum, the divisor is 15 times the quotient and 7 times the remainder. If the
Q - 65
remainder is 60, then find the value of dividend.
Sol: Given that, divisor = 15Q, divisor = 7R and R = 60
Divisor = 7 × 60 = 420 Q – Quotient
420 = 15Q  Q = 28 R – Remainder

Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

⸫ Dividend = 420 × 28 + 60 = 11820.

The sum of the digits of a 2-digit number is 9. If the digits are reversed the number is
Q - 66
decreased by 45. Find the number.
Sol: Consider a 2-digit number is ‘xy’
Given that, x + y = 9 ……. (1)
yx = xy – 45  10y + x = 10x + y – 45
9(x – y) = 45  x – y = 5 ……. (2)
(1) + (2)  2x = 9 + 5 = 14  x=7
x+y=9  7+y=9  y=2
⸫ Required 2-digit number is 72.

Note: This problem can also be calculated by option verification method.

Alternate method:
Consider, a 2-digit number is ‘xy’
Given that, x + y = 9
By trial and error method, all possibilities are

Original number Reversed number Change in number

18 81 increased by 63
27 72 increased by 45
36 63 increased by 27
45 54 increased by 9
63 36 decreased by 27
72 27 decreased by 45
81 18 decreased by 63
 The given condition is, after reversing the number it is decreased by 45. This
satisfies when the original number is 72.
⸫ Required 2-digit number is 72.
Q - 67 If the number 48x365y2 is divisible by 36, then find the minimum value of x – y.

Sol: If a number is divisible by 36, it must be divisible by both 4 and 9.

Divisibility rule of 4 → Last two digits are divisible by 4.
Possible values of ‘y’, in order to divisible by 4 are y = 1, 3, 5, 7, 9
Divisibility rule of 9 → Sum of the digits divisible by 9.
48x365y2 = 4 + 8 + x + 3 + 6 + 5 + y + 2 = 28 + (x + y)
Possible values of (x + y) are x + y = 8, x + y = 17
⸪ Maximum sum of 2 single digit no’s are 18.
To find the minimum value of (x – y), the value of ‘y’ must be maximum and ‘x’
is minimum.
So, maximum value of y = 9.
If y = 9, then x + y ≠ 8. So, x + y = 17  x + 9 = 17  x=8

⸫ Minimum value of x – y = 8 – 9 = –1.

The sum of the digits of a two-digit number is 13 and the difference between the two digits
Q - 68
of that number is 1. What is the product of the two digits of that two-digit number?
Sol: Consider, a 2-digit number is ‘xy’
Given that, x + y = 13 ……. (1) x – y = 1 ……. (2)
(1) + (2)  2x = 14  x = 7 ……… substitute in (1)
x + y = 13  7 + y = 13  y=6
⸫ Product of two digits = x × y = 7 × 6 = 42.
Q - 69 A number when divided by a divisor leaves the remainder as 16. When twice the original
number is divided by the same divisor, the remainder is 14. What is the value of the
divisor?
Sol: Consider, a divisor is D and quotient is Q.
Number N = D × Q + R = DQ + 16
Twice the number = 2N = 2DQ + 32
Now, 2DQ is completely divisible by D.
On dividing 32 by D, remainder is 14
⸫ Required divisor D = 32 – 14 = 18.
Q - 70 Find the common factor of (2653 + 2853) and (2655 + 2855)

Sol: xn + yn is always divisible by x + y, if ‘n’ is odd.

2653 + 2853 is always divisible by 26 + 28 = 54
2655 + 2855 is always divisible by 26 + 28 = 54
⸫ Required common factor = 54.
When 7571 and 6667 are divided by a 3-digit number N, leaves the same remainder in
Q - 71
both the cases. Find all the possible 3-digit divisors.
Sol:
Note: When x and y are divided by z, leaves the same remainder,
then the difference of x and y is exactly divisible by z.

7571 – 6667 = 904 is exactly divisible by N

Now, 904 = 1 × 904 = 2 × 452 = 4 × 226 = 8 × 113
⸫ Required 3-digit divisors are 904, 452, 226, 113.
Q - 72 On division with zero remainder, a student took 18 as divisor instead of 24. The quotient
obtained by him was 36. Find the correct quotient.
Sol:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

According to question,
Wrongly taken divisor as 18, then Quotient = 36 and Remainder = 0
Dividend = 18 × 36 + 0 = 648
Now, if he takes the correct divisor which is 24, then
648 = 24 × Q  Q = 27
⸫ Correct quotient Q = 27
𝟏𝟑𝟏𝟒…….∞
𝟏𝟓𝟏𝟐
Q - 73 Find the remainder of 𝟕

1314…….∞ 1314…….∞
1512 (7 × 2 + 1)12
Sol: Remainder of 7
= Remainder of 7
14…….∞
1213
⸫ Remainder of (1) 7
= 1.

The ratio between a 2-digit number and the sum of the digits of that number is 5 : 1. If
Q - 74
the unit’s digit is 1 more than ten’s place digit, then find the number.
Sol: Consider, a 2-digit number is ‘xy’
According to question,
 𝑥𝑦 5 10𝑥 + 𝑦 5
𝑥+𝑦
=1  𝑥+𝑦
=1  10x + y = 5x + 5y

5x = 4y ……. (1)
Also given that, y = x + 1 …………. substitute in (1)
5x = 4(x + 1)  5x = 4x + 4  x=4
y=x+1=4+1=5
⸫ Required 2-digit number = xy = 45.

Note: This problem can be solved easily through options.

Q - 75 If the digits of a 3-digit number is reversed, then the newly formed number is 396 less
than the original number. Find the difference between unit’s place and hundred’s place
digit.
Sol: Consider a 3-digit number is ‘xyz’
According to question,
zyx = xyz – 396  100z + 10y + x = 100x + 10y + x – 396
99 (x – z) = 396  x–z=4

⸫ Required difference x – z = 4.
Q - 76 In a 2-digit number, the digit at unit’s place is 3 more than twice the digit at ten’s place.
If the digits are interchanged, then the number is increased by 45. What is the original
number?
Sol: Consider, a 2-digit number is ‘xy’
According to question,
y = 2x + 3 and yx = xy + 45
10y + x = 10x + y + 45  9 (y – x) = 45  y–x=5
(2x + 3) – x = 5  x = 2. So, y = 2x + 3 = 2 × 2 + 3 = 7

⸫ Required 2-digit number is 27.

A number when successively divided by 6, 4 and 7 leaves the remainders 3, 1 and 6
Q - 77
respectively. Find the number.
Sol: Consider a number ‘x’.
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder
6 x
4 y–3 x = 6y + 3, y = 4z + 1
7 z–1 z = 7 × 1 + 6 = 13
1–6 y = 4 × 13 + 1 = 53
 ⸫ Required number x = 6 × 53 + 3 = 321.
Q - 78 A number when successively divided by 5, 3 and 8 leaves the remainders 4, 2 and 7
respectively. Find the respective remainders, if the order of divisors are reversed.
Sol: Consider, a number be ‘x’
5 x x = 5y + 4, y = 3z + 2
3 y–4 z = 8 × 1 + 7 = 15
8 z–2 y = 3 × 15 + 2 = 47
1–7
Number x = 5 × 47 + 4 = 239
If the order of divisors are reversed i.e; 8, 3 and 5, then
8 239
3 29 – 7 ⸫ Required remainders are 7, 2, 4 respectively.
5 9–2
1–4
Q - 79 Find the sum of all even natural numbers less than 83.
Sol: All even natural numbers less than 83 are 2, 4, 6……., 80, 82
The above series of numbers are in arithmetic progression (A.P)
𝑛
Sum of ‘n’ terms in A. P, Sn = [First term + Last term]
2

Where ‘n’ is no. of observations.

Here, n = 41
⸫ Sn = 412[2 + 82] = 1722.
Alternate method:
Sum of even numbers = 2 + 4 + 6 + …… + 80 + 82 = 2 (1 + 2 + ……….40 + 41)
𝑛(𝑛 + 1)
Sum of ‘n’ natural numbers = 2

⸫ Required sum = 2 × [41(412 + 1)] = 1722.

Q - 80 Find the sum of 8, 17, 26, …….., 134.

Sol: Given series 8, 17, 26, …………, 134 is in A.P.

Since the gap between two consecutive numbers is same i.e; 9.
𝑛
Sum of ‘n’ terms in A.P, Sn = 2 [First term + Last term]

nth term = a + (n – 1)d

a = 8, d = 17 – 8 = 9, nth term = 134
 134 = 8 + (n – 1)9  n = 15

⸫ Sn = 152[8 + 134] = 1065.

Q - 81 Find the sum of 3, 32, 33, ……., 38.

Sol: Given series 3, 32, 33……….38 is in geometric progression (G.P).

𝑎(𝑟𝑛 − 1)
Sum of ‘n’ terms in G. P, Sn = , if r > 1
𝑟−1
𝑟2 3²
Here, r = = = 3, a = 3 and n = 8
𝑟1 3
8
⸫ Required sum, Sn = 3(33 −−11) = 9840.

Q - 82 On dividing a number by 231, a candidate used the method of short division. He divided
the number successively by 3, 7 and 11 (factors of 231) and got the remainders 2, 5 and 8
respectively. If he had divided the number by 231, then what is the remainder?
Sol: Consider, a number is ‘x’
3 x x = 3y + 2, y = 7z + 5
7 y–2 z = 11 × 1 + 8 = 19
11 z – 5 y = 7 × 19 + 5 = 138
1–8
Required number x = 3 × 138 + 2 = 416
Now, 416 ÷ 231, then remainder = 185
⸫ If the candidate divides the number with 231, then the remainder is 185.
Q - 83 The sum of how many terms of the series 4, 12, 20, 28, …….. is 1764?

Sol: The given series 4, 12, 20, 28, …… is in A.P

𝑛 𝑛
Sn = 2 [First term + Last term] = 2 [a + a + (n – 1)d]
𝑛
Sn = [2a + (n – 1)d]
2

Here, a = 4, d = 12 – 4 = 8 and Sn = 1764

𝑛
1764 = 2 [2 × 4 + (n – 1)8]  3528 = n(8 + 8n – 8)

8n2 = 3528  n = 21

⸫ No. of terms of the series are 21.

Q - 84 How many terms are there in G.P. 4, 12, 36, 108, ….., 8748?

Sol: nth term in G.P, Tn = a × rn – 1

𝑟2 12
Here, Tn = 8748, a = 4 and r = = =3
𝑟1 4
 8748 = 4 × 3n – 1  3n – 1 = 2187
3n – 1 = 37  n–1=7  n=8

⸫ No. of terns in G.P are 8.

Q - 85 A number when divided by 13, gives the remainder as 11. When the same number is
divided by 17, the remainder is 8. Find the number.
Sol:
Dividend = Divisor × Quotient + Remainder

Consider a number is ‘N’.

According to question,
N = 13x + 11 and N = 17y + 8
13𝑥 + 3
13x + 11 = 17y + 8  y= 17
13𝑥 + 3
The least value of x for which y = is a whole number is x = 56
17

⸫ N = 13 × 56 + 11 = 739.
Q - 86 If the sum of first 15 terms of an arithmetic progression equal to that of first 19 terms,
then what is the sum of first 34 terms?
Sol: According to question,
S15 = S19 ⸪ S = 𝑛2[2a + (n – 1)d]
15 19
[2a + 14d] = [2a + 18d]
2 2

30a + 210d = 38a + 342d  8a + 132d = 0

2a + 33d = 0
⸫ Sum of first 34 terms S34 = 342[2a + 33d] = 14 × 0 = 0.
Q - 87 Find the remainder when (15)3129 is divided by 14.

(𝑥 + 1)𝑛
Sol: 𝑥
always gives the remainder as 1.

3129
⸫ (14 +141) will always gives the remainder as 1.

Q - 88 Find the remainder when (2)348 is divided by 9.

Sol: 𝑥𝑛
𝑥+1
gives the remainder as 1, if ‘n’ is even.

(2)348 (2³)116 8116

= =
9 9 8+1
 𝑥𝑛
It is in the form of . Here, x = 8 and n = 116 (even number)
𝑥+1
116
⸫ 88 + 1 gives the remainder as 1.

Q - 89 Find the remainder when (23)1469 is divided by 24.

𝑥𝑛
Sol: 𝑥+1
gives the remainder as ‘x’ itself, if ‘n’ is odd.

(23)1469 (23)1469
24
= 23 + 1
𝑥𝑛
It is in the form of 𝑥 + 1. Here, x = 23 and n = 1469 (odd number)
1469
⸫ (23)
23 + 1
gives the remainder as 23.

Q - 90 Find the remainder when (42)37! is divided by 43.

𝑥𝑛
Sol:
𝑥+1
gives the remainder as 1, if ‘n’ is even.

(42)37! (42)37!
43
= 42 + 1

𝑥𝑛
It is in the form of 𝑥 + 1. Here, x = 42 and n = 37! (even number)
37!
⸫ (42)
42 + 1
gives the remainder as 1.
 ASSESSMENT TEST
5
1. (8)th of a number is 135. What is one-third of that number?
𝑥 𝑥
2. Find the value of x in 15 × 240 = 1

3. How many numbers upto 250 are divisible by 7?

4. The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is 63. Find the greater number.
1
5. Divide 72 into two parts, so that the sum of their reciprocals is . Find the two parts.
16

6. A number when divided by 548 leaves the remainder as 121 and the value of quotient is 23. Find
the number.
547 × 547 × 547 + 653 × 653 × 653
7. Calculate 547 × 547 − 547 × 653 + 653 × 653
.
621 × 621 × 621 − 471 × 471 × 471
8. Calculate 621 × 621 + 621 × 471 + 471 × 471
.

9. Find the number of factors for the numbers

a) 1536 b) 2304
10. In how many ways the following numbers can be expressed as a product of two factors.
a) 2160 b) 3025
11. In how many ways the following numbers can be expressed as a product of two different factors.
a) 2704 b) 1764
12. Find the sum of factors for the numbers.
a) 484 b) 764
13. What is the unit’s place digit in 638 × 492 × 259?
14. Find the unit’s place digit in (164)379 + (721)542 + (327)217.
15. Find the unit’s place digit in (438)672 – (357)585.
16. What is the unit’s place digit in (348)561 × (104)213?
17. Find the highest power of
a) 2 in 150! b) 5 in 150!
18. Find the highest power of
a) 16 in 130! b) 25 in 190!
19. Find the highest power of
a) 45 in 140! b) 48 in 250!
20. Find the number of zeros at the end of 160!.
21. Convert the decimal number (1096)10 into octal number.
22. Convert the octal number (643)8 into decimal number.
23. Convert the decimal number (5364)10 into hexa decimal number.
24. Convert the binary number (111010110)2 into decimal number.
25. Convert the hexa decimal number (1B9)16 into decimal number.
26. Convert the binary number (110110110110111000111001)2 into hexa decimal number.
27. What is the least value of x, so that the number 61x3568 is divisible by 9?
28. Find the least value of k, so that the number 9745k3 is divisible by 11.
29. Find the number of prime factors and number of distinct prime factors in the expression
187 × 1115 × 1712.
30. How many natural numbers less than 1500 have exactly 3 factors?
31. How many natural numbers between 150 and 1000 have odd number of factors?
32. A number is decreased by 9 and divided by 6, the result is 13. What would be the result, if 7 is
subtracted from the number and divided by 8?
33. The sum of two numbers is 48 and their difference is 25. Find their difference of squares.
34. The sum of squares of two numbers is 154 and the square of their difference is 36. Find the product
of two numbers.
35. The product of two numbers is 169 and sum of their squares is 446. Find the sum of the numbers.
36. If x + y = 8 and xy = 15, then find the value of x3 + y3.
37. Sum of three numbers is 255. First number is twice the second and third number is one-fifth of first.
Find the third number.
38. If the sum of a natural number and its square is 462, then what is the number?
39. The ratio of the sum and difference of two numbers is 9 : 2. Find the ratio of these two numbers.
40. The ratio between a two-digit number and the sum of the digits of that number is 3 : 1. If the unit’s
digit is 5 more than ten’s place digit, then find the number.
41. Find the number which when multiplied by 33 is increased by 512.
42. The difference between the squares of two consecutive numbers is 67. Find the numbers.
43. On dividing 12339 by a certain number, we get 38 as quotient and 27 as remainder. Find the divisor.
44. The difference of two numbers is 1645. By dividing the larger number with smaller number, we
get a quotient of 7 and remainder is 157. Find the smaller number.
45. What will be the remainder when (4751 + 47) is divided by 48?
46. A 3-digit number 5a8 is added to another 3-digit number 898 to give a 4-digit number 14b6, which
is divisible by 11. Then, find the value of a + b.
47. A number when divided by 11 gives the remainder as 9. When the same number is divided by 15,
the remainder is 1. Find the number.
48. The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 12 less than the four-fifth of 90. Find the greatest
number.
49. How many digits are required to write first 1120 natural numbers?
50. In a division sum, the divisor is 13 times the quotient and 6 times the remainder. If the remainder
is 52, then find the value of dividend.
51. The sum of the digits of a 2-digit number is 12. If the digits are reversed the number is increased
by 36. What is the number?
52. The denominator of a rational number is 5 more than its numerator. If the numerator is increased
by 9 and denominator is decreased by 4, we obtain 2. What is the rational number?
53. If the number 12x547y6 is divisible by 72, then find the maximum value of x – y.
54. Find the sum of first 53 odd numbers.
55. Find the sum of first 26 even numbers.
56. What is the least number must be added to 1316 to get a number is exactly divisible by 29?
57. The sum of five consecutive odd numbers A, B, C, D and E is 485. Find the product of B and C.
58. When one-fifth of a number is subtracted from the number itself, it gives the same value as the sum
of all the angles of a rectangle. What is the number?
59. The sum of the digits of 2-digit number is 11 and the difference between the two digits of that
number is 5. What is the product of the two digits of 2-digit number?
60. A number when divided by 156 gives 79 as remainder. If the same number is divided by 12, then
what will be the remainder?
61. A number when divided by 8, leaves 3 as remainder. What will be the remainder, when square of
the same number is divided by 8?
62. A number when divided by a divisor leaves the remainder of 27. When twice the original number
is divided by the same divisor, the remainder is 23. What is the value of divisor?
63. Find the common factor of (3147 + 3547) and (3149 + 3549).
64. On division with zero remainder, a student took 15 as divisor instead of 27. The quotient obtained
by him was 54. Find the correct quotient.
65. When 7269 and 5985 are divided by a 3-digit number N leaves the same remainder in both the
cases. Find all the possible 3-digit divisors.
1718…….∞
1916
66. Find the remainder of .
7
1
67. The sum of the digits of a 2-digit number is 5 of the difference between the number and the number
obtained by interchanging the positions of the digits. What definitely is the difference between the
digits of that number?
68. If the digits of a 3-digit number are reversed, then newly formed number is 594 more than the
original number. Find the difference between unit’s place and hundred’s place digit.
69. In a 2-digit number, the digit at ten’s place is one more than twice of the unit’s place. If the digits
are interchanged, then the number is decreased by 45. Find the original number.
70. A number when successively divided by 4, 7 and 9 leaves the remainders 1, 3 and 6 respectively.
Find the respective remainders, if the order of divisors are reversed.
71. Find the sum of 7, 13, 19, …….115
72. Find the sum of 2, 22, 23, ……. 212
73. If the product 3725 × 53x2 is divisible by 45, then find the least value of x.
74. The sum of how many terms of the series 3, 8, 13, 18 .….. is 1452?
75. On dividing a number by 455, a candidate used the method of short division. He divided the number
successively by 5, 7 and 13 (factors of 455) and got the remainders 3, 4 and 12 respectively. If he
had divided the number by 455, then what is the remainder?
76. If the sum of first 17 terms of arithmetic progression equal to that of first 25 terms, then what is the
sum of first 42 terms?
77. Find the remainder when (18)2368 is divided by 17.
78. Find the remainder when (12)564 is divided by 13.
79. Find the remainder when (7)237 is divided by 8.
80. Find the remainder when (51)64! is divided by 52.
 KEY
1. 72
2. 60
3. 35
4. 32
5. 24 and 48
6. 12725
7. 1200
8. 150
9. a) 20 b) 27
10. a) 20 b) 5
11. a) 7 b) 13
12. a) 931 b) 1344
13. 4
14. 2
15. 9
16. 2
17. a) 146 b) 37
18. a) 32 b) 23
19. a) 33 b) 61
20. 39
21. (2110)8
22. (419)10
23. (14F4)16
24. (470)10
25. (441)10
26. (DB6E39)16
27. 7
28. 2
29. 48 and 4
30. 12
31. 19
32. 10
33. 1200
34. 59
35. 28
36. 152
37. 30
38. 21
39. 11 : 7
40. 27
41. 16
42. 33 and 34
43. 324
44. 248
45. 46
46. 18
47. 526
48. 22
49. 3373
50. 7540
51. 48
7
52. 12

53. 5
54. 2809
55. 702
56. 18
57. 9215
58. 450
59. 24
60. 7
61. 1
62. 31
63. 66
64. 30
65. 642, 428, 321, 214, 107
66. 1
67. 5
68. 6
69. 94
70. 1, 6, 2
71. 1159
72. 8190
73. 8
74. 24
75. 443
76. 0
77. 1
78. 1
79. 7
80. 1