Computer Network

Chapter 01: Introduction

Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
Billions of connected mobile network
computing devices: national or global ISP
▪ hosts = end systems
▪ running network apps at
Internet’s “edge”

Packet switches: forward

local or
packets (chunks of data) Internet
regional ISP
▪ routers, switches
home network content
Communication links provider
network datacenter
▪ fiber, copper, radio, satellite network

▪ transmission rate: bandwidth

Networks enterprise
▪ collection of devices, routers, network
links: managed by an organization
“Fun” Internet-connected devices
Tweet-a-watt:
monitor energy use

bikes

Pacemaker & Monitor

Amazon Echo Web-enabled toaster +

IP picture frame
weather forecaster
Internet
refrigerator
Slingbox: remote cars
control cable TV
Security Camera AR devices
sensorized, scooters
bed
mattress

Gaming devices
Others?
Internet phones Fitbit
The Internet: a “nuts and bolts” view
mobile network
▪ Internet: “network of networks” 4G
national or global ISP
• Interconnected ISPs

▪ protocols are everywhere Skype

IP
Streaming
video
• control sending, receiving of
messages local or
regional ISP
• e.g., HTTP (Web), streaming video,
Skype, TCP, IP, WiFi, 4G, Ethernet home network content
provider
HTTP network
▪
datacenter
Internet standards Ethernet
network

• RFC: Request for Comments

TCP
• IETF: Internet Engineering Task enterprise
Force network

WiFi
The Internet: a “services” view
▪ Infrastructure that provides services mobile network

to applications: national or global ISP

• Web, streaming video, multimedia

teleconferencing, email, games,
e-commerce, social media, Streaming
inter-connected appliances, … Skype video

local or
regional ISP
▪ provides programming interface
to distributed applications: home network content
provider
• “hooks” allowing sending/receiving HTTP network datacenter
network
apps to “connect” to, use Internet
transport service
• provides service options, analogous enterprise
to postal service network
What’s a protocol?
Human protocols: Network protocols:
▪ “what’s the time?” ▪ computers (devices) rather than humans
▪ “I have a question” ▪ all communication activity in Internet
▪ introductions governed by protocols

Rules for: Protocols define the format, order of

… specific messages sent messages sent and received among
… specific actions taken network entities, and actions taken
when message received,
or other events on message transmission, receipt
What’s a protocol?
A human protocol and a computer network protocol:

Hi TCP connection
request
Hi TCP connection
response
Got the
time? GET
http://gaia.cs.umass.edu/kurose_ross
2:00
<file>
time

Q: other human protocols?

A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
▪ hosts: clients and servers
▪ servers often in data centers
local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network
national or global ISP
Network edge:
▪ hosts: clients and servers
▪ servers often in data centers
local or
Access networks, physical media: regional ISP

▪wired, wireless communication links home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
A closer look at Internet structure
mobile network

Network edge: national or global ISP

▪ hosts: clients and servers

▪ servers often in data centers
Access networks, physical media: local or
regional ISP
▪wired, wireless communication links
home network content
Network core: provider

▪ interconnected routers
network datacenter
network

▪ network of networks
enterprise
network
Access networks and physical media
Q: How to connect end systems to mobile network
edge router? national or global ISP
▪ residential access nets
▪ institutional access networks (school,
company)
▪ mobile access networks (WiFi, 4G/5G)

local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
Access networks: cable-based access
cable headend

cable splitter
modem

C
O
V V V V V V N
I I I I I I D D T
D D D D D D A A R
E E E E E E T T O
O O O O O O A A L

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Channels

frequency division multiplexing (FDM): different channels transmitted in

different frequency bands
Access networks: digital subscriber line (DSL)
central office telephone
network

DSL splitter
modem DSLAM

voice, data transmitted ISP

at different frequencies over DSL access
dedicated line to central office multiplexer

▪ use existing telephone line to central office DSLAM

• data over DSL phone line goes to Internet
• voice over DSL phone line goes to telephone net
▪ 24-52 Mbps dedicated downstream transmission rate
▪ 3.5-16 Mbps dedicated upstream transmission rate
Access networks: home networks
Wireless and wired
devices

to/from headend or
central office
often combined
in single box

cable or DSL modem

WiFi wireless access router, firewall, NAT

point (54, 450 Mbps)
wired Ethernet (1 Gbps)
Wireless access networks
Shared wireless access network connects end system to router
▪ via base station: “access point”

Wireless local area networks Wide-area cellular access networks

(WLANs) ▪ provided by mobile, cellular network
▪ typically within or around operator (10’s km)
building (~100 ft) ▪ 10’s Mbps
▪ 802.11b/g/n (WiFi): 11, 54, 450 ▪ 4G cellular networks (5G coming)
Mbps transmission rate

to Internet
to Internet
Access networks: enterprise networks

Enterprise link to ISP (Internet)

institutional router
Ethernet institutional
switch mail,
web servers

▪ companies, universities, etc.

▪ mix of wired, wireless link technologies, connecting a mix of switches
and routers (we’ll cover differences shortly)
▪ Ethernet: wired access at 100Mbps, 1Gbps, 10Gbps
▪ WiFi: wireless access points at 11, 54, 450 Mbps
Access networks: data center networks
mobile network
▪ high-bandwidth links (10s to 100s Gbps) national or global ISP
connect hundreds to thousands of
servers together, and to Internet

local or
regional ISP

home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

Courtesy: Massachusetts Green High Performance Computing enterprise

Center (mghpcc.org) network
Host: sends packets of data
host sending function:
▪ takes application message
▪ breaks into smaller chunks, known two packets,
as packets, of length L bits L bits each

▪ transmits packet into access

2 1
network at transmission rate R
• link transmission rate, link host
capacity, link bandwidth R: link transmission rate

packet time needed to L (bits)

transmission = transmit L-bit =
delay packet into link R (bits/sec)
Links: physical media
▪ bit: propagates between Twisted pair (TP)
transmitter/receiver pairs
▪ two insulated copper wires
▪ physical link: what lies • Category 5: 100 Mbps, 1 Gbps Ethernet
between transmitter & • Category 6: 10Gbps Ethernet
receiver
▪ guided media:
• signals propagate in solid
media: copper, fiber, coax
▪ unguided media:
• signals propagate freely,
e.g., radio
Links: physical media
Coaxial cable: Fiber optic cable:
▪ two concentric copper conductors ▪ glass fiber carrying light pulses, each
pulse a bit
▪ bidirectional ▪ high-speed operation:
▪ broadband: • high-speed point-to-point
• multiple frequency channels on cable transmission (10’s-100’s Gbps)
• 100’s Mbps per channel ▪ low error rate:
• repeaters spaced far apart
• immune to electromagnetic noise
Links: physical media
Wireless radio Radio link types:
▪ signal carried in various ▪ Wireless LAN (WiFi)
“bands” in electromagnetic • 10-100’s Mbps; 10’s of meters
spectrum ▪ wide-area (e.g., 4G cellular)
▪ no physical “wire” • 10’s Mbps over ~10 Km
▪ broadcast, “half-duplex” ▪ Bluetooth: cable replacement
(sender to receiver) • short distances, limited rates
▪ propagation environment ▪ terrestrial microwave
effects: • point-to-point; 45 Mbps channels
• reflection
▪ satellite
• obstruction by objects
• up to 45 Mbps per channel
• Interference/noise • 270 msec end-end delay
The network core
mobile network
▪ mesh of interconnected routers national or global ISP
▪ packet-switching: hosts break
application-layer messages into packets
• network forwards packets from
one router to the next, across local or
links on path from source to regional ISP

destination home network content

provider
network datacenter
network

enterprise
network
 Two key network-core functions

routing algorithm Routing:

Forwarding: local
local forwarding
forwarding table
table
▪ global action:
▪ “switching” header value output link determine
0100
0101
3
2 source-destination
▪ local action: 0111 2
move arriving 1001 1 paths taken by
packets from packets
router’s input link
to appropriate 1 ▪ routing algorithms
router output link
3 2
1
011

destination address in arriving

packet’s header
 Packet-switching: store-and-forward

L bits
per packet
3 2 1
source destination
R bps R bps

▪ packet transmission delay: takes L/R One-hop numerical example:

seconds to transmit (push out) L-bit packet ▪ L = 10 Kbits
into link at R bps ▪ R = 100 Mbps
▪ store and forward: entire packet must arrive ▪ one-hop transmission delay
at router before it can be transmitted on next = 0.1 msec
link
Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Queueing occurs when work arrives faster than it can be serviced:

Packet-switching: queueing
R = 100 Mb/s
A C

D
B R = 1.5 Mb/s
E
queue of packets
waiting for transmission
over output link

Packet queuing and loss: if arrival rate (in bps) to link exceeds
transmission rate (bps) of link for some period of time:
▪ packets will queue, waiting to be transmitted on output link
▪ packets can be dropped (lost) if memory (buffer) in router fills up
Alternative to packet switching: circuit switching
end-end resources allocated to,
reserved for “call” between source and
destination
▪ in diagram, each link has four circuits.
• call gets 2nd circuit in top link and 1st circuit in
right link.
▪ dedicated resources: no sharing
• circuit-like (guaranteed) performance
▪ circuit segment idle if not used by call
(no sharing)

▪ commonly used in traditional telephone networks

Circuit switching: FDM and TDM
Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM)
▪ optical, electromagnetic frequencies 4 users

frequency
divided into (narrow) frequency
bands

▪ each call allocated its own band, can

transmit at max rate of that narrow time
band

Time Division Multiplexing (TDM)

frequency
▪ time divided into slots
▪ each call allocated periodic slot(s), can
transmit at maximum rate of (wider) time
frequency band (only) during its time
slot(s)
Packet switching versus circuit switching
example:
▪ 1 Gb/s link

…
N
▪ each user: users 1 Gbps
• 100 Mb/s when “active”
link
• active 10% of time

Q: how many users can use this network under circuit-switching and packet switching?

▪ circuit-switching: 10 users
▪ packet switching: with 35 users, Q: how did we get value 0.0004?
probability > 10 active at same time
is less than .0004 *
A: HW problem (for those with
course in probability only)
Packet switching versus circuit switching
Is packet switching a “slam dunk winner”?
▪ great for “bursty” data – sometimes has data to send, but at other times not
• resource sharing
• simpler, no call setup
▪ excessive congestion possible: packet delay and loss due to buffer overflow
• protocols needed for reliable data transfer, congestion control
▪ Q: How to provide circuit-like behavior with packet-switching?
• “It’s complicated.” We’ll study various techniques that try to make packet
switching as “circuit-like” as possible.

Q: human analogies of reserved resources (circuit switching) versus

on-demand allocation (packet switching)?
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
mobile network
▪ hosts connect to Internet via national or global ISP
access Internet Service
Providers (ISPs)
▪ access ISPs in turn must be
interconnected
• so that any two hosts local or
(anywhere!) can send packets to regional ISP
each other
▪ resulting network of networks is home network content
provider
very complex network datacenter
network
• evolution driven by economics,
national policies enterprise
network

Let’s take a stepwise approach to describe current Internet structure

Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

…
…

access access
net net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Question: given millions of access ISPs, how to connect them together?

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access
net … … net

access
access net
net

connecting each access ISP to

…
…

each other directly doesn’t scale:

…
access
O(N2) connections. access
…

net net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… access
… … net
access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Option: connect each access ISP to one global transit ISP?
Customer and provider ISPs have economic agreement.
… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access net
net

…
…

global
access
net
ISP access
net

access
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors ….

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
access
access
net ISP A net

…
…

access
net
ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
But if one global ISP is viable business, there will be competitors …. who will
want to be connected
Internet exchange point
… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access
net ISP A net

…
…

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net
peering link
access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and regional networks may arise to connect access nets to ISPs

… access
net
access
net
…
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access
net ISP A net

…
…

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional ISP access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
Internet structure: a “network of networks”
… and content provider networks (e.g., Google, Microsoft, Akamai) may
run their own network, to bring services, content close to end users
… … access
net
access
net
access
net
access
access net
net
IXP access
access
net ISP A net

…
…

Content provider network

access
net
IXP ISP B access
net

access ISP C
net
access
net
access
net regional ISP access
… … net
access access
net access net
net
 Internet structure: a “network of networks”
Tier 1 Tier 1
ISP ISP
Google
IXP IXP IXP
Regional Regional
ISP ISP
acce acce acce acce acce acce acce acce
ss ss ss ss ss ss ss ss
ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP ISP

At “center”: small # of well-connected large networks

▪ “tier-1” commercial ISPs (e.g., Level 3, Sprint, AT&T, NTT), national & international coverage
▪ content provider networks (e.g., Google, Facebook): private network that connects its
data centers to Internet, often bypassing tier-1, regional ISPs
How do packet delay and loss occur?
▪ packets queue in router buffers, waiting for turn for transmission
▪ queue length grows when arrival rate to link (temporarily) exceeds output link capacity

▪ packet loss occurs when memory to hold queued packets fills up

packet being transmitted (transmission delay)

B
packets in buffers (queueing delay)
free (available) buffers: arriving packets
dropped (loss) if no free buffers
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dproc: nodal processing dqueue: queueing delay

▪ check bit errors ▪ time waiting at output link for
▪ determine output link transmission
▪ typically < microsecs ▪ depends on congestion level of
router
Packet delay: four sources
transmission
A propagation

B
nodal
processing queueing

dnodal = dproc + dqueue + dtrans + dprop

dtrans: transmission delay: dprop: propagation delay:
▪ L: packet length (bits) ▪ d: length of physical link
▪ R: link transmission rate (bps) ▪ s: propagation speed (~2x108 m/sec)
▪ dtrans = L/R ▪ dprop = d/s
dtrans and dprop
very different
Packet queueing delay (revisited)
▪ a: average packet arrival rate

average queueing delay

▪ L: packet length (bits)
▪ R: link bandwidth (bit transmission rate)

L .a arrival rate of bits “traffic

:
R service rate of bits intensity” traffic intensity = La/R 1

▪ La/R ~ 0: avg. queueing delay small La/R ~ 0

▪ La/R -> 1: avg. queueing delay large

▪ La/R > 1: more “work” arriving is
more than can be serviced - average
delay infinite!
La/R -> 1
“Real” Internet delays and routes
▪ what do “real” Internet delay & loss look like?
▪ traceroute program: provides delay measurement from
source to router along end-end Internet path towards
destination. For all i:
• sends three packets that will reach router i on path towards
destination (with time-to-live field value of i)
• router i will return packets to sender
• sender measures time interval between transmission and reply

3 probes 3 probes

3 probes
Real Internet delays and routes
traceroute: gaia.cs.umass.edu to www.eurecom.fr
3 delay measurements from
gaia.cs.umass.edu to cs-gw.cs.umass.edu
1 cs-gw (128.119.240.254) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms 3 delay measurements
2 border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.145) 1 ms 1 ms 2 ms
3 cht-vbns.gw.umass.edu (128.119.3.130) 6 ms 5 ms 5 ms to border1-rt-fa5-1-0.gw.umass.edu
4 jn1-at1-0-0-19.wor.vbns.net (204.147.132.129) 16 ms 11 ms 13 ms
5 jn1-so7-0-0-0.wae.vbns.net (204.147.136.136) 21 ms 18 ms 18 ms
6 abilene-vbns.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.11.9) 22 ms 18 ms 22 ms
7 nycm-wash.abilene.ucaid.edu (198.32.8.46) 22 ms 22 ms 22 ms trans-oceanic link
8 62.40.103.253 (62.40.103.253) 104 ms 109 ms 106 ms
9 de2-1.de1.de.geant.net (62.40.96.129) 109 ms 102 ms 104 ms
10 de.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.96.50) 113 ms 121 ms 114 ms looks like delays
11 renater-gw.fr1.fr.geant.net (62.40.103.54) 112 ms 114 ms 112 ms
12 nio-n2.cssi.renater.fr (193.51.206.13) 111 ms 114 ms 116 ms decrease! Why?
13 nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.102) 123 ms 125 ms 124 ms
14 r3t2-nice.cssi.renater.fr (195.220.98.110) 126 ms 126 ms 124 ms
15 eurecom-valbonne.r3t2.ft.net (193.48.50.54) 135 ms 128 ms 133 ms
16 194.214.211.25 (194.214.211.25) 126 ms 128 ms 126 ms
17 * * *
18 * * * * means no response (probe lost, router not replying)
19 fantasia.eurecom.fr (193.55.113.142) 132 ms 128 ms 136 ms

* Do some traceroutes from exotic countries at www.traceroute.org

Packet loss
▪ queue (buffer) preceding link in buffer has finite capacity
▪ packet arriving to full queue dropped (lost)
▪ lost packet may be retransmitted by previous node, by source end
system, or not at all
buffer
(waiting area) packet being transmitted
A

B
packet arriving to
full buffer is lost
 Throughput
▪ throughput: rate (bits/time unit) at which bits are being sent from
sender to receiver
• instantaneous: rate at given point in time
• average: rate over longer period of time

link capacity
pipe that can carry linkthat
pipe capacity
can carry
serverserver,
sends with
bits Rsfluid at rate
bits/sec Rfluid
c
at rate
bits/sec
(fluid)file
into
of pipe
F bits (Rs bits/sec) (Rc bits/sec)
to send to client
Throughput
Rs < Rc What is average end-end throughput?

R bits/sec R bits/sec
s c

Rs > Rc What is average end-end throughput?

R bits/sec R bits/sec
s c

bottleneck link
link on end-end path that constrains end-end throughput
Throughput: network scenario
▪ per-connection end-end
Rs throughput:
Rs Rs min(Rc,Rs,R/10)
▪ in practice: Rc or Rs is
R often bottleneck
Rc Rc
Rc

10 connections (fairly) share

backbone bottleneck link R bits/sec
Network security
▪ Internet not originally designed with (much) security in mind
• original vision: “a group of mutually trusting users attached to a
transparent network”
• Internet protocol designers playing “catch-up”
• security considerations in all layers!
▪ We now need to think about:
• how bad guys can attack computer networks
• how we can defend networks against attacks
• how to design architectures that are immune to attacks
Bad guys: packet interception
packet “sniffing”:
▪ broadcast media (shared Ethernet, wireless)
▪ promiscuous network interface reads/records all packets (e.g.,
including passwords!) passing by

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B

Wireshark software used for our end-of-chapter labs is a (free) packet-sniffer

Tool: Wireshark
application
(www browser,
packet
email client)
analyzer
application

OS
packet Transport (TCP/UDP)
capture copy of all Network (IP)
Ethernet frames
(pcap) sent/received Link (Ethernet)
Physical
Bad guys: fake identity
IP spoofing: injection of packet with false source address

A C

src:B dest:A payload

B
Bad guys: denial of service
Denial of Service (DoS): attackers make resources (server,
bandwidth) unavailable to legitimate traffic by
overwhelming resource with bogus traffic

1. select target
2. break into hosts
around the network
(see botnet)
3. send packets to target target

from compromised
hosts
Lines of defense:
▪ authentication: proving you are who you say you are
• cellular networks provides hardware identity via SIM card; no such
hardware assist in traditional Internet
▪ confidentiality: via encryption
▪ integrity checks: digital signatures prevent/detect tampering
▪ access restrictions: password-protected VPNs
▪ firewalls: specialized “middleboxes” in access and core
networks:
▪ off-by-default: filter incoming packets to restrict senders, receivers,
applications
▪ detecting/reacting to DOS attacks

… lots more on security (throughout, Chapter 8)

Protocol “layers” and reference models
Networks are complex, Question: is there any
with many “pieces”: hope of organizing
▪hosts structure of network?
▪routers ▪and/or our discussion
▪links of various media of networks?
▪applications
▪protocols
▪hardware, software
Example: organization of air travel
end-to-end transfer of person plus baggage
ticket (purchase) ticket (complain)
baggage (check) baggage (claim)
gates (load) gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway landing
airplane routing airplane routing
airplane routing

How would you define/discuss the system of airline travel?

▪ a series of steps, involving many services
Example: organization of air travel

ticket (purchase) ticketing service ticket (complain)

baggage (check) baggage service baggage (claim)
gates (load) gate service gates (unload)
runway takeoff runway service runway landing
airplane routing routing service
airplane routing airplane routing

layers: each layer implements a service

▪ via its own internal-layer actions
▪ relying on services provided by layer below
Why layering?
Approach to designing/discussing complex systems:
▪ explicit structure allows identification,
relationship of system’s pieces
• layered reference model for discussion
▪ modularization eases maintenance,
updating of system
• change in layer's service implementation:
transparent to rest of system
• e.g., change in gate procedure doesn’t
affect rest of system
Layered Internet protocol stack
▪ application: supporting network applications
• HTTP, IMAP, SMTP, DNS
application
application
▪ transport: process-process data transfer
• TCP, UDP transport
transport
▪ network: routing of datagrams from source to
destination network
• IP, routing protocols
link
▪ link: data transfer between neighboring
network elements physical
• Ethernet, 802.11 (WiFi), PPP
▪ physical: bits “on the wire”
ISO/OSI reference model
Two layers not found in Internet
application
protocol stack!
presentation
▪ presentation: allow applications to
interpret meaning of data, e.g., encryption, session
compression, machine-specific conventions transport
▪ session: synchronization, checkpointing, network
recovery of data exchange link
▪ Internet stack “missing” these layers! physical
• these services, if needed, must be
implemented in application The seven layer OSI/ISO
reference model
• needed?
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application Application exchanges messages to implement some application
application service using services of transport layer
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer

network ▪ transport-layer protocol encapsulates network

application-layer message, M, with
link transport layer-layer header Ht to create a link
transport-layer segment
• Ht used by transport layer protocol to
physical implement its service physical

source destination
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport Transport-layer protocol transfers M (e.g., reliably) from transport
one process to another, using services of network layer

network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
link [Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services link
▪ network-layer protocol encapsulates
physical transport-layer segment [Ht | M] with physical
network layer-layer header Hn to create a
source network-layer datagram destination
• Hn used by network layer protocol to
implement its service
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation
M
application application
Ht M
transport transport

network Hn Ht M network
Network-layer protocol transfers transport-layer segment
[Ht | M] from one host to another, using link layer services
link Hl Hn Ht M link
Link-layer protocol transfers datagram [Hn| [Ht |M] from
physical host to neighboring host, using network-layer services physical

source ▪ link-layer protocol encapsulates network destination

datagram [Hn| [Ht |M], with link-layer header
Hl to create a link-layer frame
 Services, Layering and Encapsulation

application message M
M application

transport segment Ht M Ht M transport

network datagram Hn Ht M Hn Ht M network

M
link frame Hl Hn Ht M Hl Hn Ht
link

physical physical

source destination
 message M
source
application
Encapsulation: an
segment
datagram Hn
Htt
H
Ht
M
M
transport
network
end-end view
frame Hl Hn Ht M link
physical
link
physical

switch

destination Hn Ht M network
M link H H
M application Hl Hn Ht M
Ht M transport physical n t

Hn Ht M network
Hl Hn Ht M link router
physical
 Internet history
▪ 1961: Kleinrock - queueing theory ▪ 1976: Ethernet at Xerox PARC
shows effectiveness of • Proprietary architectures: DECnet, SNA, XNA
packet-switching ▪ 1979: ARPAnet has 200 nodes
▪ 1964: Baran - packet-switching in ▪ 1983: deployment of TCP/IP
military nets ▪ 1982: smtp e-mail protocol defined
▪ 1969: first ARPAnet node ▪ 1983: DNS defined for name-to-IP-address translation
operational ▪ 1985: ftp protocol defined
▪ 1972: ▪ 1988: TCP congestion control
○ ARPAnet public demo ▪ early 1990s:
○ NCP (Network Control Protocol) • ARPAnet decommissioned
first host-host protocol • Web hypertext [Bush 1945, Nelson 1960’s]
• HTML, HTTP: Berners-Lee
○ first e-mail program
○ ARPAnet has 15 nodes ▪ late 1990s: commercialization of the Web
• more apps: instant messaging, P2P file sharing
• est. 50 million host, 100 million+ users
• backbone links running at Gbps
Internet history
2005-present: scale, SDN, mobility, cloud
▪ aggressive deployment of broadband home access (10-100’s Mbps)
▪ 2008: software-defined networking (SDN)
▪ increasing ubiquity of high-speed wireless access: 4G/5G, WiFi
▪ service providers (Google, FB, Microsoft) create their own networks
• bypass commercial Internet to connect “close” to end user, providing
“instantaneous” access to social media, search, video content, …
▪ enterprises run their services in “cloud” (e.g., Amazon Web Services,
Microsoft Azure)
▪ rise of smartphones: more mobile than fixed devices on Internet (2017)
▪ ~18B devices attached to Internet (2017)
End: Chapter 01