Journal of AppliedMath 2023; 1(2): 101.

Perspective

Theory of gyroscopic effects for rotating objects

Ryspek Usubamatov

Kyrgyz State Technical University named after I. Razzakov, Bishkek 720044, Kyrgyzstan; [email protected]

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT: Scientists began to study gyroscopic effects at the time of the
Received: 17 May 2023 Industrial Revolution. Famous mathematician L. Euler described only one
Accepted: 24 June 2023 gyroscopic effect, which is the precession torque that does not explain other
Available online: 2 July 2023
ones. Since those times, scientists could not explain the physics of gyro-
http://dx.doi.org/10.59400/jam.v1i2.101 scopic effects, Recent studies and the method of causal investigatory de-
Copyright © 2023 Author(s). pendency demonstrated, that the nature of gyroscopic effects turned out
that be more sophisticated than contemplated by researchers. The external
Journal of AppliedMath is published by Aca-
demic Publishing Pte. Ltd. This article is li- torque acting on the spinning objects generates the system of the eight iner-
censed under the Creative Commons At- tial torques and their interrelated motions around axes presented in the 3D
tribution-NonCommercial 4.0
International License (CC BY-NC 4.0). coordinate system. The interrelated torques and motions of the spinning
https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by- disc were described by mathematical models, and validated by practical
nc/4.0/
tests that explain the physics of the gyroscopic effects based on the kinetic
energy conservation law. The inertial torques generated by the centrifugal,
and Coriolis forces, the change in the angular momentum, and the depend-
ent motions of the spinning object around axes constitute the fundamental
principles of the gyroscope theory. The derived gyroscopic theory opened
a new chapter in the dynamics of rotating objects of classical mechanics
that should be presented in all word encyclopedias.

KEYWORDS: gyroscopic effects; inertial torques; kinetic energy

The unusual properties of the movable rotating objects were interesting to mankind of different civ-
ilizations from ancient times. Beginning from the Industrial Revolution, physicists and mathemati-
cians began to study the properties of gyroscopic devices. From those times, Euler derived only one fun-
damental principle of the gyroscope theory which is the change in the angular momentum. Other
gyroscopic effects could not be described mathematically in principle because the formulation of basic
physical laws was finished at the beginning of the 20th century. From this time, researchers published
tons of manuscripts and several dozens of gyroscope theories that did not validate practically[1–4]. The
physics of gyroscopic effects turned out that more sophisticated than represented in known theories.
The gyroscope theory is a very important aspect of the dynamics of rotating objects. Gyroscopic
effects are relayed in many engineering calculations of rotating parts, and deriving a complete gyroscope
theory is a crucial challenge. Gyroscopic effects remain unsolved until recent times. Recent studies show
rotating masses of the movable object produce gyroscopic effects that are manifested by the action of the
system of the eight inertial torques generated by the centrifugal, and Coriolis forces, and the change in
the angular momentum[5–7]. The action of the inertial torques and rotations of the spinning disc are de-
scribed in detail in the theory of gyroscopic effects and shown at the moveable 3D Cartesian coordinates
in Figure 1. The method of causal investigatory dependency formulated the mathematical models for the
inertial torques gendered by the rotating objects.

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 Journal of AppliedMath 2023; 1(2): 101.

Figure 1. Schematic of the action of the inertial torques on the spinning disc and its motions.

Figure 1 contains the following information. The action of the external T generates the initial re-
sistance inertial torques of the centrifugal Tct.x, Coriolis Tcr.x forces acing around axis ox, and the precession
torques of the centrifugal Tct.x, and the change in the angular momentum Tam,x and acting around axis oy.
The initial inertial torques acting around axis oy generate the resistance inertial torques of the centrifugal
Tct.y, and the change in the angular momentum Tam,y acting around axis oy. The resulting toque of axis oy
generates the precession torques of the centrifugal Tct.y, and the change in the angular momentum Tam,y
acting around axis ox, which is added to the initial resistance inertial torques of the centrifugal Tct.x, Cor-
iolis Tcr.x forces. The resulting torque of axis ox generates the corrected precession torques of the centrif-
ugal Tct.x, and the change in the angular momentum Tam,x acting around axis oy.
Figure 1 shows inertial torques acting around axes with feedback loops. Any change in the inertial
toques about one axis leads to a change in the inertial toques about the other axis. The action of the
inertial toques expresses the interrelated motions of the spinning disc around the two axes. It means the
kinetic energies of inertial toques about two axes are equal and based on the principle of mechanical
energy conservation that constitutes the fundamental principles of the gyroscopic theory (Table 1). Table
1 shows the value of Euler’s change in the angular momentum which is less than 10% among the value
of other inertial torques, whose action significantly (over 91%) prevails in the manifestation of gyroscopic
effects. Nevertheless, the textbooks of classical mechanics continue to solve gyroscopic effects by Euler’s
principle of the change in the angular momentum[8–10].
Gyroscopic effects are described by mathematical models of the inertial torques, explained in their
physics, and validated by practical tests. The mathematical modeling of gyroscopic effects is holistic and
should be used for computing the inertial toques and the interrelated motions of the spinning objects for
any design of rotating parts in engineering.
Table 1 contains the following: J is the moment of inertia of the disc; ω, ωy, and ωx are the angular
velocities of spinning disc rotations about their axis, oy, and ox, respectively, other components are de-
scribed above.
The theory of gyroscopic effects opens a new direction in the dynamics of rotating objects in engi-
neering mechanics and is based on mathematical models, which describe the forces and motions acting by
fundamental principles of classical mechanics. Intensification of the work engineering mechanisms and
machines with rotating components requires reliable decisions for computing their dynamic parameters.
Numerous rotating objects movable in space still do not have engineering methods for computing dy-
namic parameters and the effective solution for inertial torques of rotating objects with complex

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 Journal of AppliedMath 2023; 1(2): 101.

geometries.

Table 1. Fundamental principles of the gyroscope theory.

Fundamental principles of the gyroscope theory Action Equation Percent of action

Inertial torques gener- centrifugal forces Resistance 𝑇 . = (4𝜋 /9)𝐽𝜔𝜔 41,141
ated by Precession 41,141
Coriolis forces Resistance 𝑇 . = (8/9)𝐽𝜔𝜔 8337
change in angular momentum Precession 𝑇 , = 𝐽𝜔𝜔 9372
Mechanical energy con- Dependency of angular velocities of the spinning disc axes of horizontal disposition: 𝜔 =
servation (8𝜋 + 17)𝜔

Conflict of interest
The author declares no conflict of interest.

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