Data Communication

 Components of a Data Communication System,

 Simplex, Half-Duplex and Duplex Modes of Communication;
 Analog and Digital Signals;
 Noiseless and Noisy Channels;
 Bandwidth, Throughput and Latency;
 Digital and Analog Transmission;
 Data Encoding
 Modulation Techniques
 Broadband and Baseband Transmission;
 Transmission Media,
 Multiplexing,
 Transmission Errors,
 Error Handling Mechanisms.

What is Data Communication

Exchange of data between a source and a receiver via form of transmission media such as a wire
cable. Data communication is said to be local if communicating devices are in the same building or a
similarly restricted geographical area.
Components of Data Communication
 Message
 Sender
 Receiver
 Medium
 Protocol

It is the information or data to be communicated. It can consist of text, numbers, pictures, sound or video or any
combination of these.
Transmission modes
 Which data communication method is used to send data over a serial communication link?
(A) simplex
(B) half duplex
(C) full duplex.
(D) all of these

The interactive transmission of data within a time sharing system may be best suited to…..
(A) simplex line
(B) half duplex lines.
(C) full duplex line
(D) bi-flex lines

Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signals

An analog or analogue signal is any continuous signal for which the time varying feature (variable) of the
signal is a representation of some other time varying quantity, i.e., analogous to another time varying signal.

Digital Signals

A digital signal is a chemical signal that is a representation of a sequence of discrete values (a quantified
discrete-time signal), for example of arbitrary bit stream, or of a digitized (sampled and analog-to-digital
converted) analog signal

Differences between Analog and Digital Signals

Analog Signal
 An analog signal signifies a continuous signal that keeps changes with a time period.

 Analog signals are continuous sine waves.

 Analog signals describe the behavior of the wave with respect to amplitude, time period, & phase of the
signal.

 Analog signal range will not be set.

 Analog signal is further horizontal toward distortion during the response to noise.

 An analog signal broadcasts the information in the signal form.

 The example of an analog signal is the human voice

Digital Signal
 A digital signal signifies a discrete signal that carries binary data and has discrete values.

 Digital signal is square waves.

 Digital signals describe the behavior of the signal with respect to the rate of a bit as well as bit
interval.

 Digital signal is limited as well as ranges from 0 to 1.

  A digital signal has resistance in response toward the noise, therefore, it does not often face
distortion.

 A digital signal broadcasts the information in the form of binary that is bits.

The example of a digital signal is the data transmission in a computer

What is the name of the protocol that allows a client to send a broadcast message with its MAC address and
receive an IP address in reply? 2018 DEC
ARP
DNS
RARP
ICMP

The Domain Network System (DNS) protocol helps Internet users and network devices discover
websites using human-readable hostnames, instead of numeric IP addresses.

The Internet Control Message Protocol is an internet layer protocol used by network devices to
diagnose network communication issues.

Transmission Delay:
Time taken by the sender to send all the bits of the frame onto the wire is called transmission delay.
Td = D / B.

Propagation Delay:
Time taken by the last bit of the frame to reach from one side to the other side is called propagation
delay.
Tp = d / s ; where d = distance between sender and receiver, s = wave propagation speed

the total time required to send a frame is:

Total time= Td(Transmission Delay) + Tp(Propagation Delay for data frame) + Tp(Propagation
Delay for acknowledgment frame)

Total time=Td+ 2Tp.

Efficiency
Efficiency = Useful Time/ Total Time
η = Td / (Td+2*Tp)η = 1/(1+2a) →(1)where a=Tp / Td

Throughput
 The number of bits that a receiver can accept in total time duration (i.e. transmission
time(Td) + 2 * propagation delay(Tp)). It is also called effective bandwidth or bandwidth utilization.

In Stop and Wait, in the total duration, the receiver can accept only one frame. One frame is of data
size D i.e. D bits in one frame.

Therefore, Throughput= D / (Td + 2Tp)

Throughput = D / Td(1+2a) →(2)
where a= Tp / Td
From the definition of Transmission delay,
Td=D/B
Cross multiplying B and Td, we get
B = D/Td → (3)
Now putting the value of equation 3 in equation 2, we get,
Throughput= B /(1+2a) → (4)
Now, putting the value of equation 1 in equation 4, we get,

Throughput= η * B

Latency
indicates how long it takes for packets to reach their destination.

Throughput
is the term given to the number of packets that are processed within a specific period of time. ...
Throughput measures how many packets arrive at their destinations successfully. For the most
part, throughput capacity is measured in bits per second, but it can also be measured in data per
second.

The bandwidth
Network bandwidth is the capacity of a wired or wireless network communications link to transmit
the maximum amount of data from one point to another over a computer network in a given
amount of time.
Baud rate:
Baud rate is number of signal units per second. It can be defined as per second travel number
of bits. −
→ e.g., clock.

Bit Rate
Bit rate is transmission of number of bits per second. : e.g., AM with 8 levels, PM with 8 phases −→
bit rate (bps) = 3 × baud rate

AM radio (535 kHz–1705 kHz)

FM radio −→ 88 MHz–108 MHz −→ 200 kHz slices

Digital radio −→ digital audio radio service −→ GEO satellites (a.k.a. satellite radio) −→ uses 2.3
GHz spectrum (a.k.a. S-band) −→ e.g., XM, Sirius

digital transmission of digital data → e.g., telephony backbone network

• digital transmission of analog data → PCM (e.g., PC sound cards), modem