CLASS X

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE
Review of Python

PART-1
 Review of Python

•What is a program?
•What is Python?
•Why Python for AI?
•Applications of Python
•Getting started with Python
•Downloading and Setting up Python for use
•Python IDLE installation
•Run in the Integrated Development Environment (IDE) - Interactive Mode, Script Mode
•Python Statement and Comments
•Python Keywords and Identifiers
•Variables and Datatypes
•Python Input and Output – print( ) and input ( )
•Python Operators - Comparison operators, Logical operators, Assignment operators
•Type Conversion - Implicit and Explicit Type Conversion
Computers are used for data processing. Data processing comprises of two things– data
and processing.

Data processing is the task of converting given data into required information.
For a computer to perform data processing, the computer must know what the data is and
how to process it. After storing the data in a computer, we have to tell the computer how to
process it.
A set of instructions given to the computer to perform a specific job is called a program, and
the task of writing programs is called programming.
We have to use some language to write these programs eg. Python, C, C++, LISP, Pascal,
Java, PHP, etc.
When we write a program, we are writing a set of instructions to solve a problem involving
data processing. These instructions have to be executed by the computer to solve the
problem. If the instructions are correct and given in correct sequence, then the problem will
be solved properly by the computer, and if the instructions are incorrect or in wrong sequence
then the problem will not be solved correctly or will not be solved at all. Therefore, writing
correct instructions in correct sequence is extremely important. It means that before we start
writing a program, we should be thoroughly clear in our mind about the steps of solving the
problem.
Python was developed by Guido Van Rossum in 1991 in
Netherlands based on a language ABC and Modula-3.
Features of
Python
 Applications of Python

Web and Internet

Development

Desktop
Business
GUI
Applications
Applications

Applications
of Python
Games and 3D
Software Development Graphics

Database
Access
 Applications of Python
•Python can be used on a server to create web applications.
•Scientific and Numeric Computing-used in machine learning, data
mining and other scientific fields with its libraries like :NumPy, SciPy etc.

•Creating Prototypes of Games

•Python can be used to create desktop applications, web applications,
Database applications

•Network Programming and System administrations

 FEATURES OF PYTHON

•Free and Open Source – can be easily and downloaded free of cost. Its code is accessible,
modifiable, and can be redistributed.
•Cross platform language (portable) – python code can run well on a variety of
platforms(Windows, linux, Unix, Mac etc) hence a portable language
• high level language(HLL)
•Expressive language – few lines of code, simpler syntax and compact thus easier to
understand.
•Interpreted Language– A computer understands only the machine language. It does not
understand programs written in any other programming language like Python. Therefore, for
program execution, each instruction of the program (written in Python) is first interpreted into
machine language by a software called the Python Interpreter, and then it is executed by the
computer. Python code is executed line by line and hence easy to debug language.
•It is a powerful object-oriented programming language. This environment makes it easy to
write programs.
•Python has IDLE( Integrated Development Learning Environment) for developing python
programs(scripts) under Windows and other operating systems. It allows to edit, run, browse
and debug Python Programs from a single interface.
•Python has a rich standard library which contains a lot of predefined functions for most of
the common operations, and a large number of pre-defined modules for specific varieties of
functions. This makes programming in Python an easy task.
 Interpreter

Interpreter
 Translates program one statement at a time.
 It takes less amount of time to analyze the source code
but the overall execution time is slower.
 Continues translating the program until the first error is
met, in which case it stops. Hence debugging is easy.
 Programming language like Python use interpreters.
 Slower
 COMMAND SYNTAX
•It is case sensitive
•Python relies on indentation, using whitespace, to define scope; such as
the scope of loops, functions and classes. Python gives error if the code
is not properly indented.

CORRECT
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

INCORRECT
if 5 > 2:
print("Five is greater than two!")

Python will give you an error if you skip the indentation:

Error :Indentation Error: expected an indented block
 System
Requirements
➢Python runs on Windows, Linux / Unix,
Mac OS X, and has been ported to the
Java and .NET virtual machines also.

➢ No special hardware requirement

 INSTALLATION and STARTING PYTHON
we should first install Python Interpreter on it.It can be downloaded from
https://www.python.org/
This comes with Python interpreter, Python IDLE (GUI) and Pip (package
installer)

different versions at:

http://www.python.org/download/. There are several
released starting from 1.0. In this text, we use Python
3.7.3 for Windows version. You can use at least a 3.x
version for better libraries and features.
For additional help on Python:
 The standard Python documentation set contains a tutorial, a
language reference, the standard library reference and
documents on extending Python in C/C++. You can find it at:
http://www.python.org/doc/.

 Other Python tutorials:

 Beginner’s Guide to Python at:
http://wiki.python.org/moin/BeginnersGuide

 Other Python resourc es:

 Python documentation at: http://www.python.org/doc/
 The Python home Web site at:http://www.python.org/
 The whole Python FAQ at: https://docs.python.org/2/faq/
Onc installed the Python
Development
e Learning Environment). It lets one edit,
IDLE(integrated
run, browse and debug Python Programs from a single
interface. This environment makes it easy to write
programs. The Python shell works in 2 modes

1. Interactive mode
2. Script mode
Interactive Mode
Vs
Script Mode
Interactive mode(Command line)
You type one command at a time and is executed to
give output and followed by again a command and so
on.
•The interactive interpreter of Python is called Python
shell. Python syntax can be executed by writing directly
in the Command Line.
•prompt (>>>) followed by a blinking cursor. It indicates
that IDLE is now ready to take Python commands from
the user. (interactive mode)
INTERACTIVE MODE - Commands are executed directly at the
prompt
 SCRIPT MODE
All commands can be saved in a file and executed as follows
In Python Shell window,
click File >> New File or click Ctrl+N.
Notice that an Untitled window appears as shown below:
➢ Type Python program in a file
➢ Save it . Default extension is .py
➢ then use interpreter to execute the contents from the file by Run
option or press F5
OUTPUT
print() Function In Python is used to print output on the
console(screen).

Syntax of print Function

print(expression/variable)
e.g. print(122)
Output :-
122

print('hello India')

Output :-
hello India

print(‘Computer',‘Science’)

Output
Computer Science
OUTPUT
print() Function In Python is used to print output on the
console(screen).

Syntax of print Function

print(expression/variable)
e.g. print(122)
Output :-
122

print('hello India')

Output :-
hello India

print(‘Computer',‘Science’)

Output
Computer Science
OUTPUT
print() Function In Python is used to print output on the
console(screen).
Multiple print statements print output on new line

Syntax:
print ("Message“)
print (“Expression”)

Output
Message
Expression
 Understanding print()
In the following, the first statement will output 3+4, while the second will
output 7.

print('3+4')
print(3+4)

To print several things at once, separate them by commas. Python will

automatically insert spaces between them. Below is an example and the output it
produces.

print('The value of 3+4 is', 3+4)

print('A', 1, 'XYZ', 2)

OUTPUT
 Understanding print()
More examples

print(“hello world!”)

>>>print("hello" "world")
helloworld
>>>print("hello"+ "world")
helloworld

When print() is executed by commas, the values of consecutive

arguments are separated by space between them.
print (Item1, Item2, ..., ItemN)

prints several messages and/or expressions on the same line.

>>> print("hello","world") #with , spacing is there

hello world
 Understanding print()

print ("2+3=",2+3) 2+3= 5

print ("2*3+5-9/7+8",2*3+5-9/7+8) 2*3+5-9/7+8 17.714285714285715

print ( "2 plus 2 is ", 2+2, "2 times 2 is ", 2 plus 2 is 4 2 times 2 is 4
2*2)

Find the result of (75+85+65)/3

2. Find the result of 22/7 * 5 * 5
3. Find the result of "RAVI"+"Kant"
4. Find the result of "###" * 3
Understanding print()
What is the output?
By using end argument we can specify some other string of 0 or more characters to be
at the end of the output. This way we can have multiple print statements to display the o
in same line. The following examples will clear the con
Comments
• Comments are the additional readable information to clarify the source
code. Ie. They are used by programmers for better understanding of a
program. Python Interpreter ignores comment.
• They can be used multiple times in a script
Two ways of inserting comments
i. Single line comment: Which begins with # sign.
ii. Multi line comment - use triple quoted multiple line. E.g.
“””this is my
first
python multiline comment “””
1. Keywords
2. Identifiers
 import keyword
Keywords >>> print(keyword.kwlist)

• Reserve word of the compiler/interpreter which can’t be

used as identifier.
• We cannot use a keyword as variable name, function name
or any other identifier. They are used to define the syntax
and structure of the Python language.
• In Python, keywords are case sensitive.
• There are 33 keywords in Python 3.3. This number can vary
slightly in course of time.
• All the keywords except True, False and None are in
lowercase and they must be written as it is.
Keywords
Identifiers
A Python identifier is a name used to identify a variable,
function, class, module or other object.
VARIABLES
 Variables

 A variable is an identifier that represents a named location in the memory (RAM)

that refers to a value and whose values can be used and processed during program
run.
 Variables are needed in a program when calculations need to be done and need to
use the calculated result several places in the program. If we save the result of the
calculation in a variable, then we only need to do the calculation once.
• everything is treated as an object
Every variable has a

A. Name – a variable name must start with an alphabet or _, can contain alphabets,
digits an _, cannot contain spaces, cannot be a python keyword, is case
sensitive(choose names that give an indication for what they are being used for. Ie.
Instead of a,b,c use age, name, address etc

B. An Identity - can be known using id (object). Every variable has a memory address and
points to a value. The reference object of a variable to which it points may change during
the program’s execution. When a reference to a value changes, the id changes.

C. data type – It is a set of values, and the allowable operations on those

Values can be checked using type (object). don't need to specify the datatype of variable. The
variable automatically gets a datatype depending upon the value referenced by the variable. As a
variable does not have any fixed data type and its data type keeps changing depending upon the
value it represents, Python is a dynamic type language. That is why Python is a loosely typed
language.

D. Value
Rules for naming a variable
Every variable has a name
Follow the rules for naming them
• starts with a letter A to Z or a to z or an underscore (_) followed by zero or
more letters, underscores and digits (0 to 9).
* Python does not allow special characters.
* Identifier must not be a keyword of Python.
* Identifiers are case sensitive
Thus, Rollnumber and rollnumber are two different identifiers in Python.
Some valid identifiers : Mybook, file123, z2td, date_2, _no Some invalid
identifier : 2rno,break, my.book, data-cs
Guidelines

Variable naming conventions

Although we are free to use any valid variable name, but if we follow some
conventions in naming variables

Some of these conventions are:

i) Use meaningful variable names of reasonable length. Examples of some meaningful variable
names are length, height, age, total, whereas a, b, c may not be meaningful variable names.
ii) If a variable name contains more than one words, separate the words using underscore
(because space is not allowed in a variable name). For exampleTotal_Amount, First_Name
Variable names are case-sensitive. For example, myname and myName are not the same
names, they are two different variables.

Remember:
 Variables are created when they are first assigned a value.
 Variables must be assigned a value before using them in expression
Variables A and a are different.
 Classify each of the following as a valid or invalid variables or
keywords. If it is valid, write “Valid” or if it is invalid write
“Invalid” and propose a similar valid identifier.

(a) alpha (b) raise% (c) none (d) non_local

(e) x_1 (f) XVI (g) main (h) sumOfSquares
(i) u235 (j) sum of squares (k) hint_ (l) sdraw_kcab
(m) 2lips (n) global (o) %_owed (p) Length

(q) re_turn (r) _0_0_7

Understanding print()
>>> Ver = 3.7
>>> Prog = "Python"

>>> print (Prog, Ver) # prints two values separated with comma (,)
Python 3.7
Understanding print()
•Print a value, message or both message and values and vice versa.
>> Sum=50
>>> print ("The sum is", Sum) # prints a message with a value The sum is 50
 Operators
• Operators can be defined as symbols that are used to perform operations on operands.

• An operator is a symbol, which works on data items and performs some mathematical
calculations or change the data. An operator may have one or two operands. Eg. in a+b , a and
b are operands, + is operator

• An operand is one of the inputs (arguments) of an operator.

Operators
These are the tokens that trigger some computation when applied to
variables and other objects in an expression(i.e. on operands).
Types:
arithmetic (+,-,*,/,%, ** exponent, // Floor division)
Relational( >,<.>=,<=, ==, !=)
Logical(logical AND &&, logical OR ||)
Assignment (=,/=,+=,*=,%=,-=,**=, //=)
 BINARY OPERATORS
They require two operands
 Assignment Operator
Assigning Values To Variable
to bind value to a variable, we use assignment operator (=). This is also known as
building of a variable.
Example
>>> pi = 31415

name = ‘Nishant’ # String Data Type

sum = None # a variable without value

a = 23
b = 6.2
sum = a + b
print (sum)

L-value = R-value
 Assignment Operator
(=)

Example of String in Python (can

be given in single or double
quotes)
name = 'Johni’

Example of Integer in Python(numeric literal)

age = 22

Example of Float in Python(numeric literal)

height = 6.2

Example of Special Literals in

Python name = None
ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

observe the following code:

Price = 25 # Value 25 is assigned to the variable Price
Qty = 3 # Value 3 is assigned to the variable Qty
Amt1 = Price*Qty # Price*Qty is evaluated to 75 and the value
# 75 is assigned to the variable Amt1
Price = 25-3 # Value 22 (25-3) is assigned to Price
# So, now onwards value of Price is 22, and not 25
Qty = Qty*2 # Value 6 (Qty*2) is assigned to Qty
# So, now onwards value of Qty is 6, and not 3
Amt2 = Price*Qty # Value 132 (22*6) is assigned to the variable Amt2
Amt = Amt1+Amt2 # Value 207 (75+132) is assigned to the variable Amt
print(Amt) # Value 207 is displayed on the screen.
>>> Num1 = 20 # Num1 is an L-value
>>> Num2 = 40 # Num2 is an L-value
>>> sumN = Num1 + Num2 # (Num1 +Num2) is an R-value
>>> sumN

x = "Python is "
y = "awesome"
z= x+y
print(z)
Output :Python is awesome
For numbers, the + character works as a concatenation operator:
Understanding print()
>>> Ver = 3.7
>>> Prog = "Python"

>>> print (Prog, Ver) # prints two values separated with comma (,)
Python 3.7
Understanding print()
•Print a value, message or both message and values and vice versa.
>> Sum=50
>>> print ("The sum is", Sum) # prints a message with a value The sum is 50
Multiple Assignment:

Assigning a value to multiple variables. In Python, we can assign a value to multiple variables.
For example,
>>> a = b = c = d = 5
>>> (a, b, c, d)
(5, 5, 5, 5)
Here, all the variables a, b, c and d are assigned a single value called 5.

>>> a1, a2, a3 = 10, 20, 30

>>> a1, a2, a3

(10, 20, 30)

Example 1:
x,y=20,60
y,x,y=x,y-10,x+1
print(x,y)
Output
50 21

Example 2:
b,c,a=10,20,30
p,q,r=c-5,a+3, b-a
print(a, b, c)
print ( p,q,r)

Output
30 10 20
15 33 -20
Swapping values

a,b = 1,2 # multiple value to multiple variable

a,b =b,a # value of a and b is swapped

Task Sample Code Output

Assigning a value to a Website = xyz.com

variable "xyz.com"
print(Website)

Changing value of a Website = xyz.com

variable "xyz.com" abc.com
print(Website)
Website =
"abc.com"
print(Website)
Assigning different a,b,c=5, 3.2, 5
valuesto different "Hello" 3.2
print(c)
variables print(a) Hello
print(b)

Assigning same value todifferent x=y=z= "Same" Same Same

variable print(x) print(y) Same
print(z)
Arithmetic Operators

Arithmetic Operators are used to perform arithmetic operations

like addition, multiplication, division etc.
 When x, y, s = 20, 10, 0

Operator Name Example

+ Addition x+y Sum of x and y.
For example, s = x + y is equivalent to 30
– Subtraction x–y Difference of x and y.
For example, s = x – y is equivalent to 10
* Multiplication x*y Product of x and y.
For example, s = x * y is equivalent to 200
/ Division x/y Quotient of x and y.
For example, s = x / y is equivalent to 2.0
% Modulus x%y Remainder of x divided by y.
For example, s = x % y is equivalent to 0
** Exponent x ** y will give x to the power y. For example, s = x ** y is
equivalent to 10240000000000
// Floor Division x // y The division of operands where the result is the quotient in
which the digits after the decimal point are removed.
For example, s = x // y is equivalent to 2
If the numerator is a floating-point number, it only adds a
decimal zero with the result.
For example, 11.0//4 or float(11)//4 will produce 2.0.
Points to remember about operators...

Same operator may perform a different

function depending on the data type of the operands

Multiplication operator( * ) and addition operator ( + )

behave differently on integers and strings
 Arithmetic Operators work differently with strings and numbers

Symbol Description Example 1 Example 2

>>>55+45 >>> ‘Good’ + ‘Morning’
+ Addition
100 GoodMorning
>>>55*4 >>> ‘Good’* 3
* Multiplication 5 2475 GoodGoodGood
 SHORTHAND/AUGMENTED ASSIGNMENT OPERATOR

expression1 += expression2
can be understood as,
expression1 = expression1 + expression2

Added and assign back the result to Will change the value of x to
+= left >>>x+=2 14
operand
Subtracted and assign back the
-= result to left operand x-=2 x will become 10

*= Multiplied and assign back the x*=2 x will become 24

resultto
left operand
/= Divided and assign back the result
to x/=2 x will become 6
left operand
%= Taken modulus using two operands x will become 0
and assign the result to left x%=2
operand
Performed exponential (power) x will become 144
**= calculation on operators and x**=2
assign value to the left
operand
//= Take initial value
Performed of x to on
floor division be 12 for every
x / /=computation
2 x will become 6
operators
 Operators Operators type
( ) [ ] { } Grouping
+ - * / // % ** Arithmetic operators
== != <> <= >= is in Relational operators
and not or Logical operators
Multi-line statement
In Python, end of a statement is marked by a newline character.

However, Statements in Python can be extended to one or more lines using

parentheses (), braces {}, square brackets [], semi-colon (;), continuation
character slash (\). When we need to do long calculations and cannot fit
these statements into one line, we can make use of these characters.
Examples:

Type of Multi-line Usage

Statement
s = 1 + 2 + 3 + \
Using Continuation
4 + 5 + 6 + \
Character (/) 7 + 8 + 9
Using Parentheses () n = (1 * 2 * 3 + 4 – 5)

Using Square Brackets [] footballer = ['MESSI',

'NEYMAR',
'SUAREZ']
Using braces {} x = {1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + 5 + 6 +
7 + 8 + 9}

Using Semicolons ( ; ) flag = 2; ropes = 3; pole = 4

Relational or Comparison Operators

The operators used to do comparison are called relational operators.

In some expressions it is required to compare the variables or constants.
These operators always result in a Boolean value (True or False).
In Python, the non-zero value is treated as True and zero value is treated as
False. Let us take some examples to demonstrate relational operators.
 Relational or Comparison Operators

Operators Description Example

== Equal to, return true if a equals to b a == b

!= Not equal, return true if a is not equals to b a != b

Greater than, return true if a is greater than

> a>b
b

Greater than or equal to , return true if a

>= a >= b
is greater than b or a is equals to b

< Less than, return true if a is less than b a<b

Less than or equal to , return true if a

<= a <= b
is less than b or a is equals to b
 Relational Operators
Symbol Description Example1 Example2
>>>7<10
True >>>‘Hello’< ’Goodbye’ False
>>> 7<5 >>>'Goodbye'< 'Hello'
< Less than False True
>>> 7<10<15
True

>>>7>5 >>>‘Hello’> ‘Goodbye’

> Greater than True True
>>>10<10 >>>'Goodbye'> 'Hello' False
False

>>> 5<=5 >>>‘Hello’<= ‘Goodbye’

<= Less than equalto True False
>>> 7<=4 >>>'Goodbye' <= 'Hello'
False True

>>>10>=10 >>>’Hello’>= ‘Goodbye’

>= greater than equal to True True
>>>10>=12 >>>'Goodbye' >= 'Hello' False
False

>>>10!=11 >>>’Hello’!= ‘HELLO’

! =, not equal to True True
>>>10!=10 >>> ‘Hello’ != ‘Hello’ False
False

>>>10==10 >>>“Hello’ == ’Hello’

== equal to True True
>>>10==11 >>>’Hello’ == ‘Good Bye’ False
False
 Relational Operators
Operator Name Example Result (When x, y, s = 20, 10, 0)
== Equal x==y True if x is exactly equal to y. For
example, s = x = = y is False
!= Not equal x!=y True if x is exactly not equal to y. For
example, s = x != y is True
> Greater than x>y True if x (left hand argument) is greater
than y (right hand argument).
For example, s = x > y is True
< Less than x<y True if x (left hand argument) is less than
y (right hand argument).
For example, s = x < y is False
>= Greater than or equal x>=y True if x (left hand argument) is greater
to than or equal to y (left hand argument).
For example, s = x >= y is True
<= Less than or equal to x<=y True if x (left hand argument) is less than
or equal to y (right hand argument).
For example, s = x <= y is False
Compound or augmented (Shortcut) assignment is the combination, in a single statement,
of a binary operation and an assignment statement.

Operators Description Example

+= Add 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a+=b

/= Divides 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a/=b

*= Multiply 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A*=b

-= Subtracts 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. A-=b

%= modulus 2 numbers and assigns the result to left operand. a%=b

//= Perform floor division on 2 numbers and assigns the result to left a//=b
operand.

**= calculate power on operators and assigns the result to left operand. a**=b

Eg.
A=10
A+=5 means A=A+5 which will assign 15 to the variable A
Operators
Logical Operators - Logical Operators are used to combine
conditions

Operators Description Example

and return true if both condition are true x and y

or return true if either or both condition are x or y

true
not reverse the condition not(a>b)

a=30
b=20
if(a==30 and b==20):
print('hello')

Output :- hello
 Logical Operators
• The logical operators are also called as Boolean operators.
• With Boolean operators we perform logical operations by
combining two or more conditions.
• These are most often used with if and while keywords.
Logical Operators - and
Returns true only when all the conditions are true, else it returns False

print(True and False) # Returns False one condition is False

print(3>7 and 9>4) #returns False as the first condition is False

the left hand side of the ‘and’ expression is False which implies that the whole
expression will be False irrespective of the other values. This is called short-
circuit evaluation.

Expression1 Expression2 Expression1 and Expression2

False False False

False True False

True False False
True True True
Logical Operators - or

Returns true if any of the conditions are true, else it returns False
print(True or False) # Returns True
print(7>8 or 9>3) #Returns True

Expression1 Expression2 Expression1 or

Expression2
False False False

False True True

True False True

True True True

Logical Operators - not

Also known as negation operator

If condition is true(satisfied), it returns false and vice versa.

x = True;
print(not x) # Returns False

Expression not Expression

False True
True False
Type Conversion
is the conversion of object from one data type to another data type. It helps us do
operations on values having different data types. For ex: concatenating an integer to a
string.

Python has two types of type conversion.

1. Implicit Type Conversion

2. Explicit Type Conversion
 Implicit Type casting

• Implicit Type Conversion is automatically performed by the Python interpreter

without the programmer specifically doing so.

• It generally takes place when in an expression more than one data type is
present in an expression. In case of operands with different data types.
• Taking an example, 5.0/4+ (63.0) is an expression in which values of different
data types are used. These type of expressions are also known as mixed
type expressions.

• When mixed type expressions are evaluated, Python promotes the result of
lower data type to higher data type, i.e. to float in the above example. This is
known as implicit type casting. So the result of above expression will be
4.25.

6/3 – 2.0

type(6/3)
<class 'float'>
 Implicit Type Conversion

Eg.
>>50+2.0 will result in 52.0

All integers are promoted to floats and the final result of the expression is a
float value.

All the data types of the variables are upgraded to the data type of the variable with largest
data type.

This is done to take advantage of certain features of type hierarchies or type

representations. It helps to compute expressions containing variables of different data types

Python avoids the loss of data in Implicit Type Conversion.

Explicit Type Casting/Conversion

In Explicit Type Conversion, users convert the data type of an object to required data type.
We use the predefined functions like int(), float(), str(), etc to perform explicit type
conversion.
This type of conversion is also called typecasting because the user casts (changes) the data
type of the objects.

x = 20.3
y = 10
print(int(x) + y)

Output
30

Writing int(x) will convert a float number to integer by just considering the integer part of
the number and then perform the operation.
 Explicit Type Conversion

you may need to perform conversions between the built-in types. To convert
between types, you simply use the type name as a function.

Python defines type conversion functions like int(), float(), str() to perform
conversion from one data type into another.

Eg.

>>5/2 •int(str)Converts to an integer

2.5 •float(str) – convert a string to a floating-point number.
•eval(str)Evaluates a string and returns an object.
>>int(5/2) •str(val) – return the string representation of a value.
2

You can check the data type using type() covered earlier
 Explicit Type Conversion

x = int(1) # x will be 1
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2
z = int("3") # z will be 3

What is the result of the code

A=20
B=“30”
print(A+B)
Another example

Num1 = input ("Enter first no.: ")

Num2 = input ("Enter second no.: ")
result=Num1+Num2
print ('The sum' is ', result)

Output
Enter first no.: 20
Enter second no.: 40

The sum is 2040

Here, Num1 and Num2 are concatenated(joined the values) and produce a
result 2040 instead of numeric addition to 60 because input function takes
data in string form

So “20”+”40”=2040

So, it is necessary to convert Num1and Num2 into integer form to perform

numerical arithmetic addition. How to do this?
Solution:
int(x). This function creates an integer equal to the string or number x. If a
string is given, it must be a valid decimal integer string.

Num1 = int(input ("Enter first no.: "))

Num2 = int(input ("Enter second no.: "))
result=Num1+Num2
print ('The sum' is ', result)

Output
Enter first no.: 20
Enter second no.: 40

The sum is 60
another example,
>>> Val1 = int("1243")
>>> Val2 = int(3.14159)
>>> print (Val1 + Val2)

Output
1246

Here, the variable Val1 stores

an integer value 1243 and
Val2 stores the integer part of
3.14159. So, the sum of Val1
(=1243) and Val2 (=3) (the
integer part only) produces
1246.
 float(x). This function creates a floating point number equal
to the string or number x. If a string is given, it must be a valid
floating point number: digits, decimal point and an exponent
expression. For example,

>>> Val1 = float("6.0224")

>>> Val2 = float(23)
>>> print ('The sum of ', Val1, ' and ', Val2, ' is ', Val1+Val2)

The sum of 6.0224 and 23.0 is 29.0224

x = float(1) # x will be 1.0

y = float(2.8) # y will be 2.8
z = float("3") # z will be 3.0
w = float("4.2") # w will be 4.2
Another example using float()

Num1 = float(input ("Enter your marks in english"))

Num2 = float(input ("Enter your marks in Economics"))
result=Num1+Num2
print ('The sum' is ', result)

Use float() instead of int() as the marks can include

Num1 = input ("Enter your marks in english")

Num2 = input ("Enter your marks in Economics")
result=float(Num1)+float(Num2)
print ('The sum' is ', result)
To convert a float to an integer, the int function drops everything after the decimal point.

Strings:
x = str("s1") # x will be 's1'
y = str(2) # y will be '2'
z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0'
Example Example
x = int(1) # x will be 1 Floats:
y = int(2.8) # y will be 2
x = float(1) # x will be 1.0
z = int("3") # z will be 3
y = float(2.8) # y will be 2.8
z = float("3") # z will be 3.0
1 w = float("4.2") # w will be 4.2
2
1.0
3
2.8
3.0
4.2

Strings:
x = str("s1") # x will be 's1'
y = str(2) # y will be '2'
z = str(3.0) # z will be '3.0'
s1
2
3.0
 Precedence of Operators
• If an expression contains only one operator, then it can be evaluated very easily.
But, if an expression contains more than one operators, then to evaluate it, we
have to be careful about the sequence in which the operations have to be done.
Operator precedence determines which operators are applied before others when
an expression contains more than one operators.
• It is done based on precedence of operator. Higher precedence operator is
worked on before lower precedence operator. Operator associativity
determines the order of evaluation when they are of same precedence and
are not grouped by parenthesis.

• When an expression contains operators which have the same precedence (like
* and /), then whichever operator comes first is evaluated first. Parentheses can
be used to override the order of precedence and force some part of the
expression to be evaluated before others.
• () has the highest precedence
Precedence of Operators
Try the output for Q6.
Delimiters / Punctuators
Used to implement the grammatical and structure of a
Syntax.Following are the python punctuators.
 Delimiters Classification

( ) [ ] { } Grouping
. , : ; @ Punctuation
= +=–= *= /= //= %= **= Arithmetic
assignment/binding
&= |= ^= <<= >>= Bitwise
assignment/binding
 Data types supported by Python

Fundamental data types or native data types like int, float, complex, etc.
Sequence types like string, list, tuple, etc.

Set types like dictionary or mapping, set, etc.

Mutable

The variable, for which we can change the value is called mutable variable.

It means we can change their content without changing their identity. Mutability
means that in the same memory address, new value can be stored as and when
you want.

lists, sets and dictionaries are mutable objects.

Immutable .
The variable, for which we cannot change the value is immutable variable.
example string, tuple, etc.
DATATYPES
Example Data Type
x = "Hello World" str
x = 20 int
x = 20.5 float
x = 1j complex
x = ["apple", "banana", "cherry"] list
x = ("apple", "banana", "cherry") tuple
x = range(6) range
x = {"name" : "John", "age" : 36} dict
x = {"apple", "banana", "cherry"} set
x = True bool
x = None NoneType
 DATATYP
1. Number
ES Values. This data type is immutable i.e. value of
Number data type stores Numerical
its object cannot be changed (we will talk about this aspect later).

These are of three different types:

a) Integer & Long
b) Float/floating point
c) Complex

Range of an integer in Python can be from -2147483648 to 2147483647, and long

integer has unlimited range subject to available memory.
Integers are the whole numbers consisting of + or – sign with decimal digits like
100000, -99, 0, 17. While writing a large integer value, don‟t use commas to
separate digits. Also integers should not have leading zeros.
When we are working with integers, we need not to worry about the size of
integer as a very big integer value is automatically handled by Python. When
we want a value to be treated as very long integer value append L to the
value. Such values are treated as long integers by python.
>>> a = 10
>>> b = 5192L #example of supplying a very long value to a variable
>>> c= 4298114
>>> type(c) # type ( ) is used to check data type of value
<type 'int'>
>>> c = c * 5669
>>> type(c)
<type 'long'>
Floating Point: Numbers with fractions or decimal point are called floating
point numbers.

A floating point number will consist of sign (+,-) sequence of decimals digits
and a dot such as 0.0, -21.9, 0.98333328, 15.2963. These numbers can also be
used to represent a number in engineering/ scientific notation.

-2.0X 105 will be represented as -2.0e5

2.0X10-5 will be 2.0E-5

Example
y= 12.36
Complex: Complex number in python is made up of two floating point
values, one each for real and imaginary part. For accessing different parts of
variable (object) x; we will use x.real and x.image. Imaginary part of the
number is represented by “j‟ instead of “i‟, so 1+0j denotes zero imaginary
part.

Example
>>> x = 1+0j
>>> print x.real, x.imag
1.0 0.0

Example
>>> y = 9-5j
>>> print y.real, y.imag
9.0 -5.0
2. None
This is special data type with single value. It is used to signify the absence of
value/false in a situation. It is represented by None.

bool (Boolean): In Python programing language, the Boolean data type (value of bool) is
a primitive data type having one of two values: True or False. This is a fundamental data
type. Internally, represented as 1 and 0 and can be used in numeric expressions as
values.
3. Sequence

A sequence is an ordered collection of items, indexed by positive integers. It is

combination of mutable and non mutable data types. Three types of sequence data type
available in Python are Strings, Lists & Tuples.

I. String: is an ordered sequence of letters/characters. They are enclosed in

single quotes („ ‟) or double („‟ “). The quotes are not part of string. They only
tell the computer where the string constant begins and ends. They can have
any character or sign, including space in them. These are immutable data
types. We will learn about immutable data types while dealing with third
aspect of object i.e. value of object.
Example
>>> a = 'Ram'
A string with length 1 represents a character in Python.
Conversion from one type to another
If we are not sure, what is the data type of a value, Python interpreter can tell
us:
>>> type (“Good Morning‟)
<type “str”>
>>> type (“3.2”)
<type “str”>
II. Lists: List is also a sequence of values of any type. Values in the list are called
elements / items. These are mutable and indexed/ordered. List is enclosed in
square brackets.

Example
l = [“abc”, 20.5,5]

III.Tuples: Tuples are a sequence of values of any type, and are indexed by
integers. They are immutable. Tuples are enclosed in (). We have already seen
a tuple, in Example 2 (4, 2).
 Sequence Data Type
String Lists Tuple

•An ordered •A sequence of •are sequence of

sequence of values of any values of any
letters and type type
characters
•Values in the •Are indexed
•Enclosed in “ “ list are called by integers
or ‘ ‘ items and are
indexed •Are immutable
•Are immutable
•Are mutable •Are enclosed in ()
Example Exampl
•Are enclosed in [] e (2,4)
>>>a=“Ram” Example
[‘spam’ , 20, 13.5]
 4. Sets

Set is an unordered collection of values, of any type, with no duplicate entry. Sets
are immutable.

Example
s = set ([1,2,34])

5. Mapping
This data type is unordered and mutable. Dictionaries fall
under Mappings.

5.1 Dictionaries: Can store any number of python objects.

What they store is a key – value pairs, which are accessed using
key. Dictionary is enclosed in curly brackets.

Example
d = {1:'a',2:'b',3:'c'}
Python supports Dynamic typing

Data type of a variable depend/change upon the value assigned to

a variable on each next statement.

X = 25 # integer type
X = “Python” # x variable data type change to string on just next
line

Now programmer should be aware that not to write like

this:
Y = X / 5 # error !! String cannot be divided
Python expressions, statements, comments, function , blocks and Indentation

TEST YOURSELF:
Observe the following script and enlist all the tokens used in it.

x=28
y=20
if x>y:
z=x/y;
else:
z=y/x;
print("x, y, z are:",x,y,z)
What is the output

Num1 = "20"
Num2 = “40”
print ('The sum of ', Num1, ' and ', Num2, ' is ',Num1+Num2)

The sum of 20 and 40 is 2040

How to derive 60 as output:

One method
print ('The sum of ', Num1, ' and ', Num2, ' is
',(Num1+Num2))

Put () to give precedence to ()

Second method we will see soon typecasting

Points to remember about
variables……

•Are created when they are first assigned a value

•Refer to an object

•Must be assigned a value before using them in

any expression

•Keywords cannot be used as variable names

 Write the
greet1= “Hello Nathan”output for
greet2=“Hello Lalit”
name1=“Nathan” the below
name2=“Lalit” code:
print(greet1,greet2)
print(“hello” , name1, ”,” ,name2)
 Basic Input Output and Process
1. WAP to add 2 numbers.[R=a+b]
2. WAP to multiply 3 numbers.[R=a*b*c]
3. WAP to find average 5 numbers[R=(a+b+c+d+e)/5]
4. WAP to display age after 15 years.[nage =age+15]
5. WAP to display a3 numbers [R=a*a*a]
6. WAP to find the area of square. [A=a*a]
7. WAP to find the area of rectangle [A=a*b]
8. WAP to find the result XN
9. WAP to find the perimeter of rectangle[A=2*(l+
[A=2*(l+ b) ]
10. WAP to find the area of circle [A=3.14*r*r]
11. WAP to find the circumference of circle [C=2*3.14*r]
12. WAP to swap the values of two variables.[a= a + b; b=a – b; a= a – b;]
13. WAP to input Hours, Minutes and Seconds and display in seconds.
[TS=H*60*60+M*60+S]
15. WAP to input cost and display cost after increasing 25%
[cost+(cost*25)]/100]
input()-to accept data from the user
input() Function In Python allows a user to give input to a program from a
keyboard but returns the value accordingly. You can assign (store) the result of input()
into a variable.

eg. name=input(“enter your name”)

Now we shall write a simple script to show the use of user input:
name1=input("Enter a name: ")
name2=input("Enter another name: ")
print(name1,"and",name2,"are friends")

The return type of input() is string type, so to convert the input into numeric
form, we use int()

e.g.
age = int(input(‘enter your age’))
C = age+2 #will not produce any error

NOTE : input() function always enter string value in python 3.so on

need int(),float() function can be used for data conversion.
Questions to be done in practical file
Q1) What are the key features of Python ? Mention various applications along with it
Q2) What are the different modes for coding in Python?
Q3) What are comments in Python ? List down the various types of comments.
Q4) What are the different properties of an identifier ?
Q5) What are the rules for naming of variables and constants
Q6) Explain python input and output with the help of an example.
Q7) What is type conversion ? Explain the types of type conversion with the help of an
example.
Q8) What is a variable? Give example.
Recap of concepts
a = 20 30
b = 10
print(a + b)
print(15 + 35) 50

print("My name is Kabir") My name is Kabir

a = "tarun" My name is : tarun

print("My name is :",a)
x = 1.3 ?
print("x = \n", x)
X=90 ?
Y=3
X*Y
c = 'Ram' ?
N=3
print(c*N)

x = True ?
y = 10
print(x + 10)
m = False ?
n = 23
print(n – m)
a=False
B=“hello”
a+B
True+45.8
i.Which of the following is NOT a legal variable name ?

ii. What is the correct syntax to output the type of variable in Python ?
a = 20
b = "Apples" print(str(a)+ b)

x = 20.3
y = 10
print(int(x) + y)

m = False
n=5
print(Bool(n)+ m)
lab work

Try it yourself:

1. Print the quotation “Make hay while the sun shines” (the quotes must be also
displayed)
2. Take a Boolean value “False” and a float number “15.6” and perform the AND
operation on both
3. Take a string “ Zero” and a Boolean value “ True” and try adding both by using the
Bool() function.
4. Take a string “Morning “ and the float value “90.4” and try and add both of them by
using the float() function.

Try it Yourself in the lab and write down the observations

Identify the errors and write the correct code with
corrections underlined
“ To calculate Area and
“ Perimeter of a rectangle

L=int(input("Length"))
B=int(input("Breadth"))
Area=L*B
Perimeter=2*(L+B)
print("Area:“+area)
print("Perimeter:“+Perimeter)
Stub
programs