Emme Breen j 7 2 DNA Structure and Replication @e How is genetic information stored and copied? Why? Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA is the molecule of heredity Ic contains the genetic blueprint for life, For organisms to grow and repair damaged cells, each cell must be capable of accurately copying itself. So how does the structure of DNA allow it to copy itself so accurately? Model 1 — The Structure of DNA \dder Model of DNA Helix Model of DNA Nucleotide Q Phosphate Deoxytibose Nitrogen- sugae containing base [Nitrogen Bares BD rine ® wm Thymine Guanine ED Grove fmm, 1, Refer to the diagram in Model 1 4. What are the three parts ofa nucleotide? deoryribase Sugar, phosphate, hitrogen-Containing base Lphosphate, Sugar, ‘b. What kind of sugar is found in a nucleotide? base) Jeoxyri bose «. Which nucleotide component contains nitrogen? hitrogen- containing base d, Name the four nitrogen bases shown in Model 1 adenine, thymine, guanine, cytusine LA,T, ©, C) 2. DNA is often drawn in a “ladder model.” Locate this drawing in Model 1 @ 4. Circle a single nucleotide on each side of the ladder model of DNA. DNA Structure and Replicatib, What part(s) ofthe nucleotides make up the ungs of the “ladder”? 6 nitrageh- containing Pase oS l of the nucleotides make up the sides (backbone) of the “ladder : Tae aa aan Sugav (sugor phosphate Vackbone) d. Look at the bottom and top ofthe “ladder” in Model 1, Are che rungs parallel (the ends of the strands match) or antiparallel (the ends of the strands are opposites)? antiparattel 3. On the ladder model of DNA label each of the bases with the letter A, T, C or G. BR 4. nero Model 1. When one nucleotide consns adenine, what ype of bas isthe adenine attached to on the opposite nucleotide strand? thynine 5. The pwo strands of DNA are held together with hydrogen bonds berween the nitrogen bases. ‘These are weak bonds berween polar molecules. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases from Question 4? 2 BR. neterco Model 1 When one auleosde contains cytosine, what type of base is the cytosine attached ro on the opposite nucleotide strand? guanine e 7. How many hydrogen bonds connect the two bases from Question 6? es 8. With your group, use a complete sentence to write a rule for how the bases are arranged in the ladder model of DNA. Adenine is aluiays connected to thynine, and cyitsine is alway © comecied t0 guanine in a DNA model Read This! Erwin Chargaff (1905-2002), an Austrian-American biochemist, investigated the ratio of nucleotide basco found in the DNA from a variety of organisms. From his research, as well as research by Rosalind Franke Jin and Maurice Wilkins, Watson and Crick developed the complementary base-pair rule during their race t0 discover the structure of DNA. The complementary base-pair rule states that adenine and thymine form pairs across ewo strands, and guanine and cytosine form pairs across two strands, 9. Fill in he complementary bases on the strand below according ro the base-pair rule, A 7 @ GAG T A 6 C6 T 6 10. The ladder model of DNA isa simplified representation of the actual structure and shape ofa DNA molecule. In reality the strands of DNA form a double helix. Refer to the double hele diagram in Model 1 and describe its shape using a complete sentence, e 2 The double heli¥ looks like 0 *wisted ladder or spiral staircase 2 POGIL™ Activities for High School Biology-—————- ; Model 2 - DNA Replication Direction of DNA As e 11. Examine Model 2, Number the steps below in order to describe the replication of DNA in a cell. Hydrogen bonds berween nucleotides form. _1___ Hiyedrogen bonds berween nucleotides break 2. Sirands of DNA separate. 4. _ Free nucleotides are attracted to exposed bases on the loose strands of DNA. 12, Locate the DNA helicase on Model 2 “a a, What type of biological molecule is DNA helicase? enayme (end in "= ase’) 1, Whats the role of DNA heliase inthe replication of DNA? A breaks apar tne two. strands 13. ‘What rule is used to join the free nucleotides to the exposed bases of the DNA2 complimentary base-yair rule ‘14, This type of eeplcation is called semi-conservative replication, Considering the meaning of these words (Semi—half, conserve—to keep), explain why DINA replication is called The New Cells each contain half of the original DNA copy DNA Structure and Replication15. DNA molecules can be tens of thousands of base pairs in length. Mistakes in DNA replication lead to mutations, which may or may not be harmful o an organism, How does semi-conservative replication help prevent mutations during DNA replication? Tt allows a template with the genetic code dnd uses the complimentary base-pair rule 16. The proportions of che bases are consistent within a species; however they do vary between species, Using the base-pair rules, complete the following table to show the percentage of each ‘ype of base in the five different organisms. parties Percentage of each type of base | ‘Adenine Guanine Cytosine | Thymine | Human 3 14 i 2u 3i ] Cow 28 2 pa) ease Salmon 24 2 21 | 29 | ‘Wheat 27 B 27 | BB | Yeu 31 9 quam eas 4 POGIL™ Activities for High School Biologyr Extension Questions Model 3 ~ Timing of DNA Replication Ifthe chromatin were condensed, replicated chromosomes would be visible, (End of S) (Chromosomes are condensed Matching sgter chromatids are connected by a centromere Ifthe chromatin were {Beginning tM) condensed, homologous chromosomes would be visible, (End of Gi) 17. According to Model 3, what term refers to loose DNA inside of a nucleus? chrarnotin 18, During whae parc of the cell cycle is the DNA in a cell's nucleus replicated? end of S 19, During what part ofthe eel eyce is he DNA in a cell condensed into chromosomes? beginning of M 20. Replicated chromosomes are often illustrated as an X shape to match how they look in real life just before cell division, 1a. According to Model 3, which of che following diagrams correctly show an original set of XXX) XX AA ie Ae dN e 4, What structure holds the ewo sister chromatids together as they prepare for cell division? centromere DNA Seruetute and Replication