Freaane pe daa

Vomalola(@uomtitative) Attri but es

(Qualtahive)
i s cx ete (Takes isolates values)
Cont ous (com taks o valwo
withn o
speciied Y
Fresuene tpe doti is too tpes -Variabl md attrilute
Vamabl is Mont tottVe choroter whdh com
be enpresed in umbeNS md com loe measwre
humerM cay.
heigt, weght ete.
Attri lute is a qutotuve charauter
whic
Cnnst be expresse n wwmbers md
Cmmst be
YnLaswred
nemeicalka. Onla Con be classiti ino
sevexal CataaoMes.
e Relmon
Discyel omo umhmus VYnauole-(When we
Pass an
t study dota Yeaomdi mamtHtarive choxa.tex,
it is immi dhatily
jownd that tis moy be two
prinupa pes. Th the fivst Case the
choyater maj talke b y some isolatis values.
T h umb oletexs in aa woro.
Tue umber oy mwwbers in a fom t

Alter hawey it ma tale mM Vame

Wtwn tEs Yomje oVamakisn a Hhe Hemparat wr
 TOn ad Vmabl
na Yeim awe hu exomple o V a

e attnal

A S Ye
Evem
cve n he sewnd CaS
ments represent He disevea whe ntS
heits are ajven COYYeLF to the nearest cm
al du
fMS
discrett nes is tonplety atitica
o t e uwutains o the mensurig Lnstrument.

(Vbabl o Hhe tirst tpe we cale dsuTel

ww fwose s the seuond upe r e called tovfiwsus)

aopee daka ad reunen dist"- Ugrouped

Ooo isO semes obsexvahions TeLorde wthrw
Owwdoyi i systemehe oTeugmant,Ihaweere
Oooe wo. q dosexvehon are awanlalota Ln
th orm a sinp serise,He miho Cmnat

Poper arasp their izniticomul.Som mothod

Condens ehon o dota is thoreaYe hliusar.

I he Ov&ar in wmd the slos"s hawe lbezn

Yeorde is immetemal, them onl LOo
doi tis is to wmt dovon hu Valuus ey u
VWmalle in the order o magmiide md
sow t uorres Pondin {requenci eß ide
by nde in a taloular fOY . Swuh a talb
is Call2 reauon Habl or mure
tsmmanly
Axea dAst" oh the vammalola .thee awe. t
Pes jreauen dist_
impl freuenty dist"
)rovped reueu dist"
 Simptre dast" shOs the valmes ok he varable
S

e
individhallhereAs
vames in
T0pe re dist" shns
rowps Y Lntervaas.
Some det"s related to arpes 4yea ueMOdist "-
Glass or class interval- When a loE .o.Ob
o
oos" vmed in a Wi&e leng th one Owon lale
t h o e usuallt classitied in seNeral arops
ouordivg to the ize o Vaus, Eauh oy hese
rops deines lo on inesval is Called class
$imple elass.
intesv or

AgCin3es) No.
a Pers on
15- 1 37
20-24 31
25-2

30-34 24
3S-44
45- 51
T6t 260
Sn he above +alole the
class inter val o
NA IS- 11, 20- 24 ete. here ore
elaSS eS Ln Hhe tren dist", The last
class be 45-59. WheM one tnd ey a cla
is nst specisiee ten the elass is calle
Om open - Es clas. A v e . s t " ma
tWo opem - end Clases.
howe enther oml oY

e neLSSety O open- end claReS AM SS

obs"s which
When therë are relativel ed
 e
pt4rom th Yest. In Smh a Case
it is wwt t h e 1o shaw
Conidexed w6Y
Severa elasses o i 2ero reauone
class) beDYeeathins aa class i t a ver
Smal treaume
Class eaOmd+otal trea- Tue w. o 6Ls's
fall in wittin lass is call
a a Frey
t e elass. The sun o- all he clas
freq; is

Calud tthe total frea Tn the aloove talsla

ThL elass treauemies e 31,81 etc. Md

ttolrea Shos he total hoi o o6es"s

Conndurmng the re dist.
A Class i i t
Al reuoYded dala oY sos"'s a r e
dseret in choNter. foY a discrete vomabl.
he vaues themselves ore isolatrs.

e e data regordiw) thi no. oz workexs

eplrye in a tautor wiu show jiqures
Sn as 10s, t6,226 ebe. ie n rachisnal
mwm ber is posn ble Althsugn te contí ion
Vo Lodol Com tuoriticalby talke omy vae
OY obS" are Ywndes to a certawn wmt
CSnve men2.
Tit is duided +to Yecord He heisht

doshs S6, 6t, 63 ebc. T the deusion is to

 TeOT hem to he man es loth og om Lh
We a t s8, 674,3:1 etc.In n Ca

ol oosMs oiu be wnijormly Tounded, eitnt

0ne
all whoe wmbens r shaoi ng
aM wpto
pto o e

Plac o deuml omd So m.

tonstruetes
9roup tren dast" is
Whem o

jrm i s tolleute dat, the voames o the

v m ele r e shswn im SeveNal claeS
For deteN mi m the dass fr eAmenuS Lt 1s
LwssaA that thesn class es ome mtualy
excluive.
ie He classes shswld be suih Hhat
mw 66s
is ontan ned in ny one Clas eg- Sy-S6,
S7-5, 60- 62 etc.(Nst uke Sy-Su,st-60,60-63)
0YSy 1 -

S60, s 1
-s8-0, Ss 1-40b etc.
(Not i SuD s% 0, S60-S8-0, S&:0-40-0 etc)
-

Note tha classes wiu be wri Hen to the Some

dsare o Preusiom as the orinwl eala.

ThH tnstrwim a rwpes Te

dist, +He class inter vals
must be deind
by ponyS O nss. Shih h a the pper en
OOne class does nst ohude with h e
tower end o. h immidaleby tolUswihg clai
The two mumbers wstd to specity the um s
t h e ppese o tallying he orihal dhs's
tnle Vm ns classes evwe Ms chss umits.
 s Cowe
T smaler poir is kmowm
s pper ClaAA
h e
Clas u mt omd thL low
t h e pesti eow clasg,
wt Th Yeher eme
an

Clas boundory When the

masuremims
all dat
v e i ale,
m a tontimms
ToM certann wmt
retord ed nearet to
o
Ne
the neare
Yetoroed to
wws 1F ages re
betweo

whstu oma a e
uss oears Yeoroed
1S
eorS
uSeors ond 1S S
desus m
nm la y 19 e r s
tYS.
I8.SyeS Om 19:S E S ,
ae
b etween
Hen Hhe class interval 1S to 17 autual
omnd
n clud es all ages betweun 1u'S yens
115 e S , Thee mast extr eme vaurs i d
Cowld ewer be in cludes in a clas interval
e a l l d elas loandam s.(las boundames
OvYe tout Hhe veal imnts elas
hterva. ue lower extreme poin is cal
we Cl as lobwn daxnM m i wppee Xtr eme
point coll ed the pper cla5 bowndor wi
heYn to w Perticwlaw class. clas
oowndam es e calutRd AYmm the class
wwwts i the ssleroius ruMes-
LeB LCL -

UCb UcL+
 whent i s t tomman bek wee
deyerenl
e UcL o m clas inen val m the LCL
ext clas lwt tr val T al +h d"s one
eLor dod o ha neon et hold wmber, thom d1
T vetordes upio ome plaut o4ter deumal Hen
d 01 etc. Expeit 4 ivst omd A
- all ih
o h e clas bgwndames ues mn d w betwem

h i UcL G a class omd LeL t i v E

clas.
Note hot the uCB q Cw clam nuda
the Lee the next clas lowt Hu UCL O w
class is iteret irom the LcL H e
next class. This 4aut mybe diuze to deude
whethexr the ponYS n s s deuning the clam
inter vals th a iven e dast" ore Yeall
clas immts oY clas brwndM e. clasM umts

Oe s e only tY the

TOpe 4T. dist" bwt all stahstical

Cadoulatim mo diaroms invstviv eno peints
oclassets Ge bstd n class bnundaies,

A Class mark- The valme exouty at the md le

o clS inteNVal is Colleo class mar k
OY mid Vlml t ues a way betwecn
the claS uit or bet ween +he class
btwndori es
VCL LCB+ UCB
Class mark =LCL 2
2
 Class man is nsed a nYepreseM
VAMR b aAass uterva oY 4he calu
CMtadiv
twe
calmla
ent statistical measw es
uke nd
dter
etc
Stomdond deviatiom
A n2e 0
Glass widtHh-Widh ov a class is
i 4 er e u l betwetm t h i en piP e alass

oowndo mes (wot class umts). I (nshi

ren ist", it is aeneralk preura

owe classes e emal widH. Tms impie
thecl colculahm sme Stotis ticas
mias w es oy shrt eut methods, Uneuua uwidt
6 clas5es is Yesorted to when
S0me s
the sos"s owe tor oud TOm the r et:The
w 6 eqmal widH insudh cases m
YeSult n $ome
tmpBy claASeS
AFTe dinstt Fre dennty a das 1s its
feauinu pex wnat o y i n a class omd

Freq densnt Frea Hhe class

class widt
tt is Ws eto dYom)
stogrom wwn the
clasSes Ne wneal widtt
 Cumuu lative treuen dist" md LtS Uses-Cummlativet
+e
Te dist orrespsndimg to a specitied value
"

Vamalble maM be deined a he D. OobSS

Smalle tham OY areatex ham + val ue. The
no. obs"s pto anvem value is calle less

Hhan ape Cumulative trea, omd tha no.

o slo's
areateN Hhomn a va is Calkd wOYetam
frequen
umalative c . A talda sha
re he valu
the ummlahve Jreauenci es aaannst
ed un
+ h e voiaole, systemati Cal oYeng
increainna o decreakinz oTÒer LS knoW n as

cuww.lavë resist",
Cumuluve r e , disth ts used-
u To ind the total no. oloss less tham r mre

+ham my nvem value

T o 4ind the total na. o ss"s tauiu oetuRn
valus o+e aks e.
o wy 4uo0 spefied
vam

w) To tind
4ind mediom,martile omd percemtiles.

ARelative Freq dist"- Relative 4reauane deustas the

las tYen expsessd as
Hractim 4otal re.
Relahve reannc= Class Fe
Tstal Fe
The s m 6
The al relatiVe frequeneies is equal-to
0 L Whem the relative fveauemeies ANE Supwn
aganst the tovYS pond1ns Classes ta a takruar fnm
 h e i t S mon as nelatve AnrMOn

Diaaa mmalhe RepyeseuBatiom jov 18po J it

A Histog Tom Histo n m i 4he mf Commpvn ov m
o1armwmatic YepyeseMakion
12ped re id" 1t
Cons t oh a set aajaim

homen tal bax liue ii

eas he etngleA class lo oun don

pYopo t onal do tlht class fy¬quen ies,
1ki wiot o the veeongles extemds ovex tho
class lbewndonis Shoon on the hom2ontal
axis, When al classes have eqna width,
hingts o the Yectomgs oil be proportiowl
Ho the elass requenci es omd it is then customY
to 4ake the luegts nuanerically equal to the
class tre I havaever t h classes Ne
wwesa w t YeLtomles oid also Loe
wwenal widt mnd huwtove Hhe heigts must
loe prepo t1mad to the
fve. dennty In 4his
Are O
etomqle Wid th x heigwt
- C\MSs width x re
densnt
lass width xreq7 He elass
class woHL

fvea, , the das

 '. Area
a l Yeltom es 76ta fveun
AlHenaivey we cam plst the velakive fre
emsi tis aln the y axis. "Then Ae total anea
W be eapna to on
AHss vanical loor clhant md
may apPer to be alule, thi namn
mstogvom
ponwt o
distius tion loetuo een 4hem is that the Consi
ive
etamg Les in a
wistggram howe hospae between
hem. Bwt thi oar diag r o m hut hwe equal
spaces betwe he cswnantive
otS. Also he
Yatomaula
Yautamglus in a boe diagY om
st be emal wid th .Bwt thsse in a hsto -
m we prop timal to he clas widH and
enue ma be wmeaual. The msto arom is
obteralU om area diajYm wme emphasizes
he t ot nveetamqles between the clas
lobwndaames. But in bom
dlajTm sly the heght
a

LS inpoY tomt th Spaeerns omd

w1dth o bYS
aNe abitrra
AUse ot Histoarom
The Sermes Tutmals nves the visual Tepresamtatn
oh the relaive n2 es o tke various qroups amd
he entiTe dist" o total yrea, man the digerent
clases becomes at mie visnble
) The swrtaml z Hhe ops veutomg les also kiat
C a ves m idea aloout the watwwe oz tthe }Ye
 CuXveY the pop" rom ohit the hve
noy be asum +o be
droaudn
w mstogrom is sed to 4ind t mdoe
T
-

ve Uve is a graphi cal represenHatiom

OCmuldnve Aye dist md honl it
1s

olso call umulative frea polygan. Whm

CUmw lative tresnces ae ploted agonnst tha

responding elass lorundams omd +H

Swceive points Ore jnned oy strauzht nts
0ive s
he diagTom obtanned is kwown as

Cumwlative tre poyam.1he ognve 1s

less thom DY mOYe thom type uDrd 1ng as

h uulawe freauLn ies wsed oe less
hm move thom type. lhe les tham tPe Dive
stots tTom the lowest class lbnmda m he
ho2smtal axis mo qYduaUly i snha upwoTds
end ot Hh neusn est claSS btwndanry
coYvEspond ivg
to the uumulatave
frea'N' tTstal
ve) I t lsrks ke m elsngatad S. Tue move
hom tyPe ove has the appease a m
elsnaatd S turnd upsnde drwn. Vnegl
wd a clas in he req oist" do not
Qamse om diHiuty in he tonstructton
OOm Onve
 less hom

Move tham

Class boundoa

AUSE ) The 0ive is wsed to gind the medim

a,uwrtiles amd pex centilets oY the value oh 4he
vamable suc Hhat its umulove, jrea ts

a specatied umbers.
T t is also usetul in tindiva the cumu lathve

frea Orrespondiw2 to a
iven vadua o he
Vamalo le.
) Tt is ubed to tind te ho oy 6os"s whue.
aNe expeited to ue bef two nven values.

Frequne Cuwrve Whm th VmolblL wnd er

Lsnsnderathon is usntims, it is instruutive +o
visual5e what foYm the rea. ist wowl
aue it he no o observ ore increased
indiimt n onmA praLtial ntuati on one

DHCorSe hs a m t oY Tathor Smal o. g

Dlaservations omd he tren dist" iu be 4ormed
wiH Smal 0. cla es out tpfee e
inCYeaseo) $o thol
h tyea
tetal is gradually
the no.classes goes om intrean r .Thjrq
 ist n Shuh a caLe, nmM be supposed 4o n0auh
Ow Ldeoa 4arm whose nature ma be Visaalsed
Om he natwne 4 histo arom Suppos
relativé
e . wse
the
C th msto9Tom
dentnties m ot tha Jrequtt
rEnA
thomselves. The +otal
ovsea othe
d ennty
toill +ten remann the Some,i-e 1.
mstogrom
wiu ushalenm
Bwt the istogrom itsel
Closer tlss er tb a Smott cwrvetws hwtiug
the msto2rovm ts CoMad a 4rea.
awe
OYm
Y m
as he representaive
t i ch maslbe. vi eved
oy the iven
he r L or ideal frea ist"
m
onti wows vamalole. In ost ituatins
A howe wWtimatil in vie A
pratHcal nim
St ndividuoMs omo t e iven individnals
wiu be reganded as constitutin ony Smal
N
eprebemtatave Pot ok he inim set
he moin 1deal re ist" wil1 fhm
tHhe wany ponttimenb.
A Histoaron apprOAChina toWords re Crve
 Some o mman tA Pes {Yea CVe

Bel shaped Uw madal-

0 Sy mm etric,

-h

0)+veLy skeuded

h o oth
CC
- Ve ly skede-
-

oh pth

Nokotiom
AoValu o he vamalle at Wmdh tha
Peak is aHended

a) va at

h n tY Smmetme,

(2th) -j(a-h)*h>o
OY tvea skewed

for-ve skewed

MultHi mo dal -
J-Sshaped

streeom
oident

T)

Ture4uenci ts monotom caly increase or

ecrease wit the vomalblu valu

0-Shaped

Freauntaes e m

dex ati valus o} the

Vmalo.
A Stem lea displo A stem % leab
v e s om idea abowt the shape o hi dist"
We Com also hane the idea o the cemtve

spY ead o the aist, At uses autn a values

Othe ata set & woks best fOY Small set

6os's. Swpprs we have

n
oos 112:. ')
n . The methology o tis 4pe o display
1S to wide e a r valm i [ t -100
m tuoo

ne pot m nsts
r MOre
Prts.
next wghls Place
leading 0igits ( highert
or

Value dints) as stem md the 0thor pO

Conists he Yest o the dints as lea

Tue stem valuts are isted out to the let

vertical iwe md ea ea value
a
in a
pOnding to the Stem ls wm Hen
COYYes
steam
homental uhe to thi rmgwt othe
re encowntered
to the oTder m wmdn Huy
value to omother,
Lh passin rom one

Let ws C6n nde he mon ks o 1S

Studemts in a coY toh exmm

A2, 75, 8 7,81, 56, 13, 4),84,33,2t,6

762,l,62, 34,29, 150
Stem Leab
2
,7

,2
2,S,3,1
4,1,4