original size and shape oS found in nature lie b cwolinea eee ee © Stress is the restoring force per unit aree- ‘© There are three types of stress, namelY: stross) @) Normal secs (tensile stress and compressive Ss Gii) Shearing stress/tangential stress. ha ei Sarai ube eh an the fractions change in dimension® © There are three types of strain, namely : @ Longitudinal strain i) Volumetric strain (ii) Shearing strain © Hooke’s law states that; “ Stress is directly proportional to strain, ‘Thus under the elastic limit, Stress «Strain t Stress _ constant E f ‘The constant of proportionality is valled as the ‘modulus ‘of elasticity’ or ‘coefficient of au i ae the elastic behaviour of the objects, which are as follows / © Three elastic moduli are used to @ Young's modulus i) Bulk modulus (ii) Shear modulus oo rremeters which are a class of solids, do not obey Hooke's law. Some Important Formulae Area ‘The SI unit of stress is Nm“* and the C.GS. unit is dyne em”2, The dimensional formule of stress i Te] 2, Strain = Changsindimension dimension Strain has no units and dimensions. 3. Modulus of elasticity, B= Se * ‘Strain ‘The SI unit of modulus of elasticity is Nm~ and its dimensions are [ML-'T~*]. 4. Young’s modulus of elasticity: = _Normalstress __ FIA __FL Tongitudinalstrain AL/L AAL ‘The SI unit of Young's modulus of elasticity is Nm x re dionajoael formula is MLCT" or pascal (Pa) and its CGS unit is : 5. Bulk rrodulus, X = VoMmeeteroes 5 FLA Volumetriestrain AV/V - onaav quenegative sign in the shove formula indica tes that the volume decreases with the increase in stress. The SI dit is Nm or pascal (Pa) and CGS unit is dyne em-2, ie dimensional formula is given as [ML-*T-2) gpear modulus, 6 ‘Tangentialstress FIA F Shearstrain @ a6 where, ke = = ‘he SI unit is Nm“ and its CGS unit is dyne cm-2. Longitudinal strain ‘AD/D LAD DAL +1. Poisson's ratio, o = ‘The negative sign in the formula indicates that longitudinal and lateral strains are opposite. It has no units and dimensions. » The dimensional formula is [ML7"T~*} Solved Examples Example 8.1. A structural steel rod has a radius of 10 mm and a length of 1.0 m. A 100 kN force stretches it along its length. Calculate : (a) siress (b) elongation and (c) strain on the rod. Young’s modulus of structural steel is 2.0 sag! Nm“, Ans. Here it is assumed that the rod is held by a damp at one end, and a force F is applied at the other xd, parallel to the length of the rod. ‘Then the stress on the rod is given by; E an e100 =3.18 x10° Nm? 3.14x(10™ m) () Elongation ap~ PIAL ¥ (3.18x10° Nm~*)x1m 2x10 Nm = 1.59108 m=1.59 mm (©) Strain eu L = (2.59 10% m)/(1m) = 1.59 x10 = 0.16% Example 8.2. A copper wire of length 2.2 m and a steel wire of length 1.6 m both of diameter 3.0 mm, are connected end to end. When stretched by a load, the net elongation is found to be 0.70 mm. Obtain the load applied. Ans. Here, the copper and steel wires are under a tensile stress because they have the some tension which is equal to the load W and with same area of cross-section A Stress = strain x Young's modulus . WIA= Ye x (Ale ! Le) = ¥g x(ALs x Ls) (where the subscripts C and S are copper and steel respectively] +: Alig ALs = (¥g!¥¢ x Lg! Lg) Given: Le =2.2m,Ls =1.6m and Yo =1.1x 10"! Nm ¥s =2.0x10" Nm? ato rats =[20si0") [22-28 a) 1aixi0? | [26= Ics Refresher, Class-11 Hence, the total elongation Ale +ALg = 7.0x10™ m. 2-2), By the equation (1) and (2) a = 2x10 ‘AL = 5.0x10 mand ALs = 20x10 m + W=(AxYo x Le) Le = f(1.5% 1079)? «(6.0104 x 1.1 x10") 2.2 =18x10?N Example 8.3. In a human pyramid in a circus, the entire weight of the balanced group is supported by the legs of a performer who is lying on his back (as shown in the figure below). The combined mass of all the persons performing the act, and the tables, plaques, etc involved in 280 kg. The mass of the performer lying on his back at the bottom of the pyramid is 60 kg. Each thigh bone (femur) of this performer has a length of 50 cm and an effective radius of 2.0 cm. Determine the amount by which each thighbone gets compressed under the extra load. ‘Ans. The total mass of all the performers, tables, plaques, etc. = 280 kg. Mass of the performer = 60 kg ‘Mass supported by the legs of the performer at the bottom of the pyramid = 280-60 = 220 kg Weight supported by each thigh bone of the performer = $x@1s9) N= 1078 N ++ Young's modulus for bone = 9.4 10°Nm~* Length of each thigh bone L = 0.5 m ‘The radius of the thigh bone = 2.0 em ‘Therefore, the cross sectional area of the thigh bone A= nx(2x 107)? m? = 1.26 x10-3 m? The compression in each thigh b calculated as ae AL = (Fx L)/ (Y x A)] = [(1078x 0.5)/ (9.4% 109 x 1.26% 10-9) = 4,85x107 m =4.55 x10" om Since, this is a very small change, }, Fractional decrease in the thigh bone ie gi ly 0,000091 emntseire " le 8.4. A square lead sl; om Faaienick s 10cm is subject tide shearing force (on its narrow face) of 99 Ph . ‘The lower edge is riveted to the floor. Hoy will the upper edge be displaced? Ta ‘Ans, The lead slab is fixed and the fog applied parallel to the narrow force of the gps shown in the figure below. a ‘Tho area ofthe face parallel to which this fn, applied is, , A= 50cm x10em = 0.5mx0.1_m =0.05 m? ‘s0.cm| i =a Therefore, the stress applied is = (9.4x 10" N/0.05 m?) 80 108 Nm=* Since, shearing strain = (Ax/ L) = Stress /G@ Hence, displacement Ax = (Stress xL)/G 1.8 10° Nm~ x 0.5m) (5.6x10°Nm~) =1.6x10~ m= 0.16 mm Example 8.5. The average depth of Indian ocean is about 3000 m. Calculate fractional compression, AVIV of water at bottom of the ocean. Given that the I modulus of water is 2.2 x10° Nm™. fl g=10nvs*} Ans. The pressure exerted by a 3000.m colt water on the bottom layer; P = hpg = 3000m x 1000kg/m? x10mis" = 3x 107 kgm”!s = 3 x10” Nm™ Since, fractional compression AVIV is; 30107 Nac® AVIV = Stress (B= 2*10 Nm 2.2109 Nm’ 1.36 x10™ or 1.36%ftoook Exercise g1.A steel wire of length 47 m jppal area 5.0%10"° m? stretches by tas a copper wire of length 85 ang sectional area 4.0% 10 m? under a gives What isthe ratio ofthe Young's modulus o¢ pod hat of copper? ‘gos. Given, for steel L= 4.7m, and cross y the same A= 3.0x1075 m? For copper L= 8.5m, A= 4,0x 1975 pp? ‘he applied foree F and extension AL are same oth the wires Young's modulus of steel, F me Px ST ABL 3.0540 aL +. Young's modulus for copper, eet Px3.5, O° ASL” 40x10 xaL Ys FxAT 40x10 aL “Yo 3.0x10%xaL x85 =1L79 @ 82 The figure below shows the ese-strain curve for a given material. What ¢ (a) Young's modulus and (b) approximate ld strength for this material? 300) 250) 200| 180 ‘Swoss (10° New-#) ——> 100] 0001 0002 0003 O04 Stain —> Ans. It is very clear from the graph that for a # of 16010" Nm; the strain is 0.002, (@) . Young’s modulus, f 50x 10° Nm ~~ 0,002 Mechanical Properties of Solids _ 199 Y= 7.5% 100 Nm (b) Near the bend of the curve, the stress is nearly 300% 10° Nm“ + Approximate yield strength of the material = 3x 10° Nm~ Q8.3. The stress-strain graphs for materials Aand B are shown in the figures below: The graphs are drawn on the same scale. (®) Which of the material has greater Young's modulus? (b) Which of the two is stronger material? | ee ae ‘Stress ——> ‘Stain —> Ans. (a) Young’s modulus = ‘train ——> stress strain stress-strain graph since, the slope of stress-strain ‘graph for material Ais higher than that for material B 0 material Ahas greater Young's modulus than B (b) Material Ais stronger than R because it can withstand greater stress before breaking, Q. 8.4. Read each of the statements below carefully and state with reasons; if it is true or false, (a) The modulus of elasticity of rubber is Sreater than that of steel. (b) The stretching of a coil is dete its shear modulus. Ans. (a) The statement is false. When same deforming force is applied on steel and rubber, there is less extension is steel and hence strain is less in case of steel than in rubber. slope of ed by Y is more in case of steel than that of rubber. (b) The statement is true. When the coil is stretched, there is.no change in the length or the volume of the wire used in the coil. There is only a change in-the shape of the spring; so shear modulus is involved. | \ ft21,8 x1 e made of steel and the other made of brass are Q.8.6. The edge of an aluminium Nonded as shown in the figure below. THE <2, tong. One face ofthe cube is firmy eth Late length of steel wire is 1.5m “ eae enetical wall, Ammass of 100 Kg is then gy ty wire i dulus of steel whey 2.0 210!" Ba greg pea aaa ee anol ai0ll Pa, the opposite face of the cube. The sheay Compute the elongations of stecl and brass of gluminium is 25 GPa. What is they wires. (1 Pa = 1 Nm“), deflection of this face? (1 Pa= 1 Nm-ty Ans. For steel wire + ‘Ans. Area of the face on which fore yy | Length, 1, =1.5m ‘A= 10cmx 10cm = 100em2 = 1001074 m? = 10-2 2 15m] Sto! "whore side ofthe given cube is Log * ‘Tangential forco acting on the face of hy AN F = Mg=100x10= 1000y, it Given, shear modulus m= 25GPa = 25 xagp kg Since, shear modulus = 788A area, Radius r, = 9:250m 1.95 x10" m sane 2 LIL” AaL Young's modulus, ee Y, = 2.0« 10!" Nm * “AN ‘Total foree on steel wire, _ 1000 0.10 Fy = (Akg +6kg) (10 m/s*) = 100 N 10 *xgsxigt For brass wire: =4x 10m ‘ Length, Ly = 1.0m, Q8.1, Four identical hollow cyl 4 Dae cia columns of mild steel support a big steug Radiuerg === =1,25x107 m * mass 60,000 kg. The inner and outer radil ofa Young's modulus, ¥p = 0.01% 10'' Nim? Force on brass wire, Fy, = (6kg) (10 mis) = 60N GOON) «(1.5m 3.14 (1.2610 m)? x(2 10!" Nm), 6 «10% m x10 2 8,14 (1.25% 10° m)® «(0.91% 10 Nm column are 30 cm and 60 cm respeet Assuming the load distribution to be ualfm Calculate the compressional steatn of ext column, ‘The Young's modulus of sted 4 2.0x 10"! Pa. Ans. Tho question states that the load ga distributed, «Load on cach column 1 mg 50000 kg) (10 mvs?) = 125000 Area of each column A= nr} =r?) i = (3.14) [(0.60.m)? =(0.90m)4) 0.85 m2 ‘45 modi youre? °° = 2.0% 10"! Nv sional strai 2, ome ieee FIA Young smodulus Y~ ee “ay in 125000N_. * (0.85 m?)(2.0x 10" Nm) 21.3107 8. piece of copper having a rectangular Gestion of 15.2 mm x 19.1 mm is pulled in erm with 44,500 N force producing only ot tion. Calculate th e_ deforma e resulting sustio #2 « Given, force F = 44500N A=15.2mmx19.1m =15.2x19.1x10 m? Young's modulus for copper 2x10!" Nm FIA since, ‘strain ee. % AY (15.2x 19.1 10)x(1.2x 10") = 0.001277 =1.27>108 Q89. A steel cable with a radius of 1.5 cm wports a chairlift at a ski area. If the maximum ess is not to exceed 10° Nm™*, what is the rimum load the cable can support? ‘Ans, The maximum limit of stress is given as 10° ‘The radius (r) of the steel cable = 1.5 em 1.5x10-? m Area of cross section (A) = xr? + Maximum stress = —Maximumload_ ‘rea of crosssection Maximum load = maximum stress x area of cross, = (10° Nm) x [3.14x(1.5x 10 m)?] 1.07 x104 N ee eee Mechanical Properties of Sollds (201 julus of steel Qai0. A rigid bar of mass 16 ke is supported eymmetrically by three wires each 2.0 m long. Those at each end are of copper and the middle one is of iron. Determine the ratios of their diameters if each is to have the same tension. : ‘Ans, Let T’be the tension in each wire. As the bar is supported symmetrically by the three wires, the incresae in length AL of each wire should be same. ae ao aL we have same L,AL and 7. Now, For all wires, 1 1 Hence, etorA«y lence, Ya ¥ xD? 1 1 oD ad or D- where, Dis the diameter : ¥; Deopper iron D, Yoorper ar ft.ox10" Pa 4.5 11x10" Pa Q8.11. A 14.5 ke mass, fastened to the end of a steel wire of unstretched length 1.0 m, is whirled in a vertical circle with an angular velocity of 2 revis at the bottom of the circle. The cross-sectional area of the wire is 0.065 cm*. Calculate the elongation of the wire when the mass is at the lowest point of its path. Ans. Given : mass, m= 14.5 kg Length of steel wire, 2= 1m = (ris the radius of the circle) Cross-sectional area of the wire A = 0.065 cm? = 0.065 x 10 m? ‘Young's modulus of steel, r = 2.0x 10"! Nm~® «. The total centripetal force at the lowest point. F = mg+mro® = (14.5kgx 9.8ms*) + (14.5kgx 1m x(2rad s“))?] = 142.1N+68N =200.1N _ Stress _ F/A Strain” AL/L Since, ¥Refresher, Class-11 : eer iL. 2001x2_ on 1-2: 08410° Kem"? AY 0,065x10 x2.0x107 Pa 2 =1.539 x10 m “ Pa = LOB agp 8.12. Compute the bulk modulus of water 8.14. Compute the fractiongy the following data : Initial volume = 100.0 volume of a glass slab, when gujy Pressure increase = 100.0 atm, final volume hydraulic pressure of 10 atm, © 100.6 litre (1 atm = 1.018 x10° Pa), Compare the ‘Ans. Its given in the question bulk modulus of water with that of air (at pressure applied on a gl Constant temperature). Explain in simple terms why the ratio is so large. litre, ‘Ans, Given, p= 100 atm = 100% 1.018% 108 Pa fee a ee Initial volume, V = 100.0 litre = 100.0 x10 m? sands 787% a wo Final volume, V’= 100.5 litre = 100.5 x10~° m? + Bulk modulus, K = “> * HES Lp d ng 1. Fractional change in volume of ggg gy AV = (200.5 100.0) 10° = 0.5% 1079 m' AV _ P _10x1.018% 195 = Bulk modulus of water VK oxi? 2 K = BY, _ 100%1.013%108 x100.0%10°% Q.8.15. Determine the volume eo, as av 05x10 a solid copper cube, 10 cm on an ¢ manent: subjected 0 hydraulic pressure of agg Q.8.13. What is the density of ocean water at Ans. The original volume can be a depth, where the pressure is 80.0 atm, given V =(10cm)® = 1000em3 4 . ess hat ts density at che surface is 1.09% 10° kg m*? = 1000%10- m2 gal Compressibility of water =45.8xi0"" Pa~', ni Give theeetnorasad® ra: Given pressure = P = 7.0% 108 Pa | ‘Ans. Given : Pressure p = 80.0 atm Forcopper, K = 140x109 Pg £80,0x1.013%10° Pa Bulk modulus K =?¥. | Bulk modulus of water A pee rn etc) ++ Volume contraction of copper cube, : PV _7.0x10® x10°8 Let pq be the density of water at depth, so, A ads ea 1 oP ™ 140x10' Be pare ue Py. =0.05 x10"€ m? = 0.08 em* 1 where Vg and Vg are the volumes of certain | _ 8.16. How much should the pressure mass M of water at the surface and at a given depth, litre of water be changed to compress ith Now, volumetric strain, oy Vs Va i Ans. Given, V = Llitre = 107 m? Vs Vs Vs" pa $Y 0.10% = 929 - 9,001 1.0310" kem Me 100 ava For water, K = 2,2x 10°Nm~* Using, bulk modulus, Since, PVg pave, (Ty =2.2x10° x0.001 ~ av_P F Vs" B =2.2x10°Nm™ -Answer Ti very Short ype ‘il Questions . pefine elasticity. : + 7 property of the material of » body due ase Tregains its original size and shape back, oe emoved of the deforming force, is called a oat what is a deforming force? Deforming force is a force which’ when Ans ges the shape and size of the body. gi ive two examples each of perfectly @4, Tes and perfectly plastic bodies. ‘4ns. Bxamples of ‘elastic bodies : Phosphor-bronze and quartz. perfectly plastic bodies : Paraffin wax and much. Give the formula for stress. A Restoringforce_ F a ‘Area A 5. Name the three types of stress. ‘gas The three types of stress are as following. (Normal stress Gi Bulk stress (Gi Tangential stress Qs. Give the Young’s modulus for a atectly rigid body. ans. The Young's modulus for a perfectly rigid is infinity. Q7. Define compressibility. Ans. Compressibility is defined as the reciprocal ie bulk modulus. Q8. Why is steel used for making heavy ymachines and structural designs? Ans. Steel is more elastic than other metals like = ond aluminium. Hence, it is used for making duty machines and structural designs. Q8. Write the dimensional formula and ST of Young’s modulus. Ans. The dimensional formula for Young's lus is (ML““T~*] and the SI unit is Nm or Pa) 2.10. What is elastic hysteresis? ims ‘Ans. Elastic hysteresis is defined as the lagging of strain behind the stress, when a deforming force 1s applied. ; Q.11. Which is more elasti Give reason. : ‘Ans. Volume. of elasticity is reciprocal of ‘compressibility. Air is. more compressive than water. Hence water is more elastic than # Q.12. What is ultimate or tensile strength? Ans. The stress at which the specimen breaks or ruptures ultimately is called ultimate or tensile strength. water or air? ‘> Q.13. What are elestomers? Ans. ‘The substance which can be stratched to large values of strain are called elastomers e.g. elastic tissue of aorta, the largest artery carrying blood from the heart. : Q.14. Name the modulus which is applicable for solids and fluids? 40D Ans. Bulk modulus. [8] Short Answer Type Questions Q11. According to Hooke’s law of elasticity, what happens to the ratio of stress to strain when the stress is increased? Ans. According to Hooke’s law of elasticity, the ratio of stress to strain remains constant. If the stress is increased. Stress _ Strain and Young's modulus remains constant for same material of the wire. Q2. What affects the elasticity of a substance? Ans. The elasticity of a substance is affected by change in temperature, impurity in the substance, hammering and annealing. Q.8. In pendulum clocks, invar steel is used instead of any other solid body. Give reasons. Since, ‘oung’s modulus_ elastidt® Pendulum clocks due to the change in the temper? of the material with the change in the Due te att’ uns slower in summers than in winters. vary the ht Teason invarsteclisueedin the pendulums. ‘Thug for a single wire of doubly gg tuna ,PeBdulum clock as it remaine practically the breaking force will be 4F, lmaflected by the change in temperature and thus + 8. Why does modulus of ela “ives accurate tm in llth seasons of the materials decrease with gn Why does a wire get heated when it is Giipersbare? ‘en bent back and forth? “Ans. As the temperature increagg, fl defore®: When a wire bent and forth, it’s’ gtomie fnrcon of attracting Decomes weaker Se eformations are beyond elastic init: The work done stress, a large strain or deformation jo Rp ‘Binst interatomic forces is no longer stored totally in. higher temperature, Hence the is the form of potential ‘energy. The crystalline structure, decreases with increase of temperature, of wire gets affected and work done converted into Q89. Find the density of the heat energy. Pressure of 20,000 Nem”, Given, gue ty! QS. The ratio ‘Constant for a ‘2 Peal stressistrain remains the metal = 11gem-*, bull: mod, ‘small deformation. What happens ulus = 8x 10°Nm™, ota to this ratio, It deformation is made very large? J Ans. When the deforming force exceeds the © Ans. According to the question, clastic limit, the strain increases more rapidly than P= 2x10! Nem = 2x 198: ‘Nav Stress. Hence the ratio of stress/strain decrease, K=8x10°Nm= i Q.6.A wire is cut to half its original length, yoP¥ _2x!xy y | (a) How would it affect the elongation oo AV sie exo? wo 7 under a given load? “ v (b) How does it effect the maximum load it, «: Find volume V’= Vay = V-— ay can support without exceeding the elastic limit? Since, the mass ofthe metal remaing “ i Ext ‘yt a s eY= : m=Vp= | Ans. Young's modulus ¥ = E21 ey * or at y_ 40x11 All “ == 1128 gent So when the wire is cut half to it’s original length Q.10. The length of a metal wire ie then extension is halved. +. the tension in it is 7, and is 1, when the (b) Maximum load (F) = YA! is T,. What is the natural length of wits! Ans, Let Lbe the original length and. Here ¥ and Aare constant, Whenthe wite is cut” op geen syne ae Ate to half its original length, there is no charge on the ‘The charge in length, when tension i value of“, Hence there is no effect on the maximum iii v 1=4h=h-L load. The charge inlength, when tension is Q7. The breaking force for a wire is F. What Ty Ar will be the breaking force for (a) two parallel F wires of the same size, (b) for a single wire of Young modulus in btoh case : double the thicknes Yys¥o Ans. (a) When two wires of same size are TxL TL suspended in parallel a force F equal to the breaking Axhh-D Ath-D force will act on each wire of a breaking force 2F is x applied on the parallel! combination, q Tt, G-D°G-bTy=Ts Qnrog fr # ee same weight is attached?) | ‘sm en = 0.05 mm 32, A 4 m long copper wire of cross nal area 1.2 cm? is stretched by a force Migx10? N. Young’s modulus of copper is yeisxi0 Nim’, Calculate the increase in the agh of the wire. ‘Ans. Given : Length of the copper wire = 4m ‘ea of cross section = 1.2 cm” Foree = 4.8 x 10°N Young's modulus of copper ¥ = 1.211" Nm* L_ 48x10? 4 AY 12x10 1,2x10" =1.88x10 m=1.83 mm @18.A thick copper rope of density 1.5 x10 im and Young’s modulus 5x 10° Nm“*, 8 m in beth, hunged from the ceiling of the room. aleulate the increase in its length due to its m weight. ‘Aus. Given : Length of the copper rope = 8 m Density of the copper rope = 1.5% 10° kg m~* 5x 108 Nm Alpe site weight of the wire acts on the CG, so the sion produced in length is U2 pyar L182 ALpse AaL A 2aL get, Anite whose cross sectional area is 4 QU: ched by 0-1 mm by a certain weight, JistteT g wire of the same material and. ih, if its cross sectional area is 8 length of 1.0 m. A force stretel 7 ven : Cross sectional area of two wires is length and produces a strain 1 modulus of the steel i N' ' the magnitude of the force stretchi Poe ay : Substituting the valuesin the above equation, we 64% 1,5%108 X10 mp fg = 10 m/s 2x 5x 10° AL= 9,6x 107 m Set radius of 10 mm and & shes it along its ‘of 0.16%. Young’s 2.0 x10! Nm“. What is ing the rod? aL= Ans. Here, r= 10mm =107 m ns and L=im 0.16 28 ea aL y= 2x10 Nm 100” — YAAL L x¢ 101 x 8.14 x 10"4 x 0.16 x 10-* 0° N= 100kN- Q.15. Young’s modulus for a steel wire is. 2x10! Pa and its elastic limit is 2.5 x10° Pa. By how much can a steel wire 3 m long and 2 mm in, diameter be stretched before the elastic limit i exceeded? Ans. Given : Young's modulus for steel wire = 2x10" Pa Elastic limit = 2.5x 10° Pa = Length of the wire = 3m Diameter of the wire. ‘mn +. The maximum force that can be applied Elastic limit x Area of cross section = 2.5x 108 xx(1x 1079)? N = 2.5010? N ‘The length by which the wire can be stretched, ape EE. _2-6nx10? x3 AY x(10-%)x 2x10" = 3,75x 10° m = 3.75 mm Q.16, A cube is subjected to a uniform volume compression. If the side of the cube by 2%. Calculate the bulk strain. Ans.Sune, V = L?Vv 2.17. When a weight of 10 kg is suspended O24 copper wire of length 3 m and diameter iarn™ its length increases by 24 cm. If the ‘ameter of the wire is doubled: Calculate the extension in its length. Ans. Given : Length of copper wire = 3) Diameter =0.4 mm . For constant F, Land ¥ wt 4 i =0.6cm Q.18. Calculate the Young's modulus of the material of a wire, if a stress of 1x 10° Nm applied on it and the wire increases by 10-* of its length. Ans... Given : Stress = 110° Nm™ and Strain = 10 Hence, Young's modulus Stress «10° Nm? 10 train = 10 Nm* Q19. Two parallel and opposite forces each 3000 N are applied tangentially to the upper and lower faces of a cubical metal block 30 cm on a side. The shear modulus of the metal is given as 8x10! Nm™. Calculate the angle of shear and the displacement of the upper surface relative to the lower surface. Ans. Given; force F = 3000 N, and Shear modulus of the metal = 8x 10!° Nm? Length (L) = 30cm= 30x10 meter Shearing stress = - _3000__ 0300.30 = 33,833.83 Nm + Shearing strain = e= Shearing stress = 33,833.33 Shearmodulus “x 49! 166 107" rad AL = 10 = 0.80% 4.166x 19-7 = 1.2498 x10" m_ [q] long Answer Type Questions Qi. Differentiate between the (a) Ductile material and brittle (©) Perfectly elastic: body. anq tl plastic body. Also give vexamples of thet, Aas s re {“@ Ductile material ‘A ductile materisl is al [rmevial that canbe an twisted with no crack, If tonsile force is |applied to these materials they canbe stretched into a| wire, But if compressive| {force is applied, they can be| deformed into sheets. | Examples : Coppers, aluminium, steel, etc. = | @) Perfectly elastic body 1A brittle ceramics, ete Tm Perfectly plastic bojy JA body that regains its original size and shape {immediately and completely| |after the removal of the| |deforming force is called| perfectly elastic body. |A body that does nt its original size and after the deforming fore, removed and remainsnty \deformed config. -uratins called perfecty plastichix — | | | i Q.2. Explain the following : \ (i) Young’s modulus | (ii) Bulk modulus | (iii) Shear modulus Ans. (i) Young's modulus | Within the elastic limit, the ratio of vocal | stress (longitudinal stress) to the longitudinal sit defined as Young's modulus. | Examples : Phosphor bronze| Examples ! Paraffin and quartz, and mud.fig, Young's modulus of elasticity nine stress = F/ A increase in length length of the wire F = force xross-sectional area = xR? Re=radius of wire od normal Bee ee Normaltress BVA Tongitudinalsteain ~ O07, FL ‘ YO AaL sive, strain is a dimensionless’ quantity, rire tne SI unit of Young's modulus is same.as Stress and is Nm“ or pascal (Pa) and ite CGS. sits dyne cm”. When the radius of wire is considered as “then oe Teeth xRPAL Me dimensional formula is [ML—'T~ Gi) Bulk modulus Bulk modulus of elasticity is defined as the ratio ‘toamal, hydraulic or bulk (volumetric) stress to the kmetric strain, within the elastic limit. a. Bulk modulus of elasticity representation 2 oe vceay esate urea ae ia ,V and surface Suppose there is a body of volume V an ‘area Aas shown in the above figure. A uniforms force 7 acts over the whole surface area of the body’and 3 decreases the valume of the body by AV: ~+ Then, bulk modult pe! “Hydeautieor Bulk(volumetti) stress Volumet ‘ Fla __ Flies mn Bulk modulus (K) = 777 =~ aav. Hence negative sign indicate that When pressure is increased then volume is decreased: Bulk modulus is represented by K on B. ‘The SI unit of bulk modulus 35: a . or Pa and the dimensional formula is [ML~T *} (ii) Shear modulus , Shear modulus is defined as the ratio of tangential stress to shear strain, within the elastic limit. : It is also called as the modulus of rigidity and is represented by 1)or G. “° ‘Suppose, we take into consideration a rectangular block or a cuboid whose lower face is fixed anda tangential force F acts on the upper face of area das shown in the figure below. sal ae pies Tt Rey. 3/8. Parr, Fixed surface Fig, Shear modulus of rigidity ‘Then tangential stress a Shear strain = ae cL 4 Modulus of rigidity = Tancential stress Shear strain @ AO AAL Here, 6 = 2P@QAand PA = AL and PQ = SR'= 1. -FIAL FFL 7‘The Sf unit of modulus of rigidity is Nm“* ~~ 8. The elastic energy stored for pais and its CGs unit is dyne cm™*. The is (ML7 Tr). [D] Multiple Choice Questions 1. Shear stress is related to 9 () area © volume (@ shape. ~ 2. The breaking stress of a wire depends upon (@) length of the wire (©) radius ofthe wire (© material of the wire (@ shape of the cross-section of wire 3. According to Hooke’s law of elasticity, if stressis increased, the ratio of stressto strain @) decreases () increases (©) becomes zero (@ remains constant 4. Within elastic limit, which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of extension in the length of a wire with the external load? t t 5 Yeopper) are equally stretched. (@) Less work is done on copper spring (b) Less work is done on steel spring (©) Equal work is done on both the springs (@ Data is incomplete 7. Which of the following substance has highest value of Young's modulus? (a) Aluminium (b) Tron (©) Copper @ Steel a stretched wire is: ois wi ao 2Y 5 2 ES Ltsees) (@ 1 streey 1 é O32 Tye | ee a 4 9. Young’s modulus of a wire 1. (a) diameter of the wire (b) mass hanging from the wire i) © length of the wire (@ material of the wire at 10. A steel cable with a radius 2 em, 3 chairlift at a ski area. If the. : ie is notto exceed 10° Nm“, the, Fa the cable can support is @ axxi0°N Warxity (© 2xx10°N @ aexigty A. 11. Awire stretches by acertain 5. Joad. If the load and radia 1 = increased to four times. The stretc, = in the wire is 1 @! o> Lt L ot @t i ff 12.With rise in temperature, the modulus of elasticity. (a) increases (by decreases (© remains unchanged (@) Noneofthe, 13. The ratio of shearing stress tothe da strain is defined as (a) Young’s modulus (b) Bulk modulus (©) Shear modulus (@ Compressibility 14, The shear modulus is also known as (@) Bulk modulus (b) Young's modulus (©) Modulus of rigidity (@ Poisson's ratio 15. The Young’s modulus of a wire of leat) and radius r is Y. If the length is redard? 12 and radius is r/2, then the eh modulus will be ¥ @> wy (© 2 @ 4Answers 3 @ 40) 8 8 FO £2 Fon 6 4? 3 @ © 4. © 15. a is more elastic. If its value of modulus 1AM ticity 58 ~ aie Toupport a load Mg wthout breaking. It sAmi nto two equal parts. The maximum load erent ts modulus the property of eee imensional formula of strain is Answers Liofsity, 2large, 3. Mg, =a 5. MOLT} | Assertion & Reason Questions Directions: Following questions consist of atements - Assertion (A) and Reason (R). rer these questions selecting the priate option given below: Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, ‘and Reason (R) is the correct explanation of the Assertion (A). i) Both Assertion (A) and Reason (R) are true, but Reason (R) is not the correct explanation af the Assertion (A). ) Assertion (A) is true, but Reason (R) is false. ) Assertion (A) is false, but Reason (R) is true. ssertion (A): The stretching of a coil in stermined by its shear modulus. > eason (R): Shear modulus change only shape of body keeping its dimensions unchanged. wertion (A): Spring balances show correct adings even after they had been used for a long | a interval. ason (R): On using for long time, spring ances losees its elastic strength. srtion (A): Steel is more elastic than rubber. son (R): Under given deforming force, steel is mmed less than rubber. 4. Assertion (A): Bulk modulus f elasticity 00 represent incompressibility of the i Reason .(R): Bulk modulus of elasticity is Proportional to change in pressure 5 5. Assertion (A): Stress is the internal force per unit, area of a body. Reason (R); Rubber is less elastic than steel. + Answers 1 @) 2@ 3 @ [G] Case Based Questions Direction : Study the given Case/Passage and answer the following questions. Q.1. Read the given passage given below and answer the following questions. ‘According to Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit, stress is proportional to the strain. ie. stress ~ strain S088 - constant = E ‘strain ‘The constant Eis called modulus of elesticity. Its value depends upon the nature of material of the body and the manner in which the body is deformed, and also upon the temperature of the body. Its value is independent of the dimension (length, volume ete. of the body). There are three moduli of elasticity namely Young's modulus (¥), Bulk modulus () and modulus of rigidity(n), corresponding to three types of the strain. 1, According to Hooke'’s law of elasticity, if stress is increased, the ratio of stress to strain. (@) Increases (©) Decreases (©) Becomes zero (@ Remains constant 2. Young's modulus of the wire depends on (@) Length of the wire (b) Diameter of the wire (©), Material of the wire (@) Mass hanging from the wire. 3. According to Hooke’s law force is proportional to @t oF @x @sx? @ & &) 4, Stress to strain ratio is equivalent to (@) Modulus of elasticity (b) Poisson’s ratio (©) Reynold number (@ Fund number5. On. applying a stress of 20x.10® Nim*, the length of a perfectly elastic wire is doubled. Its Young’ modulus will be (@) 40x 108 Nim? ; (Wy 20x 108 Nim? ©, 10 108 Nim? (@) 5x 108 Nim? ~~. + Answers’ WP @7 2 O-~ B © 4 @ 5 O) 902. Q) 2. Read the case/passage given below and answer the following questions. ~—When-e solid or fluid (liquid or gas) is subjected to a uniform pressure all over the surface, such that the shape remains the same, then there is a change in volume. “Then the ratio of normal stress to the volumetric strain within the elastic limits is called as Bulk modulus. This is‘denoted by K. __Normal stress ~ Volumetric strain FIA Ve “AVIV | AV ‘where p= increase in pressure, V = original volume, AV = change in volume 1. If the volume of a block of aluminium is decreased by 1%, the pressure (stress) on its surface is increased by (Bulk modulus of Al 5x 1019 Nim?) £5 (@) 75X10! Nim? © () 75x 10° Nm? K= (by°75x 108 Nim? (@ 15x 104 Nim? 1.If ¥,K and n are the values of Young's modulus, bulk modulus and modulus of rigidity of any material respectively. Choose the correct relation for these parameters. [JEE Main et Yn 3YK pee ny a @ og Nm? @ a yp 9Kn 2 oKY © Nh (@) Y= D 7p ak=5 9) n+ 3K Nin" 2. A wire of length L, area of cross-section A is hanging from a fixed support. The length of 4.A uniform cube is’ subjected tg , 5. The bulk modulus 6f an ideal gas at, COMPETITION Corner . To what depth below» the su, Ur fa, should a rubber ball be taken a,°° 0f; its volume by 0.1%. [Take-gert? tens water= 100 kg/m, Bull modutugn 9x 10° Nim®, acceleration ate aie m/s*} = @9om 508m (© 180m @ 90m . An increase in pressure of 100'kp, certain volume of water to dec 5x 10 per cent of its original yoy, speed of sound (compressional wa, water is close to (@) 1000 m/s (1400 m/s ©) 1200 mis (2) 1700 tas compression. If each side is decreaseqy then bulk strain is bry, (@) 0.01 ©) 0.06 © 0.02 @y.0.08 temperature conan, (@) is equal to its volume (b) is equal to p/2 (©), is equal to its pressure p (@) connot be determined. Answers 2. (d) 3. © 4.@) 5 1. 0b) the wire changes to L, when mass Mi suspended from its free end. The express for Young’s modulus is— [NEET20 fALy ~ L) MgL. (a) — AL () AL a Mg Mala, Orne @ 3. The stress-strain curves are drawn fot different materials X and Y. It is obs that the ultimate strength point fracture point are close to each othe material X but are far apart for materi