Holy Cross College

Institute of Psychology
School of Arts, Sciences, and Education
Sta. Ana, Pampanga

Navigating Digital Dependency: Exploring Help-Seeking Patterns and Self-

Reliance in the Digital Age

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Research 2

(Bachelor of Science in Psychology)

____________________

GROUP 1:

Catacutan, Justine Mhay A.

Decenilla, Charlene G.

Hipolito, Armichel Kay S.

Hipolito, Mary Grace T.

Mandap, Mark Niel Q.

Sagum, Ma. Lourdes Zobel B.

December 2023
Navigating Digital Dependency: Exploring Help-Seeking Patterns and Self-Reliance in the

Digital Age

Introduction (Under Revision)

Background of the Study

In the modern era, the digital revolution has fundamentally transformed how people live,

work, and interact with the world around them. Digital technologies, from smartphones to the

Internet, have become ever-present and indispensable aspects of our daily lives (Raja &

Nagasubramani, 2018). While these technologies offer unparalleled convenience, connectivity,

and access to information, they have also ushered in a complex and evolving phenomenon

known as digital dependency, which substantially influences our communication patterns and

dynamics.

Digital dependency refers to the increasing reliance on technology and digital systems for

communication, information retrieval, and social interaction. Over the past two decades,

societies have experienced a significant shift in how people function due to the growing

dependency on digital systems (World Economic Forum, 2022). Internet usage became a staple

in everyday lives of human beings making it one of their basis when making decisions and the

primary means of acquisition of knowledge.

With the emergence of online search engines, technology has helped many people search

for information with the concepts they are curious about, including help-seeking and self-

diagnosis. They consider it as a free alternative way of consultation. As stated by Pretorius et al.

(2019), in their narrative review, compared to barriers such as stigma and a preference for self-

reliance encountered in offline help-seeking, online help-seeking may provide a different setting

where young people can get support for mental health issues without having to deal with the

same barriers. While professional consultation, especially in matters related to one's health, is

considered the most advisable approach, various online search engines have made help-seeking

information more manageable and accessible through technology in the present digital age. As a

result, some individuals have come to rely on these digital resources excessively.

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Excessive internet use is often associated with pathological internet use (Morahan-Martin

& Schumacker, 2000; as cited by Helsper & Smahel, 2020). Pretorius et al. (2019) explained that

help-seeking in the digital age could be an extending help, but not a solution, as it has its

barriers. These barriers include the lack of mental health literacy, concern about possible leakage

with privacy and confidentiality, uncertainty about the online platform resources, and even the

issue of limited development with the theoretical models used as guide research on online help-

seeking. Thus, utilizing digital help-seeking without the guidance of a mental health practitioner

may lead to adverse results.

Some of the previous studies have highlighted that one of the problems faced with mental

health care in Rwanda, a sovereign state in Africa, is the accessibility to the professionals needed

to seek help. Out of the 247 people who experience depression and suicidality, only six received

help from a mental health practitioner. Furthermore, another concern is that the acceptability rate

of getting diagnosed and receiving treatment is too low (Umubyeyi et al., 2015). On the other

hand, in the Philippine setting, Lally et al., (2019) concluded that even with the Mental Health

Act of 2009, there are still ongoing hurdles characterized by insufficient funding, a scarcity of

mental health experts, and the inadequate development of community-based mental health

services.

Few researchers focus on people's help-seeking reliance patterns in this digital age,

especially with online information-seeking behavior. Although previous studies deal with online

help-seeking, it does not cover Filipino behavior regarding this matter. With the assumption that

people are more comfortable with online help-seeking in this digital age, this study aims to

cultivate a deeper understanding of the patterns and motivations behind people's inclination to

seek information online. It also seeks to explore why individuals often choose to self-diagnose

without consulting professionals, a behavior that can lead to misdiagnosis or even worsening

their condition. Additionally, the study aims to statistically define the factors that contribute to

the online-seeking behavior of Filipinos, including their internet usage habits.

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In a report shared by Baclig (2022), the Philippines once again ranked on top in 2022,

second on the list and lower than last 2020 when it ranked first, as the country whose citizens

spend too much time on the internet and social media for an average of 10 hours and 27 minutes.

A decline in usage hours was also seen again in 2023. According to Kemp (2023), Filipinos

spend a total daily figure of 9 hours and 14 minutes, above the average of 6 hours and 37 minutes

and lower than 10 hours and 56 minutes per day, as reported in their Digital 2021 Global

Overview Report. This figure of usage also included the facilitation of different tasks they

needed to do, such as their work, school projects, and simply entertainment. The data supports

that Filipinos do not merely overuse the internet for personal enjoyment but also employ it in

diverse ways that can benefit them financially, socially, and even mentally.

Mental health disorders represent the third most prevalent disability in the Philippines,

affecting a significant portion of the population. Approximately 6 million Filipinos are estimated

to grapple with depression and anxiety, leading to the Philippines having the third-highest

incidence of mental health issues in the Western Pacific Region (Martinez, 2020). Paradoxically,

it also exhibits the lowest rate of its citizens receiving adequate mental health care.

Gulliver et al. (2010), as mentioned in a narrative written by the American Association of

Veterinary Medical Colleges (2020), discussed that there is always a common finding in both

qualitative and quantitative research about anxiety and depression in individuals and that is,

individuals tended to prefer self-reliance rather than seeking external assistance when

confronting their issues. Seeking help from others was often viewed as a sign of weakness or an

inability to handle everyday problems. They tend not to ask for help to avoid discrimination from

other people who are not very open with asking for help regarding mental health and extending a

hand to those already diagnosed with mental health disorders (Henderson, 2013).

Existing studies generally focused on children being the subject of concern for addiction.

In contrast, other clinical-psychological research-based studies frequently explore the

phenomenon with the help of older teens and adults, as they can already speak for themselves

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(Helsper & Smahel, 2020; Festl et al., 2013), with college students in particular. Therefore, this

study will focus on young adults, 18-25 years old, who are currently relying on the internet for

information that they are curious about concerning their mental health.

The researchers also considered the cultural differences between recent studies and the

current state of mental health in the Philippines. Tuliao (2014) proposes that mental health

services in the Philippines are often unattainable and financially burdensome, which makes it

hard for them to seek professional help. Additionally, beliefs about the causes and characteristics

of mental illnesses do not always align with medical books. Cultural factors like shame, stigma,

and collectivist values further dissuade Filipinos from seeking assistance from mental health

experts. Consequently, these cultural and economic factors should be considered when

examining how Filipinos access mental health services and not only the individuals.

Literature Review

The Digital Age

In the past, people lived a more conservative and traditional life, from birth to going to

school and even communicating with others. Nowadays, that setup gradually changed into the

usage of technologies, equipment, modern tools, and the like. As time changes, individuals

become more advanced in their lives, and everything can be done or seen instantly as they are

transformed into natives of this newly improved world. This is the digital age, as described by

Kumar (2013); a breakthrough in human connection and communication through the effective

use of electrical signals and innovations continuously developing and improving even to this day.

It involves recognizing and evaluating issues, communicating the need for support,

utilizing available resources, and disclosing relevant information. The Internet has become a

popular resource for health-related information, particularly for young individuals. Online

services like ReachOut, eheadspace, Somazone, and MoodGym can facilitate this process (Kauer

et al., 2014). This advancement in human history helps everyone see the future in some

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Digital Age

development. One of the findings of Fischer et al. (2022) emphasizes that the digital age plays a

significant part in learning, which enables the youth or the students to foresee tomorrow with

technology and reformed systems that surely uplift one's way of living, particularly young adults,

as they were assumed to be the hope of the next generations to come.

Adolescents are the ones who spend more of their time on digital media than those with

older generations (Holly et al., 2023). With these, the youth or young adults are considered

natives of the digital age. This is due to their frequent usage of social media platforms and their

dependency on modern technology in their daily lives.

Help-Seeking

Based on the study by Strettona et al. (2018), help-seeking entails a process in which an

individual seeks external support to address a problem. This process can be characterized by the

diverse avenues through which a young person can access assistance. These sources can be

categorized as formal, like consulting a professional counselor; informal, seeking help from a

friend or family member; or online, as exemplified by platforms like the one described by Kauer,

Mangan, and Sanci (2014).

The emergence of online help-seeking services has introduced a more discreet, cost-

effective, and appealing approach to seeking assistance. This is particularly relevant for young

individuals who are already integrated into the online environment, including social media and

mobile applications, as outlined by Burns and colleagues in 2013. Moreover, it serves as a

valuable option for those young people who might encounter stigma when seeking help from

traditional formal sources, as demonstrated by Wallin et al. (2018).

A study spearheaded by Ybarra and Suman (2006) stated that websites focusing on

health-related information can significantly shape consumers' beliefs and actions. Access to

trustworthy online resources about diseases has been associated with reduced anxiety, increased

self-efficacy, and a decrease in the utilization of outpatient medical care. Research indicates that

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individuals seeking health information online are more likely to have health-related concerns.

Adult information seekers are more likely to self-assess their health as poor. In contrast,

adolescent seekers are more likely to display clinical impairment or depressive symptoms than

those who do not seek online health information.

Despite the growing number of Americans using the Internet for healthcare information,

there needs to be more understanding of how this information influences their health-related

behaviors. This study aims to expand the existing body of knowledge by investigating the

characteristics associated with seeking help, either from healthcare professionals or peers, as a

direct outcome of health information found online. Individuals seeking medical care are utilizing

the Internet to complement their healthcare experience. They often use online information for

diagnostic purposes and feel more at ease discussing their health provider's recommendations in

light of the information they have gathered online.

On the other hand, support seekers tend to have slightly lower incomes compared to those

who do not seek support online. Additionally, they are notably more likely to search for

information concerning a loved one's medical or health condition, indicating that many

individuals may serve as caregivers.

Help-Seeking Patterns in Assessing Mental Health Problems with Digital Technology

Patterns of seeking help pertain to individuals reaching out for aid or guidance when

facing challenges, issues, or hardships. These tendencies can significantly differ among

individuals and are subject to influences like personality, cultural background, upbringing, and

the specific nature of the problem.

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According to the study by Pretorius et al. (2019), there are significant mental health

challenges faced by young people worldwide, with disorders affecting 10%-20% of this

demographic. However, many hesitate to seek help due to accessibility, societal stigma, and

understanding of mental health. The Internet has become a popular platform for young people to

express their emotions without fear of criticism or discrimination while protecting their privacy.

The Internet serves three roles for individuals seeking help: accessing information, engaging

with others, and providing an alternative to in-person help.

Furthermore, in another study conducted by Pretorius et al. (2022), he stated that the

Internet provides a wealth of resources that can potentially assist those seeking help for their

mental health. However, individuals often need help to locate resources that are personally

relevant to their needs—currently, very few specialized technologies designed for mental health

help-seeking address this issue. Typically, people start their help-seeking process with a familiar

website or by conducting a web search that seems reliable for them.

Moreover, there are studies which also prove that seeking help online would really assist

them to lessen the problems brought by their Mental Health concerns. The analysis of Relief

Web (2023) of Harvard University elaborated that the presence of teletherapy helped individuals

to cope up, which makes them feel that there is a reduction of stigma with this kind of method.

With its advantageous result, Leochico et al. (2020), clarifies that this newly developed tool in

the country must undergo development to meet the growing needs of the Filipinos. Through the

presence of modern technologies in the process of help-seeking it becomes clearer for everyone

that problems with their Mental Health will be heard and addressed.

Self-Reliance in the Digital Age

Catherine Moore (2023), a psychologist, discussed that the meaning of self-reliance is not

usually defined by many but rather explained as being "linked to one's self". It implies that self-

reliance can be found in every aspect of our lives, specifically when people make choices or

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decisions. Meanwhile, in this study, self-reliance will be given emphasis on its implication to an

individual's formation of help-seeking behaviors on his or her mental health aspect.

In line with this, individuals become more self-reliant due to what they search or read on

the Internet, which they can access quickly and which information posted they claim is all

accurate and reliable. Labouliere et al. (2015) also found that severely depressed adolescents

who endorsed a strong inclination toward self-reliance, consistently opting to tackle their issues

without assistance, were less inclined to seek informal support. Instead, they favored seeking

help autonomously through online resources.

Likewise, in a study conducted by Baldofski et al. (2023) about the impact of using

Krisenchat in delivering counseling services to young people's help-seeking behavior, the

research identified that using this platform benefits the clients, resulting in high levels of self-

efficacy. This finding explains how online platforms can work with self-reliant individuals,

which helps them to be treated and find answers to their queries regarding their mental health

status. In addition, the researchers want to investigate how self-reliance plays a role in shaping

one's help-seeking patterns, especially the adolescent individuals in the locale of the study.

Self-Reliance in Access to Mental Health

A study conducted by Beukema et al. (2022) discussed that self-reliance is present in

those students who do not receive any amount of support or attention for their mental health

needs, which will result in having low capability to address the problem to a professional. These

findings also point out that adolescents are the ones who are vulnerable when it comes to seeking

help from a professional, mainly because of the intensity of their problem. That is why they

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cannot seek help quickly, and in the end, they become more self-reliant on their concerns and

decisions towards their mental health.

Meanwhile, the study of Bugtong-Diez (2020), highlighted the connection between self-

reliance and a strong social support system. This link often hinders individuals from seeking help

from mental health professionals, as those with robust social connections believe that relying on

friends can solve their mental health issues. Such individuals may underestimate the importance

of professional intervention, assuming that their social network alone can adequately address

mental health concerns.

Moreover, self-reliance is described as "beneficial" for some. There are still alarming cases

because of their dependency on their capacities, particularly if the problem is too heavy to be

solved within themselves. The study of Han et al. (2018) elaborated that self-reliance is an

excellent barrier to help-seeking of an individual, more importantly in some severe cases like

clients having suicidal ideation. This only means that dealing with mental health concerns should

not be solved by the client; hence, the presence of a professional would greatly help those who

need it.

In line with this, Filipinos experience severe mental health conditions or disorders due to

the tendency not to seek psychological help from professionals (Ho et al., 2018 as cited in

Martinez et al., 2020). This made the country ranked lower than any other Asian countries with

regard to the access to mental health services (Abe-Kim et al., 2007 as quoted by Martinez et al.,

2020). Studies also imply that though efforts in extending help for those in need of their mental

health problems are present. There is a possibility that an individual will not take it seriously

because of some factors, such as shame, stigma, the cost, and attitudes about the treatment.

The recent review led by Lui et al. (2022) enumerated that there are current studies to

prove that self-reliance, stigma, and insufficient mental health knowledge serve as a hindrance

for knowledge does not solve the concerns; instead, the situation may grow complicated, which

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results in people not seeking help from professionals. Hence, the journal article of Martinez et.al,

(2020), stated in their study that self-reliance among Filipinos is prominent because of their

strong inclination to superstitious or supernatural beliefs. This will make individuals reluctant to

help-seeking individuals and on managing their issues with their mental health. The cultural

factors in the Philippines also play a major role in seeking help from a professional, this

continual practice of beliefs may cause serious problems in achieving positive attitudes in

acquiring mental health services.

The need for mental health literacy and the availability of services is one of the significant

things to be delivered to people to eliminate insecurity and prompt more support systems to meet

their mental health needs (Westberg et al., 2022). It shows that establishing a community ready

to extend help and services available can be a starting point in reducing the impact of self-

reliance concerning mental health concerns. Furthermore, Gulliver et al. (2010) cited by the

American Association of Veterinary Medical Colleges (2020), proved that young people and

adults are the ones who are encountering difficulty in their help-seeking. Their study also

mentioned factors that impact the individual's capability to seek help besides self-reliance; the

stigma and embarrassment became evident.

Studies have shown how self-reliance started to affect the help-seeking process of every

individual. Statistically speaking, there are only 22% of college students who seek help from

their guidance counselors and the rest of them rely on their friends and family (Bello et al., 2013;

as cited in Arnado & Bayod, 2020). Along with these, providing mental health literacy and

increased support systems may lower the chances of encountering major problems brought on by

individuals' self-reliance.

Likewise in the study of Diez (2020), proves that adding social support can raise the

relationship between attitudes and intention to seek help from a professional. With this, positive

attitudes among the social circle would be great to pursue the individual into treatment. It would

also lessen the possibility of the individual in his or her dependency to their self-reliance. It is

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also stated that problems with mental health cannot be solved with an individual's knowledge but

rather with the help of an expert.

Related Studies

In their study of 150 Filipino Gen Z students (16-18 years old), Vejano et al. (2021)

investigated their attitudes and help-seeking behavior towards mental health. Building on the

concept of Gen Z as "digital natives", the study mentioned that Gen Z's constant online

immersion may distinguish them from previous generations and influence their technology habits

and lifestyle. This digital fluency, when combined with easily accessible online resources and

mental health awareness campaigns, could potentially contribute to a more accepting

environment for mental health services and individuals with mental illness (Prensky, 2001, cited

in Törőcsik et al., 2014).

The results of the study showed that Gen Z students express high intentions to seek help

for various mental health concerns, academic difficulties, and substance abuse issues. However,

despite this openness, the study reveals a surprisingly weak link between positive attitudes and

actual help-seeking behavior. This suggests stronger barriers hindering young individuals from

taking that crucial step, even when they're willing. The study delves into these barriers,

identifying stigma, limited access to services, and inadequate awareness programs as key social

challenges impacting Gen Z's mental health journey in the Philippines. Despite saying that online

resources and campaigns hold the potential to create a more supportive environment, the study

does not explore how Gen Z uses online platforms to seek help and how specifically these factors

influence Gen Z's online help-seeking behavior and preferences.

Pretorius, Chambers, and Coyle (2019) also analyzed how young individuals utilize

online resources to address mental health challenges. They highlighted in their journal review

that young individuals predominantly utilize the Internet to seek information and symptoms

related to their concerns. Their sources range from personal narratives, YouTube content,

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informational sheets, social media, mental health websites, and government resources. This

suggests that young adults frequently resort to online platforms for addressing mental health

issues. Accessing information online can instill confidence, yet it may also lead to self-

diagnosing based on perceived correlations between their symptoms and particular disorders.

Additionally, the review underscored that relying on online resources for help may

inadvertently promote avoidance of seeking professional treatment, compromise confidentiality,

and raise doubts about the credibility of information or individuals found through online

platforms. They investigate the prevalence of mental health issues among young people and the

obstacles they encounter when seeking help. Additionally, the study explores the advantages and

limitations of online help-seeking as a strategy for addressing mental health concerns.

Some key findings in their study showed that young people are more likely to seek help

online than offline and find online resources anonymous, convenient, and accessible. Online

help-seeking could address the demands of individuals with a preference for self-reliance.

However, the accuracy and reliability of information found online are also some issues raised.

The paper also highlighted the role of online help-seeking; however, it does not explicitly focus

on identifying how it fosters self-reliance in the digital age, nor does it cover young adults' help-

seeking patterns. Pretorius et al. (2019) conducted this research in Australia, and therefore the

findings may not apply to other countries, including the Philippines. This is an essential area of

research on the help-seeking patterns and self-reliance of people with digital dependency in the

context of Filipinos.

Bugtong-Diez (2020) investigated how Filipinos' attitudes towards mental health help-

seeking are linked to their actual help-seeking behavior, considering self-reliance, social support,

and intentions as mediating factors. Surprisingly, self-reliance plays a lesser role than expected,

while social support emerges as an important factor. Not only does it positively influence

attitudes towards seeking help, but it also directly predicts individuals' actual actions in accessing

professional services. This suggests that Filipinos struggling with mental health may be more

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empowered and comfortable seeking help when they feel supported and encouraged by their

social networks. The study emphasizes the concept of "pagsangguni," a Filipino value of seeking

advice and support from one's social network before making decisions.

However, cultural influences play a significant role too and act as barriers to seeking

professional help. Many Filipinos may not fully understand mental health issues or recognize

them as requiring professional intervention. Negative societal attitudes and fear of shame can

prevent individuals from seeking help for mental health concerns. The cultural concept of "hiya"

emphasizes avoiding disapproval and may contribute to keeping mental health struggles hidden.

Filipinos' strong religious beliefs may lead them to prioritize prayer and faith healing over

professional help-seeking. Finally, limited financial resources can pose a significant barrier to

accessing mental health services in the Philippines.

The study of Bugtong-Diez (2020) failed to provide more information regarding self-

reliance in the context of Filipinos’ help-seeking behavior. That being said, by solely focusing on

seeking professional help, the study also overlooked the vast array of informal support options

available, such as online communities, peer groups, and alternative therapies. This could lead to

an inaccurate understanding of the complete picture of how people seek help.

In the Philippines, cultural stigma often discourages professional help-seeking. However,

a recent study by Dela Cruz et al. (2022) revealed that online counseling is emerging as a

preferred alternative to face-to-face mental health services among Filipino Adults. Focusing on

experiences during the pandemic (March 2020-March 2022), they identified three key

facilitators: autonomy, financial capability, and mental health institutions. Notably, online

platforms empower individuals with control over their sessions. It helps in overcoming

geographical barriers and reducing personal and financial pressures. Nonetheless, the study only

draws conclusions from the experiences of a small group of participants (11 individuals). This

raises concerns about the generalizability of the findings to the broader Filipino population.

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Another study about help-seeking behaviors of transition-aged youth for mental health

concerns suggested that individuals attempting to address their mental health concerns

independently emphasize the significance of online resources that facilitate self-management.

They access various digital mental health resources when seeking help, which they describe as

self-help and wellness activities for managing mental health concerns, typically being low-cost,

self-guided, and readily available (Stunden et al., 2020). However, the approach of this study and

the findings were not generalizable as the study was conducted beyond the Greater Toronto

Area. The findings limit the study, as it could not determine the effects of location, sex, gender,

or culture on help-seeking behavior.

On the other hand, Giallo, Dunning, and Gent (2017) found that the most common

attitudinal barriers to help-seeking among Australian fathers were the need for control and self-

reliance, the tendency to downplay or minimize problems, and a sense of resignation that nothing

will help. A range of demographic factors, such as age and educational attainment, were

associated with these barriers. The most common preferences for support were internet-based

information resources. The investigation of Giallo et al. (2017) is relevant; however, it is limited

to barriers in mental help-seeking and cannot be generalized to other populations, as it only

focuses on fathers in Australia.

In a recent investigation conducted by Ishikawa et al. (2023), it was uncovered that

adolescents who displayed greater self-reliance exhibited a slightly higher inclination toward

utilizing self-help resources on the Internet. Their findings established a clear connection

between a stronger inclination toward self-reliance and a reduced intention to seek professional

assistance. The multivariate model employed in this study demonstrated that heightened self-

reliance correlated with decreased reliance on informal sources (e.g., friends and family) and

professional sources (e.g., therapists and counselors). Furthermore, the study delved into the role

of social support and resilience in shaping this relationship. However, there is a methodological

limitation in which the instruments they used in self-reliance needed to be validated and only

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extracted items from other instruments relating to self-reliance. The findings did not consider

other factors that impact the actual behavior, such as the level of distress or mental health status.

The study of Cemiloglu et al. (2022) emphasizes issues that need to be addressed in

future studies about digital addiction. The results indicated that the primary strategies to address

this issue can be classified into four categories: psychosocial interventions, software-based

approaches, pharmacological methods, and a combination. In general, these suggested

approaches have proven to be successful in reducing excessive digital use. However, it is

important to note that making a broad assessment of the effectiveness of these proposed

strategies is challenging due to inconsistent definitions of digital addiction and methodological

limitations. These methodological limitations include the low reliability and validity of their self-

report measure. Hence, it may lead to distortion of data, taking into account the influence of

social desirability bias or memory recall bias.

Another recent study by Mak et al. (2014) indicated that the Philippines had the highest

rates of internet addiction, as evidenced by both the IAT (5%) and the CIAS-R (21%).

Particularly, internet addictive behavior is prevalent among adolescents in various Asian nations.

This problem is widespread and marked by risky online behaviors. However, this study has

limitations regarding the scale it uses, which is the IAT and the CIAS-R scale, which have

different focuses on getting accurate results. The IAT has only been validated in three countries,

and it only focuses on adolescents' Internet addictive behaviors. While the CIAS-R contains

more effectiveness in Chinese students than IAT using the item response analysis.

In contrast, using the Internet excessively is a barrier when seeking mental health

problems. The findings of Martinez et al. (2020) show that Filipinos worldwide tend to turn to

their close family and friends for assistance rather than relying on the Internet for information.

They are also often deterred from seeking help due to their strong sense of resilience and self-

sufficiency. Typically, they only resort to specialized mental health care as a last option or when

their problems reach a severe level which often leads to them having a hard time coping.

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Additional factors that facilitate this tendency include their perception of distress, the influence

of their social support network, financial capability, and positive past encounters with formal

assistance. However, the crucial limitation of this study is the use of measures based on Western,

(which can serve as a limitation when it comes to the) its cultural appropriateness and

applicability of foreign-made tests hardly capture Filipinos' experiences and points of view.

Additionally, the lack of access to literature supporting the study was unavailable online.

Filipinos often rely on their friends and family when seeking help. The study by Diez

(2020) investigated how attitudes toward seeking help indirectly affect actual help-seeking

behavior by considering an individual's varying levels of self-reliance and social support. The

findings indicated that social support plays a role in predicting actual help-seeking behavior

through the individual's intentions to seek help. In other words, if people hold positive attitudes

toward seeking professional help and perceived social support for such actions, they are more

likely to seek professional mental help. This suggests that social support can act as a form of

encouragement within the journey toward mental health care. However, limitations are also

presented in this study as it shows a selection bias in the sampling method with the use of

snowball sampling. As well as the method used when gathering the data, which is the use of

internet surveys that could change the results of the study.

The results of this study can further our knowledge of the barriers and factors that prevent

people from asking for help from trained professionals, in this digital age, and how it affects

people's behavior. The researchers would want to explore more with the conflicting ideas of the

previous research, how one could entirely rely upon the information on the Internet, and the

skepticism of others when using it.

Statement of the Problem

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This study aims to investigate the patterns individuals employ when using digital

technology to address mental health issues and how these patterns influence their long-term

behavior and self-reliance in the digital age.

It specifically aims to answer the following questions:

1. What are the predominant help-seeking patterns among individuals in the

digital age, and how do these patterns evolve with the proliferation of digital

technology and online resources?

2. How do participants determine when to seek help digitally versus when to

rely on their problem-solving skills, and what influences this decision?

3. What role do digital platforms play in shaping help-seeking behaviors and

fostering self-reliance?

4. How does a participant's willingness to seek help or share personal

information online impact their self-reliance in the digital age?

5. What strategies can participants employ to strike a healthy balance between

seeking help digitally and fostering self-reliance?

Theoretical Framework

Jay Blumler and Elihu Katz's Uses and Gratification Theory (UGT) was used as a basis to

answer the inquiry into how young adults navigate their reliance on digital technology as digital

natives, examining how they seek help when confronted with digital challenges and the extent to

which they rely on their own abilities to address such challenges.

Blumler and Katz's Uses and Gratification Theory, as outlined by Vinney (2019), is an

approach that seeks to explain why and how individuals actively choose particular media to meet

their specific needs. In addition to that, Greenawald (2021) stated that this theory takes a user-

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centered approach to examine how people utilize media. It focuses on how individuals use media

rather than what media does to people. Consider someone scrolling through social media. Uses

and Gratification Theory suggests they're not just mindlessly absorbing content. They're actively

seeking specific gratifications: connecting with friends, catching up on news, or receiving

validation. Their choices, from clicking on specific posts to engaging in comments, are driven by

these underlying needs.

According to Vinney (2019), the theory is grounded in the concept that individuals who

consume media actively make choices regarding the media they engage with and are conscious

of the motivations guiding those choices. The theory outlines five assumptions: (1) media use is

goal-directed, (2) people are motivated to consume media, (3) media is selected based on the

expectation that it will satisfy specific needs and desires, (4) media influences behavior is filtered

through social and psychological factors, and (5) media are in competition with other forms of

communication for an individual's attention.

The Uses and Gratifications Theory can also be used to analyze the Internet or new media

usage to comprehend how people use it to meet their needs. As highlighted in a study referenced

by Vinney (2019), early research conducted by Song et al., (2004) expanded the concept of

gratifications tailored to the internet environment. Their study uncovered seven distinct

gratification factors that shed light on the multifaceted nature of online media consumption:

Virtual Community, Information Seeking, Aesthetic Experience, Monetary Compensation,

Diversion, Personal Status, and Relationship Maintenance.

Individuals seeking help online have specific goals in mind. They might aim to diagnose

symptoms, find treatment options, connect with support groups, or simply gain emotional

validation. The chosen platforms, be it health forums, social media groups, or confidential

hotlines, are perceived as tools to achieve these goals. Various motivations drive individuals

online for help. These could include anxiety, fear, lack of access to traditional forms of support,

or simply a desire for anonymity and convenience.

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This theory will enable researchers to investigate why young adults use digital

technology for problem-solving and help-seeking in addition to educational and entertainment

purposes. It recognizes that people actively decide whether to seek external help or rely on their

own skills, considering their unique motivations and preferences. This can help researchers

understand why young adults might choose self-reliance or seek external assistance from online

platforms.

Through an examination of the motivations and gratifications guiding individuals' media

use, researchers can discover ways to effectively harness digital media to encourage and promote

help-seeking behaviors, opening doors to a wider range of support options beyond traditional

methods.

Scope and Delimitations

This study will explore the help-seeking patterns and self-reliance of eight (8) Filipino

young adults, ages 18 to 25, living in Sta. Ana, Pampanga, in the digital age. The study will

investigate how individuals increasingly rely on digital technologies for various aspects of their

lives and aim to understand when and how people turn to digital resources or professionals for

assistance.

Individuals whose ages are not between 18 to 25 years old and not a resident in Sta. Ana,

Pampanga are excluded from the study. The study will utilize purposive-convenience sampling

in finding participants and will use face-to-face interviews and unconstructed questionnaires to

collect data. The study will focus on help-seeking assistance specifically for mental health issues,

emphasizing reliance on digital platforms and avenues on the internet. It will not delve into other

facets such as physical health matters or explore alternative avenues like seeking support from

acquaintances, relatives, or mental health experts.

Significance of the study

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The research findings will furnish valuable insights for individuals and digital users,

educational institutions, mental health professionals, community support groups, researchers, and

future researchers.

● Individuals and Digital Users. The results of the study will benefit each individual and

digital users as it can increase self-awareness. The study will also provide individuals and

digital users with insights and knowledge to navigate the challenges and opportunities of

the digital age more effectively. It empowers individuals and digital users to make wise

and rational decisions about technology usage, leading to improved well-being and more

balanced, mindful, and responsible digital habits.

● Educational Institutions. This study will be beneficial to educational institutions as it

can promote awareness about digital dependency. The insights of the study can inform

the development of digital literacy and responsible technology use curricula, ensuring

that students are better prepared to navigate the digital age. Educational institutions can

use the study to identify students at risk of digital dependency and provide appropriate

support and resources.

● Mental Health Professionals. The results of this study will benefit mental health

professionals as it will provide a better understanding of the signs and symptoms of

digital dependency. This knowledge can aid in more accurate diagnosis and assessment

of patients. With insights into help-seeking patterns and self-reliance in the digital age,

mental health professionals can develop more tailored treatment plans for individuals

struggling with digital dependency. Additionally, the study can inform strategies for

preventing digital-related mental health problems and promoting well-being in the digital

age.

● Community and Support Groups. The study will benefit the community and support

groups as it can tailor different programs to address the specific needs of individuals

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Digital Age

struggling with digital dependency, offering more effective assistance. Moreover, it can

raise awareness within these groups about the prevalence and impact of digital

dependency. This awareness can foster empathy and understanding among group

members, making providing adequate support to those in need easier.

● The Researchers. This study will benefit the researchers by expanding knowledge in

their field, enhancing expertise, contributing to academic or professional advancement,

and fostering awareness about digital dependency. Furthermore, this study can enhance

the expertise of researchers in digital dependency, positioning them as experts in the

field. This can open doors for collaborations, speaking engagements, and career

advancement.

● Future Researchers. This study can serve as a foundation for future research on digital

dependency and related topics, allowing researchers to build upon its findings and

explore more specific areas of interest. Future researchers can benefit from the

methodology and approaches used in this study, potentially developing more robust

research methods.

Definition of Terms

To establish a better understanding of the frame of reference of this study, the following

terms are defined correspondingly:

Digital Dependency. It is an occurrence when an individual relies on his/her digital

devices and technologies too often and heavily on a daily basis.

Digital Native. It is a term used for people who grew up in an era that uses technology

and devices. They are often skilled and comfortable using devices like smartphones, laptops, and

computers.

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Help-Seeking Patterns. These are the patterns or ways individuals usually use when

seeking assistance.

New Media. These are types of media that use digital technology (e.g., social media and

the use of the Internet) as opposed to traditional forms of media (e.g., television, radio).

Predominant Factors. It pertains to factors that greatly contribute to or primarily

influence a topic.

Proliferation. The rapid growth of technology in today’s age.

Reliance. The state of depending and relying on the external factors surrounding us helps

an individual function or do something.

Self-Diagnosing. It refers to the act when an individual tries to identify or determine

one's medical condition, ailment, or illness without consulting a qualified healthcare

professional.

Self-Reliance. It is when a person trusts' his/her skills and abilities when deciding

without depending on external factors.

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CHAPTER II

METHODOLOGY

This section presents the research methodologies that will be employed in this study,

specifically: the participants, the data collection tools, the process of data acquisition, and the

statistical analysis techniques utilized to comprehensively assess pertinent information

concerning digital dependency among adolescents, explaining the prevalence of help-seeking

patterns and self-reliance tendencies observed among this demographic in navigating the

challenges of today's digital era.

Research Design

This study will use a grounded theory approach. Green (2021) defined it as a type of

qualitative research methodology that seeks to develop theories from data. Additionally, the

grounded theory design enables the creation of a model in an under-researched field by

incorporating the insights and experiences of participants (Green et al., 2018). Given that the

mental health field is evolving, new perspectives and understandings are emerging, and there is a

lack of theory, specifically concerning young adults' help-seeking in the digital age, this

methodology is suited for the study.

This allows for new theories to emerge from the data, which could significantly impact

our understanding of young adults' usage of digital technology to seek help for mental health and

one's self-reliance in this digital age. Reshaping existing perspectives and contributing valuable

insights into the evolving dynamics of technology and mental well-being among the youth.

Advancing the understanding of the intricate relationship between digital tools, mental health

support, and individual self-reliance in contemporary society.

Research Locale

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The study will be conducted in Sta. Ana, Pampanga. The researchers will look for

specific participants currently living in this area. Moreover, the researchers also have the

certainty to collect data from the given area, and participants will contribute based on their

personal experiences needed in this study.

The locale is chosen due to the accessibility of the location and also to efficiently

conduct interviews with the needed participants on a face-to-face method. Furthermore, the

locality can help the study to meet its objectives being able to imply strategies and make

solutions with regard to the individual's dependency on digital platforms about their mental

health concerns.

Participants and Sampling

The researchers will employ purposive-convenience sampling for participant selection in

this study, as it provides a convenient method of identifying individuals that align closely with

the research objectives. Purposive Sampling, as defined by Frost (2022), facilitates a deliberate

and selective approach to participant selection based on their relevant personal attributes and

willingness to participate in the study to gather the requisite data needed. Furthermore,

convenience sampling entails the selection of participants based on practical considerations such

as accessibility, geographical proximity, and the availability and willingness of potential

participants, as noted by Etikan (2016).

Participants in this study are Filipino, who will be chosen based on the following criteria:

(1) digital native, (2) 18-25 years old, (3) bonafide resident of Sta. Ana, Pampanga, (4) should

have daily access to and usage of internet-enabled devices (5) relies on digital tools for

information gathering (6) utilized online platforms to seek various health insights (6) had been

using internet for the past 6 months (7) stayed online longer than intended (8) used/using the

Internet as an escape from problems or seeking to relieve bad mood states. These criteria were

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set in accordance with the subject and goal of the study. If the criteria above are not fully met,

they will not be qualified as participants.

The target number of participants will be eight (8) adolescents around Sta. Ana,

Pampanga. A qualitative paper also used eight (8) participants and was able to gather the

requisite data needed for their study (Erkek & Bostan, 2018). In consideration with the criteria

above, average internet users who will serve as the study’s participants must have utilized the

internet only for an average of 6 hours and 37 minutes, more than that, it would be considered

above average and too much (Kemp, 2023).

Instrumentation and Data Collection

In this study, the researchers will utilize a grounded theory method, allowing the

researchers to uncover meanings from interactions, responses, and data collected from the

participants (Lumivero, 2023). Thus, interviews will be conducted as the primary technique for

gathering participant responses.

Selecting the Participants. This is the process wherein the researchers find suitable

participants for the study. The study will utilize purposive-convenience sampling to collect the

needed samples that will serve as the main foundation of this paper. Furthermore, the participants

will undergo selection based on the presented criteria mentioned above, to see and describe

appropriately if they are appropriate for the study.

Prior to conducting the interview, the researchers will request that the participants review

the contents of the informed consent, which will discuss the provisions of the Data Privacy Act

of 2012. The informed consent will also inform the participants about the entire process of the

survey, including the length of the data collection procedure, the purpose of the study, the

advantages of participating in the study, and their rights to withdraw at any time of the process.

Interview Session. Interviews are the primary source of data collection for this study.

Moreover, the sessions will be conducted via an unconstructed questionnaire subjected to

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validation by five (5) professionals to test its face validity, which is also done in a face-to-face

procedure. The researchers will then facilitate the face-to-face interview, which will ensue

following the availability of the participants.

The participants' answers will not be restricted to a "yes or no", as the questions will let

them express their ideas and perspective. These questions aim to gauge the study and develop

themes and codes that will provide data for the study. With the collected data, the researchers

will proceed with data analysis and interpretation.

Ethical Consideration

Safeguarding the privacy and confidentiality of the information provided by research

participants is of utmost importance to the researchers. Therefore, the researchers are committed

to upholding the dignity and well-being of each individual, unequivocally denouncing any form

of data manipulation or deceit.

Prior to collecting data through interviews and tests, the researchers will obtain explicit

informed consent from the participants, ensuring that the study adheres to ethical standards and

the Data Privacy Act of 2012 and that the participants are fully informed about the study's

objectives, subject matter, as well as the potential risks and benefits involved. All relevant

information concerning the study will be transparently disclosed to the participants

Participants will be guaranteed anonymity and reassured of their right to withdraw from

the research at any time without facing any repercussions. They will be informed of the possible

implications of their participation in the research and encouraged to make autonomous decisions

without any constraints or consequences. Furthermore, the researcher will show profound respect

for the participants' choices and wholeheartedly welcome their perspectives and

recommendations.

Data Analysis and Procedure

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In this study, thematic analysis will be employed as the chosen qualitative analysis

method. Thematic analysis is a versatile approach that empowers researchers to formulate novel

perspectives and ideas by examining the available data closely. This process entails thoroughly

reviewing the dataset to identify meaningful patterns by extracting themes that encapsulate the

underlying meaning within the data (Villegas, 2023).

Following the recruitment of an adequate number of participants and the transcription of

the data obtained from in-depth interviews, the researchers’ next step before generating themes

will involve the coding process. Codes are the tags or labels assigned to specific text excerpts

(Delve et al., 2021). These codes serve to categorize and organize the content within the text,

helping researchers identify and later analyze patterns, themes, or concepts within the data to

understand how different help-seeking patterns influence self-reliance in the context of digital

dependency among eight (8) Filipino young adults, aged 18 to 25 years old and living in Sta.

Ana, Pampanga.

The researchers will make sure to be as accurate as possible and avoid any types of bias,

such as observer bias, to maintain the research's integrity and reliability. The researchers will be

diligent in presenting the data transparently and objectively, reporting both positive and negative

results of the study.

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Sample Interview Guide Questions: (Still subject for validation)

1) What are the predominant help-seeking patterns among individuals in the digital

age, and how do these patterns evolve with the proliferation of digital technology

and online resources?

a. Do you feel that your help-seeking patterns have changed significantly

with the proliferation of digital technology? If so, how?

b. How has the availability of digital technology and online resources

influenced your help-seeking behavior over the years?

c. What are the primary reasons for you to seek help digitally (e.g.,

convenience, anonymity, accessible, low-cost)?

d. Which kind of support (professional services, personal networks, internet

groups, or self-help resources) do you prefer?

e. How have specific platforms or technological advancements influenced

your help-seeking behavior?

f. Do you seek help online for different types of problems? If so, which

types and why?

g. Does the ability to seek help anonymously online encourage you to reach

out compared to traditional methods?

h. How does asking help online impact the types of problems you are seeking

help for?

2) How do participants determine when to seek help digitally versus when to rely on

their problem-solving skills, and what influences this decision?

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a. When faced with a problem or challenge, how do you decide whether to

seek help digitally or rely on your problem-solving skills? Are there

specific types of problems or situations where you are more likely to seek

digital help? Please provide examples.

b. In your opinion, how have online communities and social media platforms

impacted the way people seek help and support in the digital age?

c. Are there any particular issues or circumstances that make you more

inclined to use digital resources than to rely on yourself?

d. What factors influence your decision to seek help or handle things

yourself?

e. Do you think the availability of digital resources has made you more or

less self-reliant?

f. Do you automatically turn to online resources for help, or do you still try

to solve them themselves even if it takes longer?

g. When faced with a problem you don't know how to solve, do you

immediately seek online help specifically because you lack access to

alternative sources of information, like friends, family, or professionals?

h. Does seeking help digitally or relying on your own problem-solving skills

depend on how different the problem type is? If yes, why?

3) What role do digital platforms play in shaping help-seeking behaviors and fostering

self-reliance?

a. Have you ever had negative experiences or encountered misinformation

while seeking help or information online? If yes, please briefly describe

the experience.

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b. What specific role does digital platforms play and motivate you to seek

help online and depend on self-reliance?

c. Do you feel your self-reliance has increased or decreased with the

prevalence of digital resources?

d. In what ways can digital platforms help or hinder your ability to rely on

yourself?

e. Do you think using online platforms to get help has any disadvantages or

risks?

f. How do digital platforms (e.g., on social media, forums) encourage you to

handle problems on your own?

g. To what extent do online platforms promote self-reliance and knowledge

to solve problems on your own? Can this lead to positive or negative

effects on your help-seeking behaviors?

h. How effective are these resources in developing your problem-solving

skills and self-reliance?

4) How does a participant's willingness to seek help or share personal information

online impact their self-reliance in the digital age?

a. How has your willingness to seek help or share personal information

online affect your overall self-reliance in the digital age?

b. If you are dealing with a problem, how willing would you share your

personal information online to seek help and how does this influence your

self-reliance through online platforms?

c. How comfortable are you asking for help or disclosing personal

information online?

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d. What factors influence your willingness to be vulnerable in a digital

environment?

e. Do your previous experiences with online help-seeking or sharing

personal information impact your self-reliance?

f. Does openly sharing personal information online actually increase or

decrease your self-reliance?

g. How can vulnerability online lead to dependency or encourage you to seek

answers on your own?

h. When seeking help, do you limit the information you share online, and

how does this choice impact your self-reliance?

5) What strategies can participants employ to strike a healthy balance between seeking

help digitally and fostering self-reliance?

a. What improvements or changes do you believe could enhance the

effectiveness of online help-seeking resources and platforms?

b. How much would these strategies be useful in balancing the efficacy

between seeking help online and depending on self-reliance?

c. How do you balance seeking help with developing your own self-reliance?

d. How do you manage your digital time and create boundaries to prevent

dependence?

e. What methods do you utilize to encourage self-reliance and apply the

knowledge you have learned from digital resources to actual situations?

f. How do you navigate the balance between seeking help online and

maintaining self-reliance?

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g. Are there specific strategies you use to benefit from online resources

without becoming overly dependent?

h. What strategies do you think you can implement to encourage yourself to

take action offline after seeking help online, using online solutions into the

real world, and building self-reliance?

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