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Thesis Report "Study on Gas Sensor and Its Application as a IOT Device"

Thesis · March 2024

DOI: 10.13140/RG.2.2.13742.11845

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 Thesis Report
“Study on Gas Sensor and Its Application as a IOT Device”

B.Sc. in Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering

Department of ECE
East West University, Dhaka
Bangladesh

Submitted By

Tamanna Akte Abdul Waaje J.M Saiful Islam

2014-1-55-003 2014-1-55-003 2014-2-55-005

Under the Supervision of

Dr. Mohammad Arifuzzaman

Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

(i)
 DECLARATION

We hereby declare that we carried out the work reported in this thesis in the
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering, East West
University under, the supervision of Dr. Mohammad Arifuzzaman. We
solemnly declare that to the best of our knowledge, no part of this report has
been submitted elsewhere for award of any degree. All sources of knowledge
used in this report have been duly acknowledged.

... .. .. . .....
Tamanna Akter
2014-1-55-003

... .. .. . .....
Abdul Waaje
2014-1-55-009

... .. .. . .....
J.M Saiful Islam
2014-2-55-005

(ii)
 CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “ Study on Gas Sensor and Its
Application as a IOT Device”, being submitted by Tamanna Akter, Abdul
Waaje, J.M Saiful Islam Department of Electronics and Communications
Engineering, East West University, Dhaka in partial fulfilment for the award of
the degree of Bachelor of Science in Electronics and Telecommunication
Engineering, is a record of major thesis carried out by them. They have worked
under my supervision and guidance and have fulfilled the requirements which,
to my knowledge, have reached the requisite standard for submission of this
dissertation.

..................................................
Dr. Mohammad Arifuzzaman
Assistant Professor
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering

(iii)
 APPROVAL

This is to certify that the thesis entitled “Review of Gas Sensors According to
Gas Hazard Limits & IOT Base Gas Sensor”, submitted to the respected
member of the faculty of Engineering for partial fulfilment of requirement for
the degree of Bachelor of Electronics and Telecommunications Engineering
(ETE) under complete supervision of the undersigned.

Submitted By

Tamanna Akter
2014-1-55-003

Abdul Waaje
2014-1-55-009

J.M Saiful Islam

2014-2-55-005

.................................................. ..................................................
Dr. Mohammad Arifuzzaman Dr. M. Mofazzal Hossain
Assistant Professor Chairperson & Professor
Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering Department of Electronics and Communications Engineering
East West University East West University

(iv)
 Abstract

This paper reviews the gas sensors according to the hazard limits and introduces
a model of IOT based gas sensor. It is also containing a market review based on
previous year’s gas sensor global market, nevertheless special types of gas
sensors also noted in this paper. According to WHO the world is facing a
tremendous climate change in recent years, which mainly focused on the
increasing number of hazardous gases limit in atmosphere. Moreover, the EU
also declares to fulfil worker safety from the hazardous effect from the
poisonous gases of production wastes. So it can be said that it is the alarming
period of being aware and acquire knowledge about the gases, importantly how
to get primary solution of it. Study of hazardous gases, specially their hazardous
limits and the detection process of them can be a primary solution of being
aware of any miserable explosion occurred by hazardous gases. This paper will
help to give a clear overview of this kind of situation. Moreover, this paper can
be a study of gas sensors which will be helpful for our upcoming global
changes.

(v)
 Topic Page
Declaration i
Certificate ii
Approval Iii
Abstract v
Chapter 1 Introduction 2-3
Chapter 2 Related Works 5-6
Chapter 3 Gases & Gas Sensors 8-22
3.1 O2 Gas Sensor 9-10
3.2 N2 Gas Sensor 10-11
3.3 NO2 Gas Sensor 11-13
3.4 H2 Gas Sensor 13-14
3.5 CO Gas Sensor `14-15
3.6 CO2 Gas Sensor 15-17
3.7 SO2 Gas Sensor 17-18
3.8 H2 S Gas Sensor 18-20
3.9 Ne Gas Sensors 20-21
3.10 CH4 Gas Sensor 21-22
Chapter 4 Special Types of Sensors 24-26
4.1 E-nose 24
4.1.1 Sample Delivery System 24
4.1.2 Detection System 24
4.1.3 Computing System 24-25
4.1.4 Application of Electric Nose 25
4.2 E-Tongue 25-26
Chapter 5 Gas Sensor Market 28
Chapter 6

Conclusion 30

Reference 31-35

Chapter 7 Appendix 36
CHAPTER 1

1
 Introduction

Sensor refers to a device that is capable of measuring a signal by acquiring information from
the real world. In a scene, it is a device which provides a usable output in response to a
specified measured [ANSI]. In this paper we are going to discuses short brief on Gas Sensor
from a various types of sensor technology.

Gas sensor is able to specify and measure the concentration of gas in its vicinity. It is a sub
class of chemical sensor. The transducer which is a part of a gas sensor that works on
detecting gas molecules and which produces an electrical signal with a magnitude
proportional to the concentration of the gas. To specify the gas the gas sensor measures the
breakdown voltage of the gas; which is unique for different gases. Moreover, the
concentration of the gas can be determined by measuring the current discharge in the device.
Figure-1 provides an overview of common gas sensor elements.

Figure 1.1 – Basic Gas Sensor Module

A real sensor era has started in 1970s during which semiconductor combustible gas sensors,
solid electrolyte oxygen sensors and humidity sensors were commercialized for non-
professional uses. On the occasion of the first IMCS held at Fukuoka, Japan in 1983, major
topics of gas sensors were comprised of gas sensors. In the two decades since, extensive

2
efforts have been compiled not only for advancing these sensors but also for developing
various new gas sensors, which have been in great demand to make sure safety, health,
amenity, environmental reservation, energy saving and so on.

In recent years, modern society has brought numerous luxury items but along with them there
are certain disadvantages: like air pollution and emission of toxic gasses are introducing to
our society. There is an ever-increasing recognition of health and well-being impacts of both
indoor and outdoor air quality in cities and industrial installations. The air surrounding us
contains different amount of gases which could be hazardous to human health, atmospheric
pollutants of significance to an industrial or medical process. Thus, gas sensors are coming
forward as a need of our safety.

Nevertheless, the importance of gas sensors for our modern society is never so minor, as
easily exemplified by the importance of oxygen sensors for automobiles. Gas sensor
technology has already grown to be indispensable for various aspects in our life. Yet further
advancements of the technology are strongly needed in order to improve sustainability of our
society and quality of life.

3
CHAPTER 2

4
 Related Works
In [1], authors are trying to review the gas sensor’s technologies. The different types of gas
sensors technologies including catalytic gas sensor, electrochemical gas sensors, thermal
conductivity gas sensor, optical gas sensor and acoustic gas sensor are discussed together
with their principle of operation. In this paper, there have a brief detail about the Surface
Acoustics Gas Sensor Technology. The main highlighted parts are the advantages and
disadvantages of each sensor technology. For several decades, all these technologies have
been used for the development of highly sensitive and responsive gas sensors for the
detection of flammable hazardous gases. Moreover, improvement of sensitivity and
selectivity for those gas sensors will be the future trends and outlook for the researchers,
which was suggested at the conclusion of this article.

In [2], there have a meaning full discussion about the gas sensor in the field of various
technologies. Mainly a classification of sensing technologies has given, based on the
variation of electrical and other properties. It contains detailed introduction of sensing
methods based electrical variation, which overviews further classification according to the
materials which are sensible. Again, it gave emphasis on sensitivity and selectivity for being
performed indicators to compare with various sensing technologies, also analyzes the factors
which influence those indicators and listed several corresponding improved approaches.
Moreover, it overviews the activities of the German gas sensor research community.

In [3], there have a study whether nano-structured particles of W O3 could be competitive

counterparts of traditional, more bulky materials in resistive gas sensor applications. Pristine
and various surface decorated derivatives of three different types of W O3 nano-particles
applied on the surface of lithographically defined Si chips were used in the work to analyse
the electrical behaviour of thin films when exposed to different gas atmospheres.
Commercially available nanoparticles of W O3 were also studied.

In [4], authors described about the technologies of fabricate and optimize gas sensor based on
epitaxial grapheme. Optimization of grapheme or metal contact configuration manifested a
low contact resistance. Complementary tempering of graphene sensor, improvement of
sensing performance after each gas exposure led. The available technology with additional

5
annealing improves the level of performance of the graphene based sensor and which makes
it applicable for the environmental nitrogen dioxide gas monitoring.

In [5], authors have discussed about sensors with wireless network within the wider context
of IoT. Moreover, they provide a review of WSN sensor applications, while also give
emphasise on infrastructure technologies, applications and standards featured in WSN
designs.

By reviewing these papers one cannot feel the need of having gas sensors in our daily life
also in the industrial uses. They tried to cover some specific area of gas sensors and its
technologies along with the fabrication. On the other hand, we tried to provide the massage of
hazardous limit of various gases and the detecting technologies of those specific gases. It
containing the available gas sensors models for hazardous gases and also has a market studies
about the future gas sensors.

6
CHAPTER 3

7
 Gases and Gas Sensors
Gas Sensor has become a very viral topic to research because of its enormous and useable use
at present world. By reviewing a high amount of Journal and Research Paper it can easily
said that it’s too tough to classify gas sensors. Authors are tried to classify gas sensors by
reserving them into various kinds of specific area. Moreover, many of them tried to inform
the technologies and the working methodologies of gas sensors

In this paper, we are trying to give the details of gas sensors based on the types of Gases. We
have discussed about the gas sensors details individually with the heavy knowledgeable
technologies of those gases.

From the definition Gases are the volatile forms of matter present on the earth.

Gases
Natur Artifi
al cial
Gases Gases
Com
Elem Synth
poun
ental etic
d
Gases Gases
Figure 3.1 – Types of Gases Gases

Basically there are two types of gases; those are natural gases and artificial gases. There have
to sub division of Natural gases; those are respectively Elemental Gases and Compound
Gases. Artificial Gases also have one sub division which is Compound Gases.

Spontaneously natural gasses are present in nature while the artificial gasses are obtained by
some chemical reactions. According to the definition of elemental gases it can be said that

H
these gases are made of single element atoms, such as Hydrogen gas (¿¿ 2) , Oxygen gas
¿

8
 O
(¿¿ 2) etc. On the other hand, compound gases are formed in nature out of biological
¿
processes. Chemically, these are combinations of two or more elements, such as Carbon-
dioxide (CO 2) , Sulfur-dioxide (SO 2 ) etc. The artificial gasses are prepared by synthetic
means for human use which are included chlorofluorocarbons, anaesthetics, sterilizing agents
etc. Because of its preparation of synthetic means artificial gasses are also called synthetic
gases.

Now, it’s time to introduce the gas sensor of specific gases with their hazardous limits and
the present technologies of those gas’s sensors.

3.1O2 Gas Sensor:

Oxygen gas is extremely important to sustain life. Man can become passed away by
exposure to air inadequate of oxygen. Asphyxiation is the greatest hazard associated with
oxygen. Generally health effects begin at oxygen concentration of 19%, which is tough to be,
noticed [33]. Workers can become affected badly for asphyxiation.

Table 3.1 - Effects of Oxygen-Inadequate Exposure

Oxygen(% vol) Health Effects

19 Some adverse physiological effects
occur (not noticeable).
17 Increased breathing volume; accelerated
heartbeat; Night vision.
16 Dizziness reaction time for new tasks in
doubled.
15 Poor judgment; Poor coordination;
Abnormal fatigue upon exertion; Loss of
muscle control.
10-12 Very faulty judgment; Impaired
respiration that may cause permanent
heart damage; Loss of consciousness.
8-10 Nausea; Vomiting; Coma.
<8 Permanent brain damage.

9
 <6 Spasmodic breathing; Convulsive
movements; Death in 5-8 minutes.
Globally three different technologies are using much in making of Oxygen gas sensors;
thermo-magnetic, optical and electro-chemical. Thermo-magnetic oxygen sensors are based
on the physical properties of oxygen. But the slow response of thermo-magnetic oxygen gas
sensor, distinct measurement error, and thermal element corrosion raised the difficulties for
sensing the oxygen gas. On the contrary, research on electrochemical sensor development has
not received considerable attention. A chemical sensor or biosensor comes forward to solve
the problem of sensing oxygen gas and other difficulties. Moreover, with the development of
technologies oxygen gas can also be detected by wireless sensor with the platform of surface
acoustic wave gas sensor.

BT59i Oxygen Gas Sensor is an available electrochemical gas sensor in global market. The
Oxygen Gas sensor BT59i measures the gaseous oxygen concentration in the range of 0 to
100 %. It uses an electrochemical cell. Here, electrochemical reaction generates a current that
is proportional to the partial pressure of oxygen in the gas mixture. The current is measured
across a resistance to generate a small voltage output. The voltage output is amplified to the
0. 5V output range. The Oxygen Gas sensor has a limited operating lifetime of 5 years in
open air.

Figure 3.2 - BT59i Oxygen Gas Sensor

3.2 N 2 Gas Sensor:

Nitrogen gas contains 78.08% of the atmosphere. Usually it is a nontoxic, ordorless,

colorless, tasteless non-flammable gas. Many people said that nitrogen is not injurious for
health. But there has a condition that nitrogen is safe to breathe only when mixed with the

10
appropriate amount of oxygen. Asphyxiation hazards of nitrogen had occurred in industry
from 1992 to 2002 which resulted in 80 deaths [16]. Here, Nitrogen displaced oxygen and
created oxygen deficient (<19.5%) atmospheres without significant physiologic effects. Then
many people had died due to insufficient oxygen supply in the air. As a gas, nitrogen is a
“silent-killer”.

Moreover, nitrogen gas is classified as a “simple asphyxiant”. This means Nitrogen will
displace oxygen and create oxygen deficient (<19.5%) atmospheres without significant
physiologic effects. Exposure limits are not normally given to “simple asphyxiants” because
the limiting factor is the available oxygen. Therefore, Nitrogen has no exposure limit.

As it is tough to set the hazed limit of nitrogen gas, so there have a little amount of nitrogen
gas sensor in global market. Oxygen gas sensors usually use to overcome the hazed situation
for increasing nitrogen in the air as oxygen deficiency decrease then.

3.3 NO 2 Gas Sensor:

Nitrogen dioxide’s availability on air is too low. But the highly emission of nitrogen dioxide
from various man made source like power plants, industrial emissions and off-road sources
such as construction, lawn and gardening equipment are the reason of the hazardous
situations.

On January 22, 2010, EPA (Environmental Protection Agency, US) strengthened the health-
based National Ambient Air Quality Standard (NAAQS) for nitrogen dioxide ( NO2 ).
EPA set a 1-hour N2O standard at the level of 100 parts per billion (ppb) [18]. EPA also
retained the annual average N2O standard of 53 ppb. Additionally, EPA established
ambient air monitoring and reporting requirements for NO2 .

On the basis of the monitoring result of MSHA (Mine operators and Mine Safety and Health
Administration) the threshold limit value (TLV) time-weighted average (TWA) health limit
for NO2 exposure is 3 ppm for a conventional 8-hr workday and a 40-hr workweek.

11
 Table 3.2 - NO2 Standard Exposure Limit

Time Concentration Health Effects

Period (ppm)
8-hr 5 Irritation to the eyes and pulmonary
tract.
48-hr 10-20 Coughing and burning in the throat
induce slowly evolving pulmonary
edema.
Up to 30min 20 Immediately dangerous to life or
health.
60min 25 Chest pain
60min 50 Pulmonary edema with possible sub
acute or chronic lesions in the lungs
60min 100-200 Serious complications, including death

These hazards can be prevented by using NO2 gas sensor. Nitrogen Dioxide gas sensor
will detect the gas according to the exposure limit then it will warn us. Globally, there have
various types of nitrogen dioxide gas sensor available in the market. Electrochemical based
gas sensors are using mostly to detect nitrogen dioxide gas. Moreover, researchers are
inventing various types of nitrogen dioxide gas sensor according its working principle,
sensing property and the material by which the sensor has made. From the review of research
papers nitrogen dioxide can be made based on metal-oxide gas sensor, nanostructured
Sr Ti 0.85 Fe 0.15 O3 thin film, optical fibre coated gas sensor etc.

NE4-NO2 is an electrochemical nitrogen dioxide NO2 gas sensor. The NE4-NO2 Gas
Sensor is a 3-Electrode electrochemical gas sensor designed for the detection and
measurement of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the range 0-30 ppm, in a wide range of industrial
and commercial safety applications. By adhering to industry standards for size and
connection orientation, the NE4-NO2 can be retrofitted easily to existing product designs.

12
 Figure 3.3 - NE4-NO2 electrochemical NO2 gas sensor

3.4 H 2 Gas Sensor:

H 2 gas is known as a flammable , colorless ,odorless, high volatile and explosive gas that
is undetectable by the human senses and the low concentrations of a leak must be fabricated
by those sensors. At room temperature the lower flammable limit of hydrogen gas in air is
4% by volume, which makes hydrogen gas very dangerous for public health and safety of
property.

Table 3.3 – H2 Standard Limits on Various Situations

Situation Hydrogen Limit

Flammability Limits (in air) 4-74%
Explosion Limits (in air) 18.3-59%
Ignition Energy (mJ) 0.02
Flame Temp in air ( ℃ ) 2045
Stoichiometric Mixture ( most easily ignited 29%

in air)

Based on the technology there have different types of hydrogen sensors such as optical fibre
hydrogen sensor, MEMS hydrogen sensor, thin film sensor, thick film sensor, electro

13
chemical sensor etc. Each sensor not only different by the technology but also different form
their sensing characteristics and materials by which it builds.

The MQ-8 a hydrogen gas sensor, it is a semiconductor based gas sensor which is suitable
for sensing hydrogen concentrations in the air. The MQ-8 can detect hydrogen gas
concentrations anywhere from 100-10000ppm. This sensor has a high sensitivity and fast
response time.

Figure 3.4 - Hydrogen Gas Sensor MQ-8

It can be used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are suitable for
detecting of Hydrogen (H2), avoid the noise of alcohol and cooking fumes, LPG,CO.
Moreover, Resistance value of MQ-8 is difference to various kinds and various concentration
gases. So, when using this component, sensitivity adjustment is very necessary.

3.5 CO Gas Sensor:

Carbon Monoxide is a poisonous gas and is a common yet preventable cause of death from
poisoning worldwide. Approximately half of the deaths from unintentional CO poisonings
result from the inhalation of smoke from fires. Other significant causes are vehicle exhausts
and deaths in industrial settings. On average between 1 and 2 people die each year in Ireland
from unintentional CO poisoning in the home in incidents related to domestic heating or other
fossil fuel installations in the home (i.e. excluding the inhalation of smoke from fires).The
incomplete combustion of organic fossil fuels such as oil, gas or coal is a common
environmental source of CO and is responsible for many cases of non-fatal unintentional CO
poisoning. Exposure at 100 ppm or greater can be dangerous to human health.

14
 Table 3.4 – CO Standard Limits of Exposition
CO ppm Health effect

800 Dizziness, muscle pain and diminished

consciousness

1600 Headache, dizziness, death within 2 hours.

For being aware from the exposure of CO we can use various technology based CO gas
sensor. Opto-chemical, biomimetic, electrochemical, semiconductor and metal oxide based
gas sensors are available in global market. MQ-7 gas sensor is a metal oxide based CO gas
sensor. This MQ-7 CO gas sensor is high sensitivity to carbon monoxide. It has excellent
long term stability. Its service life can reach 5 years under using condition. Usually it used in
gas detecting equipment for carbon monoxide (CO) in family and industry or car.

Figure 3.5 – CO Gas Sensor MQ-7

3.6 CO2 Gas Sensor:

CO2 is the primary anthropogenic greenhouse gas, as well as a proxy for assessing

ventilation conditions in indoor environments. CO2 is denser than air and as such can
accumulate to dangerous levels. Breathing air with more than 30% CO2 can quickly
induce unconsciousness and cause death.

15
 Table 3.5 – CO2 Standard Limits of Exposition and Health Effects

CO2 Concentration Health Effects

350 - 450 ppm Typical atmosphere
600 - 800 ppm Acceptable indoor air quality
1000 ppm Tolerable indoor air quality
5000 ppm Average exposure limit over 8 hours
6000- 30000 ppm Concern, short exposure only
3-8% Increased respiration and headache
10 % + Nausea, vomiting, unconsciousness
(20 – 30) % Sudden unconsciousness, death

Based on technology basically there have four types of carbon dioxide sensors respectively
mass airflow sensor (thermal conductivity), solid state electrochemical sensor, mixed oxide
sensor, ion selective membrane sensor and optical sensor. Among them the electrochemical
sensors are inexpensive and have low power requirements, but generally have slower
response times, shorter life spans, and are more susceptible to poisoning. To maintain the cost
and enhance the power and response of sensor two new technology of carbon dioxide gas
also can introduce respectively NDIR-type sensor and Chemical based sensor.

Nowadays, NDIR is the most common type of sensor used to measure CO2 . It is term for
"non-dispersive infrared". BT25i CO2 Sensors is an available NDIR gas sensor. It is used
to monitor gaseous carbon dioxide levels in the range between 0 to 100,000 ppm.

Figure 3.6 – BT25i CO2 Sensors

3.7 SO 2 Gas Sensor:

16
 SO 2 is not combustible but it is considered an extremely toxic gas. When combined with
water, sulfur dioxide becomes sulfuric acid which is highly corrosive and cause chemical
burns. It is important to monitor sulfur dioxide levels power plants emit large amounts of
sulfur dioxide and sulfur dioxide is a highly reactive gas. Sulfur dioxide is heavier than air.
OSHA designated the PEL for sulfur dioxide to be only 5 ppm, because being exposed to
even small amounts for a short period can be extremely dangerous. Nevertheless, we must
have to know about the hazard limits of this. As its alarming for us, so the more we are alert
the more we will be safe from the hazardous situation of this gas.

Table 3.6 – SO 2 Standard Limits of Exposition and Health Effects

SO 2 ppm Health effects

1-5 Respiratory response in healthy individuals upon exercise or deep

breathing
3-5 Gas noticeable. Fall in lung function and rest. Increased airway

resistance
5 Increased airway resistance in healthy individuals
6 Immediate irritation of eyes, nose, and throat
10 Worsening irritation
10-15 Threshold of toxicity for prolonged exposures
20+ Paralysis or death occurs after prolonged exposures
150 Maximum concentration that can be withstood for a few minutes by

healthy individuals

Electro-chemical gas sensor is useful to detect SO 2 as it is toxic. SO 2 −BE is a sulpur

dioxide detector. Highest rang of its 20ppm. This ultra-lower sensor is appropriate for
applications in: indoor air monitoring, air purifier controls, early fire detection, HVAC
ventilation controls and Smart Homes.

17
 Figure 3.7 – SO 2 −BE Sensors

3.8 H 2 S Gas Sensor:

H2 S is extremely flammable and highly toxic. Hydrogen sulfide gas causes a wide range
of health effects. Workers are primarily exposed to hydrogen sulfide by breathing it. The
effects depend on how much hydrogen sulfide you breathe and for how long. Exposure to
very high concentrations can quickly lead to death. As its alarming for us, so the more we are
alert the more we will be safe from the hazardous situation of this gas.

Table –3.7 H2 S Health effects from exposure to hydrogen sulphide

H2 S Health effect
(ppm)
0.01 - 0.3 Odour threshold
1-20 Offensive odour, possible nausea, tearing of the eyes or
headaches with prolonged exposure
20-50 Nose, throat and lung irritation; digestive upset and loss of
appetite; sense of smell starts to become fatigued; acute
conjunctivitis may occur (pain, tearing and light sensitivity)

100-200 Severe nose, throat and lung irritation; ability to smell odour
completely disappears.

250-500 Pulmonary edema (build up of fluid in the lungs)

18
 500 Severe lung irritation, excitement, headache, dizziness,
staggering, sudden collapse (knockdown), unconsciousness
and death within a few hours, loss of memory for the period
of exposure

500-1000 Respiratory paralysis, irregular heartbeat, collapse and death

without rescue.

>1000 Rapid collapse and death

Usually there have various types of H2 S gas sensors such as metal oxide base, nano
-structured based, thin-film based and electrochemical H2 S gas sensors. Moreover
electrochemical sensors, solid state sensors, impregnated paper, and laser based open path
detectors are among those methods used to supply early warning and initiate an appropriate
automatic protective response.

NTMOS H2 S sensor is a metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor. It contains the latest
nanotechnology for the assurance of accuracy, reliability, and repeatability. It provides
H2 S in extreme temperature and humidity conditions. It can be installed with a display
for local indication. Moreover, it performs reliably in extreme climates with accurate and
consistent operation proven through performance testing to the ISA-92.0.01 standard.

Figure 3.8 – NTMOS H2 S sensor

3.9 Ne Gas Sensors:

Neon is a colourless, odourless, non-flammable gas or a colourless, odourless, cryogenic

liquid. It has a range of uses in industry, including in the popular business signs advertising

19
stores as open. Neon is on the hazardous substance list because it is cited by ACGIH
(American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists) and DOT (Department of
Transportation). When it explore then it causes various types of problem.

Since workers cannot see or smell the gas, they need a way to know when they are in danger
of asphyxiation. As acute health effects direct skin contact can cause frostbite and high
exposure can causes fatigue, vision disturbance, headache, dizziness and suffocation from
lack of Oxygen. According to the information presently available to the New Jersey
Department of Health and Senior Service, Neon has not been tested for its ability to cause
cancer and other long term effects
.
As neon is not too much hazardous as other gases so the researcher are not thinking to build
any types of gas sensor to detect it. There have a few gas sensor companies who are investing
of making neon gas sensor. Neon® gas sensor is a neon gas sensing sensor which is
available in the global market. It is a product by Kuntze Instruments GmbH which offers high
quality and long-term reliability, made in Germany.

Figure 3.9 – Physical Structure of Neon® Gas Sensor

3.10 CH 4 Gas Sensor:

20
Methane is the most abundant reactive trace gas in the atmosphere and arises from both
natural and anthropogenic sources. It is a valuable gas and is usable at a wide range of
concentrations, down to 5%. Explosion of this gas can be too much hazardous for human
being.

Table 3.8 – CH 4 Health effects from short-term exposure.

Hazard Type Symptoms
Fire Extremely Flammable
Explosion Gas/air mixtures are explosive
To be aware of this kind
Inhalation Suffocation
of explosion Skin On contact with liquid: Frostbite situation we
need to use Eyes On contact with liquid: Frostbite methane gas
sensor. In this field there have various types of technology of making methane gas sensor.
But only semiconductor based gas sensor is only available one in the global market. MQ-4
semiconductor sensor is an available gas sensor for sensing Methane gas. It is highly
sensitive to CH 4 with a fast response and the life time is long and stable. Moreover, it is
used in gas leakage detecting equipments in family and industry, are suitable for detecting of
CH 4 .

Figure 3.10 – MQ-4 CH 4 Sensor

21
CHAPTER 4

22
 Special Types of Sensors

Among all those individual gas sensors which are specified by the definition of gases there
have some special sensors those can detect many gases in a sensor. According to the
specification there can have various types of special sensors. In this paper, e-nose and e-
tongue is going to describe as special types of sensor. Definitions, History, Basic Mechanism
and Application areas are going to describe in these of e-nose and e-tongue.

4.1 E-nose:

An e-nose (electronic nose) is a device intended to detect orders or flavours. It is based on

‘Electronic Sensing’ technology. E-nose consists of certain mechanism such as array of
electronic sensors for chemical detection and artificial neural network for pattern recognition.
‘Electronic Sensing’ refers to the capability of reproducing human senses using sensor and
pattern recognition systems. It has undergone important from a technical and commercial
point of view. Moreover, it consists of arrays of sensors which are able to generate electrical
signals in response to either simple or complex volatile compounds present in the gaseous
sample. Essentially, e-nose consists of three major parts:

23
4.1.1 Sample Delivery System:

Enables generation of a sample which is to be analyze and then it is injected to detection

system.

4.1.2 Detection System:

Sensors react to the compound and the response is recorded by an electronic interface.
Transforms signal into digital value.

4.1.3 Computing System:

It combines the responses of all sensors to produce a result. These results can be easily
analyzed with a database of qualified samples. New samples are identified by comparing
those with the samples in database,
Signal
Sen conditio Patter
Sa
sor ning & n
mpl
Arr Data Recog
er
ay preproce nition
Odour Molecules ssing

Figure 4.1 – Block Diagram of E-nose System

4.1.4 Application of Electric Nose:

24
 Industrial Process Medical & Clinical
E-
nos
e
Airline & Transportation Military

Food Processing Scientific Research

Figure 4.2– Application of E-nose System

4.2 E-Tongue:

Electronic nose (e-nose) instrumental systems were designed to crudely mimic human
olfactory and taste sensory organs and are composed of an array of sensors. Complex data
sets from electronic nose and electronic tongue signals combined with multivariate statistics
represent rapid and efficient tools for classification, discrimination, recognition and identi-
fication of samples, as well as for the prediction of concentrations of different compounds. A
wide variety of sensors can be employed into the design of these instrumental systems,
especially that of electronic tongues, offering numerous practical applications. In this study,
characteristics of sensors and possibilities of electronic tongue applications in the dairy
industry were reviewed.

Transdu
Sensor
Flavor ction
Figure 4.3– Array Basic
System
Block Diagram
Codifica
E-Tongue Feature System
tion & Multiple
Extractio
Classific xer
n
ation

25
The application area of e-tongue is too big. It usually quantifies taste masking efficiency of
formulations and analyzes medicines stability in terms of taste. It’s also use for benchmark
target products and analyzes flavor ageing in beverages. Moreover, there have also many
application area of e-tongue.

26
 CHAPTER 5

Gas Sensors Market

Gas sensor has a huge market in global market. The increasing growth of industries with
having hazardous gases as sub product, gas sensors market will pass a booming seasons in
next decade. But it is tough to find any gas sensors or gas sensors company in the third world
countries. Global leaders of this sector are thinking about to expand the business throughout
the world.

A report had published by Fost and Sullivan, there was a predication about European gas
sensor market revenue between 1996 to 1999. According to that a projected comound annual
growth rate of 6.3 percent and it was continuing almost the same percentage through 2006.

Table 5.1 -European Sensor Market Revenues (in billions)

Year Revenue (USD Billions)

1996 0.97
1999 1.15
2006 1.76

27
Now, the Gas Sensors Market size was over USD 2 billion, with more than 900 million
units shipped in 2016.

Figure 5.1– U.S. gas sensors market size, by application, 2016 & 2024 (USD Million)

CHAPTER 6

28
 Conclusion
At the end this paper shows the values of gas sensors which are totally individualise. Having
the data sheets of the hazardous limit of gases provides an extreme notation of future
research. To maintain the world in path of happiness and to achieve the future global goal of
being having green global village we need to keep research about our air containing gases.
This paper will help any researcher to work with the technologies inside the gas’s detection
principle and the useful material to build those gas sensors. It will also review the global
market structure of gas sensor. Nevertheless, the importance of acquire knowledge about
gases and it detection process and its sensing device will be like a gold mine for future
upcoming hazardous and poisonous world.

29
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Appendix

*/

const int gasPin = A0; //GAS sensor output pin to Arduino analog A0 pin

void setup() {

Serial.begin(9600); //Initialize serial port - 9600 bps

35
 void loop() {

Serial.println(analogRead(gasPin));

delay(150); // Print value every 1 sec.

Output

36

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