CHAPTER-7 Page #1

WORK POWER ENERGY

 In 1847 Herman Von Helmholtz enunciated the general law regarding energy.
 Work: When force is applied and body covers some displacement in the direction of force.
 Work always changes KE or PE.
 Change of mechanical energy is equal to force
 WORK DONE BY CONSTANT FORCE:
 When force remains constant throughout displacement then work is said to be done by constant force.
 Work done by constant force can be calculated by direct use of w=Fscos𝜃 (for smaller distance or larger
distance)
 In absence of frictional force work can be considered as work done by constant force.
 Work depend upon:
(i) Magnitude of force (ii)Magnitude of displacement(iii) Angel between force and displacement
 Work does not depend upon velocity and time.
 Work is dot product between force and displacement and can be calculated by two difference ways.
(i) Multiplying component of force in the direction (parallel) of displacement (Fcos𝜃. s).
(ii) Multiplying component of displacement in the direction (parallel) of force (Fcos𝜃. s).
 Work is an algebraic quantity.
 Work can be positive as well as negative depending upon angle between 𝐹 and 𝑠.
 Work depends upon cos𝜃 and cos𝜃may be positive or negative.
 Positive work:𝟎𝟎 ≤ 𝜽 < 𝟗𝟎𝟎 .
 Negative work:𝟗𝟎𝟎 < 𝜃 ≤ 𝟏𝟖𝟎𝟎 .
 Maximum work: When force and displacement are parallel to each other(𝜃 = 00 ).
 Minimum work: When force and displacement are perpendicular to each other work is zero (𝜃 = 900 ),
when force and displacement are perpendicular to eachother, then this force cannot charge energy of
particle and is called deflecting force.
 Centripetal force can never do work.
 Normal reaction can never do work.
 Work done by gravity when body moves upward is negative and when body moves downward work done
by gravity is positive.
 Work done by friction is always negative.
 Work done by restoring when spring is stretched is negative.
 Work done by stretching force when spring is stretched is positive.
 Work done is always zero by normal reaction.
 Work done by applied force always positive.
 No work is done when stone is stationary at stretched hand or one moves long horizontal carrying load on
his head and shoulder.
 WORK DONE AGAINST GRAVITATIONAL FORCE:
 Work done against gravity between two close points is equal to 𝒘 = −𝒎𝒈𝒉
 For two close points in gravitational field work can be calculated by direct use of 𝒘 = 𝑭𝒔𝒄𝒐𝒔𝜽, if body
moves from one point to another against gravity with uniform velocity.
 Work done against gravity is stored as PE therefore gravitation field is conservative.
 Work done against gravity depends upon difference of height between two points therefore work is
independent of path followed by body to reach and final and only depends upon displacement or initial and
final points.
 Work done against gravity (conservative force) is independent of distance.
 Work done against non-conservative force deepened upon path therefore work done against friction
depend upon distance.
 CONSERVATIVE FORCE:
 Work done is stored as potential energy.
 Work is independent of path and only depends upon initial and final points.
 Work depends upon displacement therefore work done in closed path is zero.
 CLOSED PATH:
 Path covered by body whose initial and final point is same.
 All central forces are conservative forces.
(i) Gravitational force (ii) Electrostatic force (iii) Elastic force (Not central)
SINDH PU BLIC S CHO OL & COLLE GE UMERK OT COMPOSED BY: M. HANIF MAHAR
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 POWER:
𝑤
 Rate of doing work is called power. 𝑃 = 𝑡

 Power depends upon velocity and time.

 Practically power in more important than work.
 Work can be expressed in terms of power multiplied by time.
𝑤
𝑃= 𝑡
𝑤 = 𝑃𝑡

 kWh (kilowatt hr) is unit of work or energy, 1kwh = 3.6x106J (practically electrical energy is expressed in
kWh)
FPS unit: foot-pond/second = ft. lb/sec horse power ⟶ 1hp = 746W
 WORK DONE BY VARIABLE FORCE:
 When body moves from one point to other point and applied force in not constant throughout motion then
this type of work is called work done by variable force.
 Work done by variable force cannot be calculated by direct use of,w=Fscos𝜃.
 Work done by variable can be calculated by dividing whole displacement into small intervals each of equal
width in which force acting is considered as constant.
 Work of each small interval is calculated and all works of all intervals are added to get total work. In this
way work is calculated approximately because force in each interval does not remain constant.
 Work done by variable force cannot be calculated accurately it can be only calculated approximately,
accuracy of result depends upon the width of interval and number of intervals. As width of interval
decreases and number of intervals increases then result becomes more accurate.Accurate result in
obtained when width of interval becomes infinitesimally small and number of interval tends to be infinity.
 Work done by constant force or variable force equal to area under F – S graph.
 Work done by variable can be calculated by dividing area under F – S graph into small strips and
calculating area of each strip. Accuracy of result depends upon width of strip.
 ENERGY:
 Ability to do work is called energy. Anybody having energy can exert force on other body and can do work.
 Mechanical energy =kinetic and potential energy.
 More energy more work can body does.
 KINETIC ENERGY:
 Energy possessed by moving body is called KE or energy possessed by virtue of motion is called kinetic
energy.
 Total kinetic energy is measure of total work anybody can do.
 Kinetic energy without momentum is not possible.
 Work done by moving body is equal to change of kinetic energy of body.
 Total work a body can do in equal to its initial kinetic energy.
 Kinetic energy and momentum.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟐𝑲𝑬 𝒑𝟐
KE = 𝒎𝒗𝟐 , KE = 𝒑𝒗, 𝑷= ,KE =
𝟐 𝟐 𝒗 𝟐𝒎

1
 KE = 2 𝑚𝑣 2 can be used for body moving in any type of motion.

 POTENTIAL ENERGY:

 Energy possessed by body due to its position in conservative field is called potential energy. Potential
energy =mgh. U = - W
 Elastic potential energy: When work is done against elastic force.

 Electrostatic potential energy: When work is done against electrostatic force.

 Gravitational PE: When work is done against gravitational force.

SINDH PU BLIC S CHO OL & COLLE GE UMERK OT COMPOSED BY: M. HANIF MAHAR
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 PE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN TWO CLOSE POINTS WHERE GRAVITY IS UNIFORM IS EQUAL TO mgh.
 This is relative formula which gives difference of potential energy when two points close to each other
when gravity is uniform between these points.
 PE difference is positive at any finite distance it means work against gravity increases potential energy.
 ABSOLUTE POTENTIAL ENERGY:
 Work done between two far of point in gravitational field is work done by variable force.
𝟏 𝟏
𝐰 = 𝐆𝐌𝐞𝐦 −
𝐫𝟏 𝐫𝐧
 Potential energy difference between two far points.

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
∆𝐔 = −𝐰 = −𝐆𝐌𝐞𝐦 𝐫𝟏
−𝐫 = 𝐆𝐌𝐞𝐦 𝐫𝐧
−𝐫
𝐧 𝟏

 Gravitational potential: Potential energy or work per unit mass against gravity is called gravitational
potential.
 Gravitational potential difference between two far points.
𝟏 𝟏
∆𝑈 𝐆𝐌𝐞𝐦 −
𝐫𝐧 𝐫𝟏
Potential difference = 𝑚
= 𝑚
𝟏 𝟏
Potential difference = 𝐆𝐌𝐞 𝐫𝐧
−𝐫 , Unit: J/Kg
𝟏

 Absolute potential energy: PE of body with respect to actual zero point of potential energy is called
absolute potential energy. Actually potential energy is zero at infinity.
 On surface of earth absolute PE is not zero but surface of earth is considered as level of arbitrary zero PE
𝐆𝐌𝐞𝐦
 Absolute Potential energy U = − 𝐑
(R distance between body and center of earth)
𝐆𝐌𝐞𝐦 𝐆𝐌𝐞𝐦
 Absolute potential energy at surface of earth U = − =− 𝑹𝟐𝑬
× 𝐑𝐄 = + gmRE
𝑹𝑬
𝐆𝐌𝐞 𝐆𝐌𝐞
 Absolute potential at surface of earth = − =− 𝑹𝟐𝑬
× 𝐑 𝐄= + gRE
𝑹𝑬

 At center of earth absolute PE is equal to negative infinity.

 Absolute PE is negative at any finite distance and zero at infinity.
 Largest value of absolute PE is zero at infinity and smallest value of absolute PE at center of earth (-∝).
 Inter conversion of PE and KE of free falling body:
 Gravitational field is conservative field so it can convert one form of energy into other form of energy.
 When body falls freely under action of gravity then potential energy is converted to kinetic energy.
 If air resistance is not present then loss of PE = Gain in KE
 If air resistance is present then:
Loss of PE = gain in KE + work done against friction
Gain in KE = loss of PE - work against friction
KE =mg x- f x (If body falls x distance from some height)
At bottom before striking ground, Gain in KE=mgh – fh, This equation is called work energy equation which
shows that work and KE are inter convert able.
 LAW OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY:
 Energy cannot be created or destroyed without doing anything. Energy can be produced by expending
mass. Energy can be destroyed by producing mass.
 Loss in one form of energy is accompanied by gain in other form of energy.
 Pair production is example of conversion of energy into mass.
 Fission, fusion reactions and annihilation of matter are example of conversion of mass into energy.
 Law of conservation of energy is universally accepted and is not violated at microscopic or macroscopic
level.

SINDH PU BLIC S CHO OL & COLLE GE UMERK OT COMPOSED BY: M. HANIF MAHAR
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 EXAMPLES OF CONSERVATION OF ENERGY.

i) Electric bulbs convert electrical energy into light and heat energy.

ii) Fossil fuels (coal and petrol) chemical energy is converted into heat energy.

iii) Heat energy in steam engine is converted into KE (mechanical energy).

iv) In rubbing hands work is converted into heat energy.

 SOURCE OF ENERGY:

 Wind energy is obtained from blowing wind. Near Sohrab goth wind mill is used for drawing underground

water.

 Hydroelectricity, potential energy of water stored in dams at height is converted into electrical

energy.Mangla and Tarbella dam in Pakistan are used to produce electrical energy.

 Fossil fuels are ruminants of plants and animals which died millions of years ago.

 Nuclear energy is obtained when mass is converted into energy during fission and fusion reaction.The

destruction of Japan is tragic example of nuclear energy. In Pakistan nuclear reactor is working in Karachi

and Chasma to produce electricity. Controlled fusion reaction can produce more energy than fission

reaction.Controlled fission reaction produced energy.

 Geo thermal energy is earth’s natural heat.In one second heat conducted from 1cm2 area of earth is 1.5𝜇

cal/cm2.sec, which is equal to 1020cal in one year.DE white and D.C William estimated that the heat stored

in rock beneath USA to depth of 10km is of the order of 8x1024cal. In upper 10km (1000C) layer stored heat

in earth is greater than total energy available from all nuclear and fossil fuel sources.Boric acid and other

chemicals were extracted from stem jets in Italy as early as 1700 A.D.Larderello company produced

electricity in 1904 using natural steam for the generation of power.

 Solar energy is obtained from sunlight. Solar energy could make major impact on our economy by

providing space heating, space cooling and hot water building providing clean fuels and generating

electricity by solar cells.

 Tidal energy is energy possessed by tides of ocean due to gravity of moon (primarily) and sun. Water

power mills operating from tidal motion were used in New England in 18thcentury.Sewage pumps

functioned in Germany and London by using tidal power. Tidal energy is difficult to harness and marginally

economical.

 Fossil fuel is main source of energy in Pakistan. Fossil fuel damages environment at large scale.

 Hydroelectric generation is limited and also costly.

 Solar energy is ideal source of energy to get rid of pollution solar energy is available in most parts of

Pakistan throughout the year.

SINDH PU BLIC S CHO OL & COLLE GE UMERK OT COMPOSED BY: M. HANIF MAHAR