Sri Lanka Institute of Information Technology

Faculty of Computing

Logic Control

Ms.Nilushi Dias

Year 01 Semester 01

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Outline

1 Number Systems

2 Boolean Algebra

3 Computer Arithmetic

4 Logic Gates

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Number Systems

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Number Systems

Mathematical notation/symbols for representing values (numbers).

In di↵erent systems, di↵erent symbols are used.

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Positional Number System

The most common base used in everyday activities is 10 (Decimal

System).
Di↵erent bases are used in other situations.
The base can be written as a subscript to the number for easy
identification.
Example: 126510 0100000012
4 types of positional number systems are discussed:
Decimal (Base = 10, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9).
Binary (Base = 2, 0, 1).
Octal (Base = 8, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8).
Hexadecimal (Base = 16, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F).

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Positional Number System (cont’d)

We are used to dealing with numbers in the decimal system.

This is probably a result of having ten fingers.
It is a positional number system.
Roman number system is not such a system.
The position of the symbol denotes the magnitude.
A positional number system uses a base (aka radix).
A number system with base b is a system that uses distinct symbols
for b digits.

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Positional Number System (cont’d)

To determine the quantity, it is necessary to multiply each digit by an

integer power of the base and then form the sum of all weighted
digits.

Example (724110):-

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Binary Number System

Mainly used in computers and computer-based devices.

A computer contains electronic components that uses voltages.
Therefore, numbers are represented in a computer with a base of 2.
All other information is represented using a binary code as well.
Letters of the alphabet and punctuation marks
Microprocessor instruction
Graphics/Video
Sound

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Number Base Conversion

Should be able to convert a number in one base to another base.

Examples will be discussed in converting,

Decimal $ Binary

Decimal $ Octal
Decimal $ Hexadecimal
Binary $ Octal

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Repeated Division Method

Can be easily used to convert a decimal number to another base.

1 Divide the number successively by the base.
2 After each division record the remainder.
3 The result is read from the last remainder upwards.

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Repeated Division Method (Example)

Convert 12310 to a binary representation.

123/2 q = 61 r = 1
61/2 q = 30 r = 1
30/2 q = 15 r = 0
15/2 q = 7 r = 1
7/2 q = 4 r = 1
4/2 q = 2 r = 0
2/2 q = 1 r = 0
12310 = 00110112

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Repeated Subtraction Method

Can be used to convert a decimal number to binary.

1 Starting with the 1s place, write down all of the binary place values in
order until you get to the first binary place value that is GREATER
THAN the decimal number you are trying to convert.
2 AMark out the largest place value (it just tells us how many place
values we need).
3 Subtract the largest place value from the decimal number. Place a “1”
under that place value.

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Repeated Subtraction Method

4 For the rest of the place values, try to subtract each one from the
previous result.
If you can, place a “1” under that place value.
If you can’t, place a “0” under that place value.
5 Repeat Step 4 until all of the place values have been processed.

Convert 12310 to binary using the repeated subtraction method

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Other Base Conversions

Binary/Octal/Hexadecimal to Decimal
1 Take the left most none zero bit,
2 Multiply by the base and add it to the bit on its right.
3 Now take this result, multiply by the base it and add it to the next bit
on the right,
4 Continue in this way until the right-most bit has been added in.

The fundamental setup of positional number systems can be used as well.

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Other Base Conversions

Binary to Octal/Hexadecimal
1 Form the bits into groups of three/four starting at the right and move
leftwards.
2 Replace each group of three bits with the corresponding
octal/hexadecimal digit.

Octal/Hexadecimal to Binary
The opposite of the above process is used

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Conversion of Fractions

Decimal Fractions to Binary Fractions

1 Begin with the decimal fraction and multiply by 2. The whole number
part of the result is the first binary digit to the right of the point.
2 Disregard the whole number part of the previous result and multiply
by 2 once again. The whole number part of this new result is the
second binary digit to the right of the point.
3 Continue this process until we get a zero as our decimal part or until
we recognize an infinite repeating pattern.

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Conversion of Fractions (Example)

Convert 0.62510 to binary.

Convert 0.110 to binary.
Convert 1.62510 to binary.

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Conversion of Fractions (cont’d.)

Binary Fractions to Decimal Fractions

The fundamental setup of positional number systems used in converting
binary integers to decimals can be used here.

Represent 10.011012 as a decimal number

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Summary

Students should be able to,

Understand the numerical system.
Explain why computer designers chose to use the binary system for
representing information in computers.
Explain di↵erent number systems.
Translate numbers between number system

Understanding the pattern in each set of conversions will make it

easier to remember the methods.

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Boolean Algebra

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Boolean Algebra

A variable used in an algebraic formula so far, is assumed to take a

set of numerical values.
All variables in boolean equations can take only one of two possible
values.
Used symbols for the two values are 0 and 1.
Rules first defined for logic by George Boole (1854), were adapted for
the use in designing electronic circuits.
The circuits in computers and other electronic devices have inputs,
each of which is either a 0 or a 1.

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Boolean Operators

One major advantage in using these rules is to simplify an electronic

circuit.
Boolean algebra provides the operations and the rules for working
with boolean variables.
Three (3) boolean operators are discussed.
Complement
Boolean sum
Boolean product
Ten (10) rules are also discussed (aka Boolean Identities).

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Boolean Operators

Complement
Defined as the opposite of the value that a boolean variable takes.
Denoted with a bar (E.g.: A).
0 = 1 and 1 = 0.

Boolean Sum
Defined as the output to be 1 if at least one variable is 1.
Denoted with the symbol + or by OR.
0 + 0 = 0, 0 + 1 = 1, 1 + 0 = 1 and 1 + 1 = 1.

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Boolean Operators (cont’d.)

Boolean Product
Defined as the output to be 0 if at least one variable is 0.
Denoted with the symbol ( ) or by AND.
0 0 = 0, 0 1 = 0, 1 0 = 0 and 1 1 = 1.
When there is no danger of confusion, the symbol can be omitted.

Order of boolean operators,

1 Complement.
2 Boolean products.
3 Boolean sums.

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Boolean Identities

1 Law of Double Complement

¯=A
Ā
2 Idempotent Laws
A+A=A
A·A=A
3 Identity Laws
A+0=A
A·1=A
4 Domination/Null/Universal Bound Laws
A+1=1
A·0=0

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Boolean Identities (cont’d.)

5 Commutative Laws
A+B =B +A
A · B =B · A
6 Associative Laws
A + (B + C ) = (A + B) + C .
A · (B · C ) = (A · B) · C
7 Commutative Laws
A · (B + C ) = (A · B) + (A · C )
A + B · C = (A + B) · (A + C )

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Boolean Identities (cont’d.)

8 De Morgan’s Laws
(A · B) = A + B
(A + B) = A · B
9 Absorption Laws
A · (A + B) = A
A+A·B =A
10 Inverse Laws / Unit Zero Properties
A+A=1
A·A=0

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Examples

1 Find the values of the following expressions.

i. 1 · 0
ii. 1 + 1
iii. (1 + 0)
2 Prove both variants of the absorption law using other boolean
identities.
3 Simplify the following expressions.
i. ABD + ABD
ii. (A + B)(A + B)
iii. M = W X Y Z + W X Y Z + WX Y Z + W X Y Z

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Truth Tables

To verify the above rules, a truth table can be used.

It’s also known as a Table of Combinations.
It’s a table displaying all possible values for the variables and the
outcomes for a boolean expression.
If there are n number of variables, there will be 2n number of rows in
the truth table.
If the truth table for two boolean expressions shows the same
outcomes for the same values for the variables, it can be concluded
that the expressions are the same/equal.

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Example

1 Use a table to express the values of each of these Boolean functions.

i. AB
ii. M = xy + (xyz)
iii. F (x, y , z) = y (xz + xz)

2 Using a truth table, show that,

xy + y z + xz = xy + y z + xz

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Sum of Products (SoP)

In some cases, the truth table might be known and we might want to
know the expression that gives the truth table.
This can be done by representing as a Sum of Products (SoP) of the
variables and their complements.
Steps:-
1 Select the rows in the truth table that gives 1 as the outcome.
2 Write how we can obtain 1 for the first selected row by using the
product of the variables.
3 Repeat step two for all selected rows and use the sum to combine all
results

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Example

Find the boolean expression for F from the given truth table

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Product of Sums (PoS)

Used for the same reason as a SoP.

Product of Sums (PoS) has opposite steps of SoP.
Steps:-
1 Select the rows in the truth table that gives 0 as the outcome.
2 Write how we can obtain 0 for the first selected row by using the sum
of the variables.
3 Repeat step two for all selected rows and use the product to combine
all results.
Conversion can be done between the two using De Morgan’s rule.

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Duality Principle

In a boolean expression, if all the sums (+) and products ( . ) are

exchanged as well as if 1’s and 0’s are exchanged, the resulting
expression is the opposite of the initial expression.
This property is observed between SoP and PoS.
The duel of the complement of one form is equal to the expression in
the other form.

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Summary

Students should be able to,

Understand the boolean expressions.
Learn laws and rules of boolean algebra.
Simplify boolean expressions using boolean identities.
Use Sum of Products (SoP) and Product of Sums (PoS) to find
boolean expressions.
Understand similarities and di↵erences between boolean variables as
opposed to regular variables.

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Computer Arithmetic

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Introduction

Recap:
Binary numbers are a number system with base 2.
Information represented inside a computer takes binary values.
Previous lecture dealt with the conversions between di↵erent number
systems.
This lecture deals with basic mathematical operations (such as
addition, subtraction, multiplication and division) for binary numbers.

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Binary Addition

Addition in the decimal number system.

Add values rightmost position (least significant).
If this addition is grater than 10, 1 is carried to the 2nd position and
added.
This process is carried for all the positions.
Binary addition follows the same set of rules.
If the addition is greater that 2, 1 is carried to the 2nd next position.

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Binary Addition

Evaluate the following.

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Binary Subtraction

Similar to subtraction in the decimal number system.

Inverse of addition.
If the values cannot be subtracted, borrow from the next position.
Subtraction table,
0 - 0 = 0
1 - 0 = 1
1 - 1 = 0
0 - 1 = 1 with a borrow of 1.

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Examples

Evaluate the following.

10110 - 10010
1011011 - 10010
100010110 - 1111010
1010110 - 101010
101101 - 100111
1000101 - 101100
1110110 - 1010111
Compare the above results by converting them to decimal numbers.

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Multiplication and Division

Similar to multiplication and division in the decimal number system.

Rules of binary multiplication,
0 × 0 = 0
0 × 1 = 0
1 × 0 = 0
1 × 1 = 1
Rules of binary division,
0÷1=0
1÷1=1

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Examples

Evaluate the following.

1100 × 1010
1111 × 101
0011 × 11
1100110 × 1000
1000 ÷ 10
1010 ÷ 11
1111 ÷ 111
Compare the above results by converting them to decimal numbers.

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Complementary Arithmetic

Complements are used in digital computers for simplifying,

the subtraction operation
the logical manipulation.
Two types of compliments for each base b
system.
r’s compliment
(r - 1)’s compliment
Example: For binary numbers, 2’s complement and 1’s complement.

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Examples

Get the 1’s and 2’s compliments of the following binary numbers.
1100011
0001111
1010100
1111011

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Logic Gates

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Logic Gates

A computer, or other electronic device, is made up of a number of

circuits.
The components in a logical circuit takes 0 and 1 as inputs.
1 is the state where there is a voltage on the input and 0 is the state
where there is no voltage on the input.

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Logic Gates

Therefore, boolean algebra is used to model the circuitry in electronic

devices.
The absence of a voltage is usually denoted as 0 (zero) and the
presence of a voltage is denoted by 1 (one).
As mentioned earlier, concepts of boolean algebra can be used to
simplify logical circuitry.
There are a set of components that matches the boolean operators
discussed earlier.
These components are called Logic Gates.

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Basic Logic Gates (NOT Gate

Complement→ NOT Gate.

Also known as inverter or complementer.
Consists of a single input and a single output.
As in the complement, the input gets inverted.
Symbol:

Truth Table:

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Basic Logic Gates (OR Gate)

Boolean Sum → OR Gate.

Consists of two inputs and a single output.
As in the sum, the output is 1 if at least one input is 1.
Symbol:

Truth Table:

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Basic Logic Gates (AND Gate)

Boolean Product → AND Gate.

Consists of two inputs and a single output.
As in the product, the output is 0 if at least one input is 0.
Symbol:

Truth Table:

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Derived Logic Gates (NAND Gate)

Created by combining an AND gate with a NOT gate.

Symbol:

Truth Table:

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Derived Logic Gates (NOR Gate)

Created by combining an OR gate with a NOT gate.

Symbol:

Truth Table:

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Derived Logic Gates (XOR Gate)

Similar to the OR Gate.

Consists of two inputs and a single output.
The output is 1 if ONLY ONE input is 1.
Symbol:

Truth Table:

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Summary

Students should be able to,

Get an understanding about the need and usage of logic gates.
Understand basic logic gates and the connection with boolean
operators.
The functions obtained by the logic gates.
Draw truth tables for the logic gates.
Draw circuit diagrams for the logic gates using the standard symbols.
Drawing circuit diagrams from boolean expressions and vice versa.

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Thank You!

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