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DATABASE SYSTEMS
Design, Implementation,
and Management
12e

Carlos Coronel | Steven Morris

Australia • Brazil • Mexico • Singapore • United Kingdom • United States

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Printed in the United States of America

Print Number: 01 Print Year: 2016

To Pamela, from high school sweetheart through 26 years of marriage, you are the beau-
tiful love of my life who has supported, encouraged, and inspired me. More than anyone
else, you are responsible for whatever successes I have achieved. To my son, Alexander
Logan, your depth of character is without measure. You are my pride and joy. To my
daughter, Lauren Elizabeth, your beauty and intensity take my breath away. You are my
heart and soul. Thank you all for the sacrifices you have made that enabled me to pur-
sue this dream. I love you so much more than I can express. To my mother, Florence
Maryann, and to the memory of my father, Alton Lamar, together they instilled in me
the desire to learn and the passion to achieve. To my mother-in-law, Connie Duke, and
to the memory of my father-in-law, Wayne Duke, they taught me to find joy in all things.
To all of you, with all my love, I dedicate this book.
Steven Morris

For Peter
To longtime colleague and friend, Peter Rob: Your drive and dedication to your students
started this book. Your depth of knowledge, attention to detail, and pursuit of excellence
made it succeed. Your patience and guidance continue to light our path. It is our sincere
hope that, as we move forward, we can continue to live up to your standard. Enjoy your
retirement, my friend; you have surely earned it.
Carlos Coronel and Steven Morris

Dedication iii

Part 1: Database Concepts 1

1. Database Systems, 2
2. Data Models, 35

Part 2: Design Concepts 71

3. The Relational Database Model, 72
4. Entity Relationship (ER) Modeling, 117
5. Advanced Data Modeling, 169
6. Normalization of Database Tables, 201

Part 3: Advanced Design and Implementation 245

7. Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL), 246
8. Advanced SQL , 340
9. Database Design, 439

Part 4: Advanced Database Concepts 481

10. Transaction Management and Concurrency Control, 482
11. Database Performance Tuning and Query Optimization, 515
12. Distributed Database Management Systems, 553
13. Business Intelligence and Data Warehouses, 589
14. Big Data Analytics and NoSQL, 648

Part 5: Databases and the Internet 679

15. Database Connectivity and Web Technologies, 680

Part 6: Database Administration 721

16. Database Administration and Security, 722
Glossary, 769
Index, 783

iv Brief Contents

Appendix A1: Designing Databases with Visio Professional 2010: A Tutorial

Appendix A2: Designing Databases with Visio 2013: A Tutorial
Appendix B: The University Lab: Conceptual Design
Appendix C: The University Lab: Conceptual Design Verification, Logical Design, and Implementation
Appendix D: Converting an ER Model into a Database Structure
Appendix E: Comparison of ER Model Notations
Appendix F: Client/Server Systems
Appendix G: Object-Oriented Databases
Appendix H: Unified Modeling Language (UML)
Appendix I: Databases in Electronic Commerce
Appendix J: Web Database Development with ColdFusion
Appendix K: The Hierarchical Database Model
Appendix L: The Network Database Model
Appendix M: MS Access Tutorial
Appendix N: Creating a New Database Using Oracle 12c
Appendix O: Data Warehouse Implementation Factors

Brief Contents v

Chapter 2: Data Models 35

2-1 Data Modeling and Data Models 36
2-2 The Importance of Data Models 37
2-3 Data Model Basic Building Blocks 37
2-4 Business Rules 39
2-4a Discovering Business Rules 39
2-4b Translating Business Rules into Data Model Components 40
2-4c Naming Conventions 41
2-5 The Evolution of Data Models 41
2-5a Hierarchical and Network Models 41
2-5b The Relational Model 43
2-5c The Entity Relationship Model 45
2-5d The Object-Oriented (OO) Model 48
2-5e Object/Relational and XML 49
2-5f Emerging Data Models: Big Data and NoSQL 50
2-5g Data Models: A Summary 56
2-6 Degrees of Data Abstraction 57
2-6a The External Model 60
2-6b The Conceptual Model 61
2-6c The Internal Model 62
2-6d The Physical Model 63
Summary 64 • Key Terms 65 • Review Questions 65 • Problems 66

Part 2: Design Concepts 71

Chapter 3: The Relational Database Model 72
3-1 A Logical View of Data 73
3-1a Tables and Their Characteristics 73

vi Contents

Chapter 4: Entity Relationship (ER) Modeling 117

4-1 The Entity Relationship Model (ERM) 118
4-1a Entities 118
4-1b Attributes 118
4-1c Relationships 124
4-1d Connectivity and Cardinality 125
4-1e Existence Dependence 126
4-1f Relationship Strength 126
4-1g Weak Entities 129
4-1h Relationship Participation 131
4-1i Relationship Degree 134
4-1j Recursive Relationships 136
4-1k Associative (Composite) Entities 138
4-2 Developing an ER Diagram 140
4-3 Database Design Challenges: Conflicting Goals 147
Summary 152 • Key Terms 153 • Review Questions 153 • Problems 156 • Cases 161

Chapter 5: Advanced Data Modeling 169

5-1 The Extended Entity Relationship Model 170
5-1a Entity Supertypes and Subtypes 170
5-1b Specialization Hierarchy 171
5-1c Inheritance 172
5-1d Subtype Discriminator 174
5-1e Disjoint and Overlapping Constraints 174
5-1f Completeness Constraint 175
5-1g Specialization and Generalization 176
5-2 Entity Clustering 176
5-3 Entity Integrity: Selecting Primary Keys 177
5-3a Natural Keys and Primary Keys 178
5-3b Primary Key Guidelines 178
5-3c When To Use Composite Primary Keys 178
5-3d When To Use Surrogate Primary Keys 180
5-4 Design Cases: Learning Flexible Database Design 182
5-4a Design Case 1: Implementing 1:1 Relationships 182
5-4b Design Case 2: Maintaining History of Time-Variant Data 183
5-4c Design Case 3: Fan Traps 186
5-4d Design Case 4: Redundant Relationships 187
Summary 188 • Key Terms 189 • Review Questions 189 • Problems 190 • Cases 192

Chapter 6: Normalization of Database Tables 201

6-1 Database Tables and Normalization 202
6-2 The Need For Normalization 202
6-3 The Normalization Process 206
6-3a Conversion To First Normal Form 208
6-3b Conversion To Second Normal Form 211
6-3c Conversion To Third Normal Form 213

Contents vii

Part 3: Advanced Design and Implementation 245

Chapter 7: Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) 246
7-1 Introduction to SQL 247
7-2 Data Definition Commands 249
7-2a The Database Model 249
7-2b Creating The Database 251
7-2c The Database Schema 251
7-2d Data Types 252
7-2e Creating Table Structures 255
7-2f SQL Constraints 259
7-2g SQL Indexes 263
7-3 Data Manipulation Commands 264
7-3a Adding Table Rows 264
7-3b Saving Table Changes 266
7-3c Listing Table Rows 266
7-3d Updating Table Rows 268
7-3e Restoring Table Contents 269
7-3f Deleting Table Rows 269
7-3g Inserting Table Rows with a Select Subquery 270
7.4 SELECT Queries 271
7-4a Selecting Rows with Conditional Restrictions 271
7-4b Arithmetic Operators: The Rule of Precedence 276
7-4c Logical Operators: AND, OR, and NOT 277
7-4d Special Operators 279
7-5 Additional Data Definition Commands 283
7-5a Changing a Column’s Data Type 284
7-5b Changing a Column’s Data Characteristics 284
7-5c Adding a Column 284
7-5d Dropping a Column 285
7-5e Advanced Data Updates 285
7-5f Copying Parts of Tables 287
7-5g Adding Primary and Foreign Key Designations 289
7-5h Deleting a Table from the Database 290
7-6 Additional SELECT Query Keywords 290
7-6a Ordering a Listing 290
7-6b Listing Unique Values 292
7-6c Aggregate Functions 292
7-6d Grouping Data 297
7-7 Joining Database Tables 300
7-7a Joining Tables with an Alias 303
7-7b Recursive Joins 303
Summary 305 • Key Terms 306 • Review Questions 306 • Problems 307 • Cases 331

Chapter 8: Advanced SQL 340

8-1 SQL Join Operators 341
8-1a Cross Join 342
8-1b Natural Join 343
8-1c JOIN USING Clause 344
8-1d JOIN ON Clause 345
8-1e Outer Joins 347
8-2 Subqueries and Correlated Queries 349
8-2a WHERE Subqueries 351
8-2b IN Subqueries 352

viii Contents

Chapter 9: Database Design 439

9-1 The Information System 440
9-2 The Systems Development Life Cycle 442
9-2a Planning 442
9-2b Analysis 443
9-2c Detailed Systems Design 444
9-2d Implementation 444
9-2e Maintenance 445
9-3 The Database Life Cycle 445
9-3a The Database Initial Study 445
9-3b Database Design 450
9-3c Implementation and Loading 451
9-3d Testing and Evaluation 454
9-3e Operation 456
9-3f Maintenance and Evolution 457
9-4 Conceptual Design 457
9-4a Data Analysis and Requirements 459
9-4b Entity Relationship Modeling and Normalization 461
9-4c Data Model Verification 464
9-4d Distributed Database Design 467
9-5 DBMS Software Selection 467
9-6 Logical Design 468
9-6a Map the Conceptual Model to the Logical Model 468
9-6b Validate the Logical Model Using Normalization 470
9-6c Validate Logical Model Integrity Constraints 470
9-6d Validate the Logical Model Against User Requirements 471
9-7 Physical Design 471
9-7a Define Data Storage Organization 472
9-7b Define Integrity and Security Measures 472
9-7c Determine Performance Measures 473
9-8 Database Design Strategies 473
9-9 Centralized Versus Decentralized Design 474
Summary 477 • Key Terms 477 • Review Questions 477 • Problems 478

Contents ix

Chapter 11: Database Performance Tuning

and Query Optimization 515
11-1 Database Performance-Tuning Concepts 516
11-1a Performance Tuning: Client and Server 517
11-1b DBMS Architecture 518
11-1c Database Query Optimization Modes 520
11-1d Database Statistics 521
11-2 Query Processing 522
11-2a SQL Parsing Phase 523
11-2b SQL Execution Phase 524
11-2c SQL Fetching Phase 525
11-2d Query Processing Bottlenecks 525
11-3 Indexes and Query Optimization 526
11-4 Optimizer Choices 528
11-4a Using Hints to Affect Optimizer Choices 530
11-5 SQL Performance Tuning 531
11-5a Index Selectivity 531
11-5b Conditional Expressions 533
11-6 Query Formulation 534
11-7 DBMS Performance Tuning 536
11-8 Query Optimization Example 538
Summary 546 • Key Terms 547 • Review Questions 547 • Problems 548

Chapter 12: Distributed Database Management Systems 553

12-1 The Evolution of Distributed Database Management Systems 554
12-2 DDBMS Advantages and Disadvantages 556
12-3 Distributed Processing and Distributed Databases 556
12-4 Characteristics of Distributed Database Management Systems 559
12-5 DDBMS Components 560
12-6 Levels of Data and Process Distribution 561
12-6a Single-Site Processing, Single-Site Data 561
12-6b Multiple-Site Processing, Single-Site Data 562
12-6c Multiple-Site Processing, Multiple-Site Data 563
12-7 Distributed Database Transparency Features 564
12-8 Distribution Transparency 565

x Contents

Chapter 13: Business Intelligence and Data Warehouses 589

13-1 The Need for Data Analysis 590
13-2 Business Intelligence 590
13-2a Business Intelligence Architecture 592
13-2b Business Intelligence Benefits 598
13-2c Business Intelligence Evolution 598
13-2d Business Intelligence Technology Trends 601
13-3 Decision Support Data 602
13-3a Operational Data Versus Decision Support Data 602
13-3b Decision Support Database Requirements 605
13-4 The Data Warehouse 607
13-4a Data Marts 610
13-4b Twelve Rules That Define a Data Warehouse 610
13-5 Star Schemas 610
13-5a Facts 611
13-5b Dimensions 611
13-5c Attributes 612
13-5d Attribute Hierarchies 614
13-5e Star Schema Representation 616
13-5f Performance-Improving Techniques for the Star Schema 617
13-6 Online Analytical Processing 621
13-6a Multidimensional Data Analysis Techniques 621
13-6b Advanced Database Support 623
13-6c Easy-to-Use End-User Interfaces 623
13-6d OLAP Architecture 623
13-6e Relational OLAP 626
13-6f Multidimensional OLAP 628
13-6g Relational versus Multidimensional OLAP 628
13-7 SQL Extensions for OLAP 629
13-7a The ROLLUP Extension 630
13-7b The CUBE Extension 631
13-7c Materialized Views 633
Summary 636 • Key Terms 637 • Review Questions 637 • Problems 639

Chapter 14: Big Data Analytics and NoSQL 648

14-1 Big Data 649
14-1a Volume 651
14-1b Velocity 652
14-1c Variety 653
14-1d Other Characteristics 654
14-2 Hadoop 655
14-2a HDFS 655
14-2b MapReduce 658
14-2c Hadoop Ecosystem 660
14-3 NoSQL 662
14-3a Key-Value Databases 663
14-3b Document Databases 664
14-3c Column-Oriented Databases 665
14-3d Graph Databases 668
14-3e NewSQL Databases 669

Contents xi

Part 5: Databases and the Internet 679

Chapter 15: Database Connectivity and Web Technologies 680
15-1 Database Connectivity 681
15-1a Native SQL Connectivity 682
15-1b ODBC, DAO, and RDO 683
15-1c OLE-DB 685
15-1d ADO.NET 687
15-1e Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) 691
15-2 Database Internet Connectivity 692
15-2a Web-to-Database Middleware: Server-Side Extensions 693
15-2b Web Server Interfaces 695
15-2c The Web Browser 696
15-2d Client-Side Extensions 697
15-2e Web Application Servers 698
15-2f Web Database Development 699
15-3 Extensible Markup Language (XML) 702
15-3a Document Type Definitions (DTD) and XML Schemas 704
15-3b XML Presentation 706
15-3c XML Applications 708
15-4 Cloud Computing Services 709
15-4a Cloud Implementation Types 712
15-4b Characteristics of Cloud Services 712
15-4c Types of Cloud Services 713
15-4d Cloud Services: Advantages and Disadvantages 714
15-4e SQL Data Services 716
Summary 717 • Key Terms 718 • Review Questions 718 • Problems 719

Part 6: Database Administration 721

Chapter 16: Database Administration and Security 722
16-1 Data as a Corporate Asset 723
16-2 The Need for a Database and its Role in an Organization 724
16-3 Introduction of a Database: Special Considerations 726
16-4 The Evolution of Database Administration 727
16-5 The Database Environment’s Human Component 731
16-5a The DBA’s Managerial Role 733
16-5b The DBA’s Technical Role 738
16-6 Security 745
16-6a Security Policies 746
16-6b Security Vulnerabilities 746
16-6c Database Security 748
16-7 Database Administration Tools 749
16-7a The Data Dictionary 750
16-7b Case Tools 752
16-8 Developing a Data Administration Strategy 755
16-9 The DBA’s Role in the Cloud 756
16-10 The DBA at Work: Using Oracle for Database Administration 757
16-10a Oracle Database Administration Tools 758
16-10b Ensuring that the RDBMS Starts Automatically 758
16-10c Creating Tablespaces and Datafiles 760
16-10d Managing Users and Establishing Security 762
16-10e Customizing the Database Initialization Parameters 763
Summary 765 • Key Terms 766 • Review Questions 767
Glossary 769
Index 783

xii Contents

Appendix A1: Designing Databases with Visio Professional 2010: A Tutorial

Contents xiii

Changes to The Twelfth Edition

In this twelfth edition, we added some new features and reorganized some coverage to provide
a better flow of material. Aside from enhancing the already strong coverage of database design,
we made other improvements in the topical coverage. In particular, the continued growth of Big
Data and NoSQL technologies have challenged the status quo in the database industry. Therefore,
we created an entire new chapter, Big Data Analytics and NoSQL, to help students grasp the key
aspects of these complex new technologies and challenges. The twelfth edition also presents a ma-
jor step forward in the integration of digital content with the text through online, automatically
graded exercises to improve student outcomes. Here are a few of the highlights of changes in the
twelfth edition:
• New coverage of Big Data challenges beyond the traditional 3Vs
• Expanded coverage of Hadoop, the Hadoop Distributed File System (HDFS), and MapReduce
• Updated coverage of cloud data services and their impact on DBAs
• Expanded coverage of NoSQL databases, including key-value databases, document databases,
column-oriented database, and graph databases
• New coverage of the emerging NewSQL technologies
• Improved coverage of data visualization
• Added coverage of new sequence and identity capabilities in Oracle and SQL Server
• Complete redesign of the look and feel of the text and layout to improve readability and visual
appeal
• Embedded key term definitions within the text
This twelfth edition continues to provide a solid and practical foundation for the design, im-
plementation, and management of database systems. This foundation is built on the notion that,
while databases are very practical, their successful creation depends on understanding the im-
portant concepts that define them. It’s not easy to come up with the proper mix of theory and
practice, but the previously mentioned feedback suggests that we largely succeeded in our quest
to maintain the proper balance.

xiv Preface

Topical Coverage
The Systems View
The book’s title begins with Database Systems. There-
fore, we examine the database and design concepts
covered in Chapters 1–6 as part of a larger whole by
placing them within the systems analysis framework of
Chapter 9. Database designers who fail to understand
that the database is part of a larger system are likely
to overlook important design requirements. In fact,
Chapter 9, Database Design, provides the map for the
advanced database design developed in Appendixes B
and C. Within the larger systems framework, we can
also explore issues such as transaction management
and concurrency control (Chapter 10), distributed da- PART 1
tabase management systems (Chapter 12), business in-
telligence and data warehouses (Chapter 13), database
Database Concepts
connectivity and web technologies (Chapter 15), and
database administration and security (Chapter 16).
1 Database Systems
2 Data Models

Preface xv

Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
Database Design
The first item in the book’s subtitle is Design, and our
examination of database design is comprehensive. For
Chapter 9 example, Chapters 1 and 2 examine the development
Database Design and future of databases and data models, and illustrate
In this chapter, you will learn: the need for design. Chapter 3 examines the details of
• That a sound database design is the foundation for a successful information system, and that the
database design must reflect the information system of which the database is a part the relational database model; Chapter 4 provides ex-
• That successful information systems are developed within a framework known as the Systems
Development Life Cycle (SDLC) tensive, in-depth, and practical database design cover-
• That within the information system, the most successful databases are subject to frequent
evaluation and revision within a framework known as the Database Life Cycle (DBLC)
age; and Chapter 5 explores advanced database design
• How to conduct evaluation and revision within the SDLC and DBLC frameworks
• About database design strategies: top-down versus bottom-up design and centralized versus
topics. Chapter 6 is devoted to critical normalization
decentralized design
issues that affect database efficiency and effectiveness.
Preview Databases are a part of a larger picture called an information system. Database designs
that fail to recognize this fact are not likely to be successful. Database designers must rec-
Chapter 9 examines database design within the systems
ognize that the database is a critical means to an end rather than an end in itself. Managers
want the database to serve their management needs, but too many databases seem to force
framework and maps the activities required to success-
managers to alter their routines to fit the database requirements.
Information systems don’t just happen; they are the product of a carefully staged devel-
fully design and implement the complex, real-world
opment process. Systems analysis is used to determine the need for an information system
and to establish its limits. Within systems analysis, the actual information system is cre-
database developed in Appendixes B and C. Appendix
ated through a process known as systems development.
The creation and evolution of information systems follows an iterative pattern called
A, Designing Databases with Visio Professional: A Tu-
the Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC), which is a continuous process of creation,
maintenance, enhancement, and replacement of the information system. A similar cycle
torial, provides a good introductory tutorial for the use
applies to databases: the database is created, maintained, enhanced, and eventually
replaced. The Database Life Cycle (DBLC) is carefully traced in this chapter, and is shown
of a database design tool.
in the context of the larger Systems Development Life Cycle.
At the end of the chapter, you will be introduced to some classical approaches to data-
Because database design is affected by real-world
base design: top-down versus bottom-up and centralized versus decentralized. transactions, the way data is distributed, and ever-in-
creasing information requirements, we examine major
Data Files Available on cengagebrain.com database features that must be supported in current-gen-
eration databases and models. For example, Chapter 10,
Note
Because it is purely conceptual, this chapter does not reference any data files.
Transaction Management and Concurrency Control,
focuses on the characteristics of database transactions
and how they affect database integrity and consistency.
Chapter 11, Database Performance Tuning and Query
Optimization, illustrates the need for query efficiency in a world that routinely generates and uses tera-
byte-size databases and tables with millions of records. Chapter 12, Distributed Database Management
BK-CHE-CORONEL_MORRIS_12E-150049-Chp09.indd 439
Systems, focuses on data distribution, replication, and allocation. In Chapter 13, Business Intelligence
19/12/15 11:54 AM

and Data Warehouses, we explore the characteristics of databases that are used in decision support and
online analytical processing. Chapter 14, Big Data Analytics and NoSQL, explores the challenges of
designing nonrelational databases to use vast global stores of unstructured data. Chapter 15, Database
Connectivity and Web Technologies, covers the basic database connectivity issues in a web-based data
world, development of web-based database front ends, and emerging cloud-based services.

Implementation
The second portion of the subtitle is Implementation.
We use Structured Query Language (SQL) in Chap-
ters 7 and 8 to show how relational databases are
implemented and managed. Appendix M, Microsoft
Access Tutorial, provides a quick but comprehensive
guide to implementing an MS Access database. Ap-
pendixes B and C demonstrate the design of a da-
tabase that was fully implemented; these appendix-
es illustrate a wide range of implementation issues.
We had to deal with conflicting design goals: design
elegance, information requirements, and operation-
PART 3 al speed. Therefore, we carefully audited the initial
Advanced Design and Implementation design in Appendix B to check its ability to meet
end-user needs and establish appropriate implemen-
tation protocols. The result of this audit yielded the fi-
7 Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL) nal design developed in Appendix C. While relational
8 Advanced SQL databases are still the appropriate database technolo-
gy to use in the vast majority of situations, Big Data
9 Database Design issues have created an environment in which special

xvi Preface

Management
The final portion of the subtitle is Management. We
deal with database management issues in Chapter PART 6
10, Transaction Management and Concurrency
Control; Chapter 12, Distributed Database Man-
Database Administration
agement Systems; and Chapter 16, Database Ad-
ministration and Security. Chapter 11, Database 16 Database Administration and Security
Performance Tuning and Query Optimization, is a
valuable resource that illustrates how a DBMS man-
ages data retrieval. In addition, Appendix N, Cre-
ating a New Database Using Oracle 12c, walks you
through the process of setting up a new database.

Teaching Database: A Matter of

Focus
Given the wealth of detailed coverage, instructors can “mix and match” chapters to produce the
desired coverage. Depending on where database courses fit into the curriculum, instructors may
choose to emphasize database design or database management. (See Figure 1.)
The hands-on nature of database design lends itself particularly well to class projects in which BK-CHE-CORONEL_MORRIS_12E-150049-Chp16.indd 721 19/12/15 12:04 PM

students use instructor-selected software to prototype a system that they design for the end user.
Several end-of-chapter problems are sufficiently complex to serve as projects, or an instructor
may work with local businesses to give students hands-on experience. Note that some elements of
the database design track are also found in the database management track, because it is difficult
to manage database technologies that are not well understood.
The options shown in Figure 1 serve only as a starting point. Naturally, instructors will tailor
their coverage based on their specific course requirements. For example, an instructor may decide
to make Appendix I an outside reading assignment and make Appendix A a self-taught tutori-
al, and then use that time to cover client/server systems or object-oriented databases. The latter
choice would serve as a gateway to UML coverage.

Preface xvii

Core Coverage
(1) Database Systems
(2) Data Models
(3) The Relational Database Model
(4) Entity Relationship (ER) Modeling
(6) Normalization of Database Tables
(7) Introduction to Structured Query Language (SQL)

Database Design and Implementation Focus Database Management Focus

(5) Advanced Data Modeling (10) Transaction Management and Concurrency Control
(8) Advanced SQL (11) Database Performance Tuning and Query Optimization
(9) Database Design (12) Distributed Database Management Systems
(A) Designing Databases with Visio Professional (13) Business Intelligence and Data Warehouses
(D) Converting an ER Model into a Database Structure (15) Database Connectivity and Web Technologies
(E) Comparison of ER Model Notations (16) Database Administration and Security
(H) Unified Modeling Language (UML) (F) Client/Server Systems
(14) Big Data Analytics and NoSQL (G) Object Oriented Databases
(15) Database Connectivity and Web Technologies

Supplementary Reading Supplementary Reading

(B) The University Lab: Conceptual Design (9) Database Design
(C) The University Lab: Conceptual Design Verification, (M) Microsoft Access Tutorial
Logical Design, and Implementation (N) Creating a New Database Using Oracle 12c
(M) Microsoft Access Tutorial (O) Data Warehouse Implementation Factors
(J) Web Database Development with ColdFusion (I) Databases in Electronic Commerce
(K) The Hierarchical Database Model (J) Web Database Development with ColdFusion
(L) The Network Database Model

xviii Preface

Text Features
e professor who is the student’s advisor Less than 30 Fr
30–59 So
60–89 Jr
90 or more Sr
n in Figure 3.1, you can draw the following conclu-
Table 3.1: Online Content boxes Online One specific type of superkey is called a candidate key. A candidate key i
draw attention to material
ed to be a two-dimensional structure composed of
at www.cengagebrain.com Content superkey—that is, a superkey without any unnecessary attributes. A cand
s (attributes). for this text and provide All of the databases based on a full functional dependency. For example, STU_NUM would be
ideasoccurrence
ble describes a single entity for incorporating
within the used to illustrate the key, as would (STU_LNAME, STU_FNAME, STU_INIT, STU_PHONE). O
this content into the material in this chapter hand, (STU_NUM, STU_LNAME) is a superkey, but it is not a candidate k
resented by the STUDENT table.) For example, row
course. (see the Data Files list
ent named Walter H. Oblonski. Given the table con- STU_LNAME could be removed and the key would still be a superkey. A tab
ncludes eight distinct entities (rows), or students. at the beginning of the many different candidate keys. If the STUDENT table also included the stud
chapter) are available Security numbers as STU_SSN, then it would appear to be a candidate key
ibute, and each column has a distinct name. at www.cengagebrain.
keys are called candidates because they are the eligible options from which t
match the attribute’s characteristics. For example, com. The database
names match the data- will choose when selecting the primary key. The primary key is the candidate
GPA) column contains only STU_GPA entries for to be the primary means by which the rows of the table are uniquely identifie
base names shown in
ust be classified according to its format and func- Entity integrity is the condition in which each row (entity instance) in th
the figures.
s can support different data types, most support at its own unique identity. To ensure entity integrity, the primary key has two req
(1) all of the values in the primary key must be unique, and (2) no key attr
ic data to perform meaningful arithmetic procedures. primary key can contain a null.
TU_HRS and STU_GPA are numeric
Notes attributes.
highlights
important
so known as text data or string data,facts
canabout
contain any Note
nded for mathematical manipulation.introduced
the concepts In Figure 3.1,
in the chapter. A null is no value at all. It does not mean a zero or a space. A null is created when you press
NE are examples of character attributes. the Enter key or the Tab key to move to the next entry without making an entry of any kind.
n calendar dates stored in a special format known as Pressing
tuple the Spacebar creates a blank (or a space).
gure 3.1, STU_DOB is a date attribute. In the relational model,
a table row.
y have true or false (yes or no) values. In Figure 3.1,
domain Null values are problematic in Chapter
the relational
1 Databasemodel. A null is the abse
ute uses a logical data format. Systems 25
In data modeling,
of four-color data value, and it is never allowed in any part of the primary key. From a
sible values is known asAitsvariety
domain. Because the the construct
FIGURE used to
1.11 ILLUSTRATING METADATA WITH MICROSOFT SQL SERVER EXPRESS
figures, including
o the range 0–4, inclusive, the domain is [0,4]. organize and describe an perspective, it can be argued that a table that contains a null is not properly
ER models and attribute’s set of possible table at all. From a practical perspective, however, some nulls cannot be
is immaterial to the user.
implementations, candidate
values. key avoided. For example, not all students have a middle initial. As a general
tables, and illustra- A minimal superkey;
that is, a key that does
should be avoided as much as reasonably possible. In fact, an abundance
tions, clearly illustrate often a sign of a poor design. Also, nulls should be avoided in the databa
not contain a subset of
difficult concepts. attributes that is itself a their meaning is not always identifiable. For example, a null could represen
superkey. See key. following:
entity integrity
The property of a
• An unknown attribute value
19/12/15 11:40 AM

relational table that • A known, but missing, attribute value

guarantees each entity
has a unique value in a • A “not applicable” condition
primary key and that the
Depending on the sophistication of the application development softwar
key has no null values.
create problems when functions such as COUNT, AVERAGE, and SUM a
null
The absence of an
addition, nulls can create logical problems when relational tables are linked.
attribute value. Note that In addition to its role in providing a unique identity to each row in th
a null is not a blank. primary key may play an additional role in the controlled redundancy that

access the data in the database work through the DBMS. The DBMS uses the data Text Features xix
dictionary to look up the required data component structures and relationships,
thus relieving you from having to78code such complex relationships in each pro-
BK-CHE-CORONEL_MORRIS_12E-150049-Chp03.indd
Copyright 2017 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May gram. Additionally,
not be copied, any
scanned, or duplicated, changes
in whole or in part.made in a rights,
Due to electronic database
some thirdstructure are
party content may automatically
be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
recorded in the data dictionary, thereby freeing you from having to modify all of
Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.

the programs that access the changed structure. In other words, the DBMS provides
data abstraction, and it removes structural and data dependence from the system.
For example, Figure 1.11 shows how Microsoft SQL Server Express presents the
for an information system and its extent. Systems development is the process of
creating an information system.
• The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) traces the history of an application
Chapter 9 Database Design 477
within the information system. The SDLC can be divided into five phases: planning,
analysis, detailed systems design, implementation, and maintenance. The SDLC is an
A robust Summary at
Summary
iterative process rather than a sequential process.
the end of each chapter
• The Database Life Cycle (DBLC) describes the history of the database within the infor- ties together the major
mation system. The DBLC is composed of six phases: database initial study, database concepts and serves
• An information
design, system is
implementation designed
and loading,totesting
help transform data into
and evaluation, information
operation, and and to
main- as a quick review for
manage bothevolution.
tenance and data and Like
information.
the SDLC,Thus, the database
the DBLC is arather
is iterative very important part of
than sequential. students.
the information system. Systems analysis is the process that establishes the need
• The conceptual portion of the design may be subject to several variations based on
for an information system and its extent. Systems development is the process of
two basic design philosophies: bottom-up versus top-down and centralized versus
creating an information system.
decentralized.
• The Systems Development Life Cycle (SDLC) traces the history of an application
within the information system. The SDLC can be divided into five phases: planning,
An alphabetic list of
Key Terms
analysis, detailed systems design, implementation, and maintenance. The SDLC is an
iterative process rather than a sequential process.
Key Terms summarizes
important terms.
• bottom-up design
The Database Database
Life Cycle (DBLC) Life Cycle
describes (DBLC)of themodule
the history coupling
database within the infor-
mation system. The DBLC isdatabase
boundaries composedroleof six phases: database initial
physical study, databaseOnline
design
design, implementation and loading, testing and evaluation, operation, and main-Content
centralized design decentralized design scope
tenance and evolution. Like the SDLC, the DBLC is iterative rather than sequential.
clustered tables description of operations systems analysis Flashcards and crossword
• The conceptual portion of the design may be subject to several variations based onpuzzles for key term practice
cohesivity differential backup systems development
two basic design philosophies: bottom-up versus top-down and centralized versusare available at
computer-aided ChapterSystems
15 Database Connectivity and Web Technologies 719
decentralized. software full backup Development
www.cengagebrain.com.
engineering (CASE) information system Life Cycle (SDLC)
14. What is a web applicationinformation
server, andsystem
how does it work from a database
conceptual design
perspective? logical design top-down design Online
Key Terms
database development minimal
15. What are scripts, and what data
is their rule
function?
transaction log backup
(Think in terms of database Content
database fragment
application development.) module virtualization
bottom-up design Database Life Cycle (DBLC) module coupling The Ch02 databases used in
16. What is XML, and why is itdatabase
boundaries important?
role physical design Online
the Problems for this chap-
ter are available at www.
17. What aredesign
centralized document type definition (DTD)
decentralized documents, and
design what do they do?
scope Content
cengagebrain.com.
18. What are
clustered XML schema definition
tables (XSD)
description documents, andsystems
of operations what doanalysis
they do? Reviewand
Flashcards Questions
crossword
Review
cohesivity
19. Questions
What is JDBC, and what is differential
it used for?backup systems development challenge
puzzles for keystudents to
term practice
apply theatskills learned
are available
computer-aided
20. What is cloudsoftware
computing, andfull backup
why is it a “game changer”?Systems Development
in each chapter.
www.cengagebrain.com.
engineering (CASE)
1. What is an information system? What is
information its purpose?
system Life Cycle (SDLC)
21. Name and contrast the types of cloud computing implementation.
2.conceptual
How do design
systems analysis and systems
logical development fit into
design top-down design
a discussion about infor-
22. Name and describe the most prevalent characteristics of cloud computing services.
mationdevelopment
database systems? minimal data rule transaction log backup
23. Using the Internet, search for providers of cloud services. Then, classify the types of
3.database
What does the acronym SDLC mean, and what does an SDLC
fragment portray?
virtualization
services they provide (SaaS,module
PaaS, and IaaS).
4. What does the acronym DBLC mean, and what does a DBLC portray?
24. Summarize the main advantages and disadvantages of cloud computing services.
5. Discuss the distinction between centralized and decentralized conceptual database
25. Define SQL data services and list their advantages.
design.
Review Questions
Problems become
Problems
1. What is an information system? What is its purpose? progressively more
complex as students
2. How do systems analysis and systems development fit into a discussion about infor-
BK-CHE-CORONEL_MORRIS_12E-150049-Chp09.indd 477 draw on the lessons19/12/15 11:55 AM

mation
In the systems?
following exercises, you will set up database connectivity using MS Excel. learned from the
completion of preceding
3. Use
1. WhatMSdoes theto
Excel acronym
connectSDLC
to themean, and what does
Ch02_InsureCo MS an SDLC
Access portray?using ODBC,
database problems.
4. and
Whatretrieve all acronym
does the of the AGENTs.
DBLC mean, and what does a DBLC portray?
2.
5. Use MS the
Discuss Excel to connect
distinction to the Ch02_InsureCo
between centralized and MS Access database
decentralized usingdatabase
conceptual ODBC,
and retrieve all of the CUSTOMERs.
design.
3. Use MS Excel to connect to the Ch02_InsureCo MS Access database using ODBC,
xx Text
andFeatures
retrieve the customers whose AGENT_CODE is equal to 503.
4. Create a System DSN ODBC connection called Ch02_SaleCo using the Administra-
tive Editorial
Tools
Copyrightsection of the
2017 Cengage Learning. Windows
All Rights Control
Reserved. May not Panel.
be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s).
review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
BK-CHE-CORONEL_MORRIS_12E-150049-Chp09.indd 477 19/12/15 11:55 AM
5. Use MS Excel to list all of the invoice lines for Invoice 103 using the Ch02_SaleCo
System DSN.
Additional Features
MindTap® for Database Systems 12e
MindTap® combines learning tools—such as readings, multimedia, activities, and assessments—
into a singular learning path that guides students through the course. You’ll find a full ebook as
well as a robust set of auto-gradable homework problems. Multiple-choice homework questions
developed from the end-of-chapter review questions confirm students’ understanding of core
concepts and key terms. Higher-level assignments enable students to practice database design
concepts in an automated environment, and chapter quizzes help prepare students for exams.
Students will also benefit from the chapter-opening videos created by the authors, as well as study
tools such as crossword puzzles and key-term flashcards.
MindTap® is designed to be fully integrated with any Learning Management System and can be
used as a stand-alone product or in conjunction with a print textbook.

Appendixes
Fifteen online appendixes provide additional material on a variety of important areas, such as
using Microsoft® Visio® and Microsoft® Access®, ER model notations, UML, object-oriented da-
tabases, databases and electronic commerce, and Adobe® ColdFusion®.

Database, SQL Script, and ColdFusion Files

The online materials for this book include all of the database structures and table contents used in
the text. For students using Oracle®, MySQL, and Microsoft SQL Server™, SQL scripts are included
to help students create and load all tables used in the SQL chapters (7 and 8). In addition, all Cold-
Fusion scripts used to develop the web interfaces in Appendix J are included.

Instructor Resources
Database Systems: Design, Implementation, and Management, Twelfth Edition, includes teaching
tools to support instructors in the classroom. The ancillary material that accompanies the text-
book is listed below. They are available on the web at www.cengagebrain.com.

Instructor’s Manual
The authors have created this manual to help instructors make their classes informative and inter-
esting. Because the authors tackle so many problems in depth, instructors will find the Instructor’s
Manual especially useful. The details of the design solution process are shown in the Instructor’s
Manual, as well as notes about alternative approaches that may be used to solve a particular problem.

SQL Script Files for Instructors

The authors have provided teacher’s SQL script files to allow instructors to cut and paste the
SQL code into the SQL windows. (Scripts are provided for Oracle, MySQL, and MS SQL Server.)
The SQL scripts, which have all been tested by Cengage Learning, are a major convenience for
instructors. You won’t have to type in the SQL commands, and the use of the scripts eliminates
typographical errors that are sometimes difficult to trace.

ColdFusion Files for Instructors

The ColdFusion web development solutions are provided. Instructors have access to a menu-
driven system that allows teachers to show the code as well as its execution.

Additional Features xxi

Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero

A flexible, online system that allows you to:
• Author, edit, and manage test bank content from multiple Cengage Learning solutions
• Create multiple test versions in an instant
• Deliver tests from your LMS, your classroom, or wherever you want
Start right away!
Cengage Learning Testing Powered by Cognero works on any operating system or browser.
• No special installs or downloads needed
• Create tests from school, home, the coffee shop—anywhere with Internet access
What will you find?
• Simplicity at every step. A desktop-inspired interface features drop-down menus and familiar,
intuitive tools that take you through content creation and management with ease.
• Full-featured test generator. Create ideal assessments with your choice of 15 question types
(including true/false, multiple-choice, opinion scale/Likert, and essay). Multi-language sup-
port, an equation editor, and unlimited metadata help ensure your tests are complete and
compliant.
• Cross-compatible capability. Import and export content into other systems.

PowerPoint® Presentations
Microsoft PowerPoint slides are included for each chapter. Instructors can use the slides in a vari-
ety of ways—for example, as teaching aids during classroom presentations or as printed handouts
for classroom distribution. Instructors can modify these slides or include slides of their own for
additional topics introduced to the class.

Figure Files
Figure files for solutions are presented in the Instructor’s Manual to allow instructors to create
their own presentations. Instructors can also manipulate these files to meet their particular needs.

xxii Additional Features

Mubarak Banisaklher, Bethune Gerald Karush, Southern

Cookman University New Hampshire University
David Bell, Pacific Union College Michael Kelly, Community College
Yurii Boreisha, Minnesota State of Rhode Island
University, Moorhead Timothy Koets, Grand Rapids
Laurie Crawford, Franklin Community College
University Klara Nelson, The University
Mel Goetting, Shawnee State of Tampa
University Chiso Okafor, Roxbury Community
Jeff Guan, University of Louisville College
William Hochstettler, Franklin Brandon Olson, The College of
University St. Scholastica
Laurene Hutchinson, Louisiana State James Reneau, Shawnee State
University, Baton Rouge University
Nitin Kale, University of Southern Julio Rivera, University of Alabama
California, Los Angeles at Birmingham

Acknowledgments xxiii

In some respects, writing books resembles building construction: When 90 percent of the work
seems done, 90 percent of the work remains to be done. Fortunately for us, we had a great team
on our side.
• We are deeply indebted to Deb Kaufmann for her help and guidance. Deb has been everything
we could have hoped for in a development editor and more. Deb has been our editor for al-
most all the editions of this book, and the quality of her work shows in the attention to detail
and the cohesiveness and writing style of the material in this book.
• After writing so many books and twelve editions of this book, we know just how difficult
it can be to transform the authors’ work into an attractive product. The production team,
both at Cengage Learning (Nadia Saloom) and Cenveo Publisher Services (Saravanakumar
Dharman), have done an excellent job.
• We also owe Jennifer King and Ted Knight, our Content Developers, special thanks for their
ability to guide this book to a successful conclusion.
We also thank our students for their comments and suggestions. They are the reason for writing
this book in the first place. One comment stands out in particular: “I majored in systems for four
years, and I finally discovered why when I took your course.” And one of our favorite comments
by a former student was triggered by a question about the challenges created by a real-world in-
formation systems job: “Doc, it’s just like class, only easier. You really prepared me well. Thanks!”
Special thanks go to a very unique and charismatic gentleman. For over 20 years, Peter Rob has
been the driving force behind the creation and evolution of this book. This book originated as a
product of his drive and dedication to excellence. For over 22 years, he was the voice of Database
Systems and the driving force behind its advancement. We wish him peace in his retirement, time
with his loved ones, and luck on his many projects.
Last, and certainly not least, we thank our families for their solid support at home. They gra-
ciously accepted the fact that during more than a year’s worth of rewriting, there would be no free
weekends, rare free nights, and even rarer free days. We owe you much, and the dedications we
wrote are but a small reflection of the important space you occupy in our hearts.

Carlos Coronel and Steven Morris

xxiv Acknowledgments

Preview Organizations use data to keep track of their day-to-day operations. Such data is used to
generate information, which in turn is the basis for good decisions. Data is likely to be
managed most efficiently when it is stored in a database. Databases are involved in almost
all facets and activities of our daily lives: from school, to work, to medical care, govern-
ment, nonprofit organizations, and houses of worship. In this chapter, you will learn what
a database is, what it does, and why it yields better results than other data management
methods. You will also learn about various types of databases and why database design is
so important.
Databases evolved from computer file systems. Although file system data management
is now largely outmoded, understanding the characteristics of file systems is important
because file systems are the source of serious data management limitations. In this chap-
ter, you will also learn how the database system approach helps eliminate most of the
shortcomings of file system data management.

Data Files and Available Formats

MS Access Oracle MS SQL My SQL MS Access Oracle MS SQL My SQL

CH01_Text P P P P CH01_Problems P P P P
CH01_Design_Example P P P P

Data Files Available on cengagebrain.com

1-1 Why Databases?

So, why do we need databases? In today’s world, data is ubiquitous (abundant, global, every-
where) and pervasive (unescapable, prevalent, persistent). From birth to death, we generate
and consume data. The trail of data starts with the birth certificate and continues all the way
to a death certificate (and beyond!). In between, each individual produces and consumes
enormous amounts of data. As you will see in this book, databases are the best way to store
and manage data. Databases make data persistent and shareable in a secure way. As you look
at Figure 1.1, can you identify some of the data generated by your own daily activities?

FIGURE 1.1 THE PERVASIVE NATURE OF DATABASES

A Day In Susan’s Life

See how many databases she interacts with each day

Before leaving for work, On her lunch break, After work, Susan At night, she plans for a trip Then she makes a few
Susan checks her she picks up her goes to the grocery and buys airline tickets and online purchases
Facebook and prescription at the store hotel reservations online
Twitter accounts pharmacy

C O CA

www.abc.com

Where is the data about the Where is the pharmacy Where is the product Where does the online Where are the product
friends and groups stored? inventory data stored? data stored? travel website get the and stock data stored?
airline and hotel data from?
Where are the “likes” stored What data about each Is the product quantity in Where does the system get
and what would they be product will be in the stock updated at checkout? What customer data would the data to generate product
used for? inventory data? be kept by the website? “recommendations” to the
Does she pay with a credit customer?
What data is kept about card? Where would the customer
each customer and where data be stored? Where would credit card
is it stored? information be stored?

Users Products Products Flights Products

Friends Sales Sales Hotels Sales
Posts Customers Customers Customers Customers

Data is not only ubiquitous and pervasive, it is essential for organizations to survive
and prosper. Imagine trying to operate a business without knowing who your customers
are, what products you are selling, who is working for you, who owes you money, and
to whom you owe money. All businesses have to keep this type of data and much more.
Just as important, they must have that data available to decision makers when necessary.
It can be argued that the ultimate purpose of all business information systems is to help
businesses use information as an organizational resource. At the heart of all of these
systems are the collection, storage, aggregation, manipulation, dissemination, and man-
agement of data.
Depending on the type of information system and the characteristics of the busi-
ness, this data could vary from a few megabytes on just one or two topics to terabytes
covering hundreds of topics within the business’s internal and external environment.

88. How often we hear a delicate lady declare that she can only eat
one meal a day, and that is a hearty meat supper the last thing at
night; and who, moreover, affirms that she can neither sleep at night,
nor can she have the slightest appetite for any other meal but her
supper, and that she should really starve if she could not have food
when she could eat it! The fact is, the oppressed stomach oppresses
the brain, and drives away sleep, and appetite, and health. The habit
is utterly wrong, and oftentimes demands professional means to
correct it.
89. How is it that sometimes a lady who has an excellent appetite
is, notwithstanding, almost as thin as a rake? It is not what she eats,
but what she digests, that makes her fat. Some people would fatten
on bread and water, while others would, on the fat of the land, be as
thin as Pharaoh’s lean kine. Our happiness and our longevity much
depend on the weakness or on the soundness of our stomachs: it is
the stomach, as a rule, that both gauges our happiness and that
determines the span of the life of both men and women. How
necessary it is, then, that due regard should be paid to such an
important organ, and that everything should be done to conduce to
the stomach’s welfare,—not by overloading the stomach with rich
food; not by a scanty and meager diet; but by adopting a middle
course, betwixt and between high living and low living—the juste
milieu. We should all of us remember that glorious saying—those
immortal words of St. Paul—“Be temperate in all things.”
90. Where a lady is very thin, good fresh milk (if it agree) should
form an important item of her diet. Milk is both fattening and
nourishing, more so than any other article of food known; but it
should never be taken at the same meal (except it be in the form of
pudding) with either beer or wine: they are incompatibles, and may
cause disarrangement of the stomach and bowels. Milk would often
agree with an adult, where it now disagrees, if the admixture of milk
with either beer or wine were never allowed.
91. Let me advise my fair reader to take plenty of time over her
meals, and to chew her food well; as nothing is more conducive to
digestion than thoroughly masticated food. No interruptions should
be allowed to interfere with the meals; the mind, at such times,
should be kept calm, cheerful, and unruffled, for “unquiet meals
make ill digestions.”
92. Many persons bolt their food! When they do, they are drawing
bills on their constitutions which must inevitably be paid! The teeth
act as a mill to grind and prepare the food for the stomach; if they do
not do their proper work, the stomach has double labor to perform,
and being unable to do it efficiently, the stomach and the whole body
in consequence suffer.
93. The teeth being so essential to health, the greatest care should
be taken of them: they should be esteemed among one’s most
precious possessions.[19]
94. With regard to beverage, there is, as a rule, nothing better for
dinner than either toast and water, or, if it be preferred, plain spring
water—
“Naught like the simple element dilutes;”[20]

and after dinner, one or two glasses of sherry. A lady sometimes,

until she has had a glass of wine, cannot eat her dinner; when such
be the case, by all means let a glass of wine be taken,—that is to say,
let her have it either just before or during dinner, instead of after
dinner; or let her have one glass of sherry before or during dinner,
and one glass after dinner.
95. A young wife sometimes has a languid circulation, a weak
digestion, and constipated bowels; then, a glass of sherry during
dinner and another glass after dinner is beneficial; and however
much she might dislike wine, she should be induced to take it, as the
wine will improve her circulation, will strengthen her digestion, and
will tend to open her bowels. But let me urge her never, unless
ordered by a medical man, to exceed the two glasses of wine daily.
96. If wine does not agree, and if she require a stimulant, a
tumblerful either of home-brewed ale or of Burton bitter ale ought,
instead of water, to be taken at dinner. But remember, if she drink
either beer or porter, she must take a great deal of out-door exercise;
otherwise it will probably make her bilious. If she be inclined to be
bilious, wine is superior to either beer or porter.
91. Brandy ought never to be taken by a young wife but as a
medicine, and then but rarely, and only in cases of extreme
exhaustion. It would be a melancholy and gloomy prospect for her to
drink brandy daily; she would, in all probability, in a short time
become a confirmed drunkard. There is nothing, when once
regularly taken, more fascinating and more desperately dangerous
than brandy-drinking. It has caused the destruction of tens of
thousands both of men and of women!
98. A wife ought not, if she feel low, to fly on every occasion to
wine to raise her spirits, but should try the effects of a walk in the
country, and
“Draw physic from the fields in draughts of vital air.”[21]

99. An excitable wife is a weakly wife: “excitement is the effect of

weakness, not of strength.” Wine in large quantities will not
strengthen, but, on the contrary, will decidedly weaken; the more the
wine, the greater the debility and the greater the excitement—one
follows the other as the night the day. A person who drinks much
wine is always in a state of excitement, and is invariably weak, low,
and nervous, and frequently barren. Alcoholic stimulants in excess
are “a delusion and a snare,” and are one of the most frequent causes
of excitement, and therefore both of weakness and of barrenness.
Alcohol, pure and undiluted, and in excess, is a poison, and is ranked
among the deadly poisons; if a person were to drink at one draught
half a pint of undiluted alcohol it would be the last draught he or she
would ever, in this world, drink,—it would be as surely fatal as a large
dose of either arsenic or strychnine! Brandy, whisky, gin, and wine
are composed of alcohol as the principal ingredient; indeed, each and
all of them entirely owe their strength to the quantity of alcohol
contained therein. Brandy, whisky, gin, and wine, without the
alcohol, would, each one of them, be as chip in porridge—perfectly
inert. Brandy and wine, the former especially, contain large
proportions of alcohol, and both the one and the other, in excess,
either prevents a woman from conceiving, and thus makes her
barren, or if she do conceive, it poisons the unborn babe within her;
and it either makes him puny and delicate, or it downright kills him
in the womb, and thus causes a miscarriage. If he survive the poison,
and he be born alive, he is usually, when born, delicate and
undersized; if such a one be suckled by such a mother, he is
subjected, if the mother can nurse him, which in such cases she
rarely can, to a second course of poisoning; the mother’s milk is
poisoned with the alcohol, and the poor unfortunate little wretch,
having to run the gantlet in the womb and out of the womb, pines
and dwindles away, until at length he finds a resting-place in the
grave! If you wish to make a dog small, give him, when he is a puppy,
gin; the alcohol of the gin will readily do it: this is a well-known fact,
and is, by dog-fanciers, constantly practiced. If you desire, in like
manner, to make a Tom Thumb of a baby, give him the milk of a
mother or of a wet-nurse who imbibes, in the form of wine or of
brandy or of gin, alcohol in quantities, and the deed is done! Gin-
drinking nursing mothers, it is well known, have usually puny
children; indeed, the mother drinking the gin is only another way of
giving gin to the babe—an indirect instead of a direct route, both
leading to the same terminus. Brandy was formerly sold only by the
apothecary; brandy is a medicine—a powerful medicine—and ought
only to be prescribed as a medicine; that is to say, but seldom, in
small and in measured quantities at a time, and only when absolutely
necessary: now it is resorted to on every occasion as a panacea for
every ill! If taken regularly, and in quantities, as unfortunately it
frequently now is, it becomes a desperate poison—a pathway leading
to the grave! It is utterly impossible for any person to hold in the
mouth, for five minutes at a time, a mouthful of neat brandy without
experiencing intense suffering: if it has this fearful effect on the
mouth, what effect must this burning fluid, when taken in quantities,
have upon the stomach? Injury, most decided injury to the stomach,
and, through the stomach, disease and weakness to the remainder of
the body! Brandy is a wonderful and powerful agent: brandy has the
effect, if taken in excess and for a length of time, of making the liver
as hard as a board. Brandy in large quantities, and in the course of
time, has the power of making the body marvelously big—as big
again; but not with firm muscle and strong sinew, not with good
blood and wholesome juices—nothing of the kind; but of filling it full,
even to bursting, with water! Brandy has the power of taking away a
giant’s strength, and of making him as helpless as a little child!
Habitual brandy-drinking poisons the very streams of life! It would
take more time and space than I have to spare to tell of the wonderful
powers of brandy; but unfortunately, as a rule, its powers are more
those of an angel of darkness than those of an angel of light! If the
above statements be true (and they cannot be contravened), they
show the folly, the utter imbecility, and the danger, both to mother
and to babe, of dosing a wife, be she strong or be she delicate, and
more especially if she be delicate, with large quantities either of wine
or of brandy. Brandy, gin, and whisky act on the human economy
very much alike; for, after all, it is the quantity of alcohol contained
in each of them that gives them their real strength and danger. I have
selected brandy as the type of all of them, as brandy is now the
fashionable remedy for all complaints, and, unfortunately, in too
many instances the habit of drinking it imperceptibly but rapidly
increases, until at length, in many cases, that which was formerly a
teaspoonful becomes a tablespoonful, and eventually a wineglassful,
with what result I have earnestly endeavored faithfully to portray.
Avoid, then, the first step in regular brandy-drinking: it is the first
step that ofttimes leads to danger, and eventually to destruction!
100. I am quite convinced that one cause of barrenness among
ladies of the present day is excessive wine-drinking. This is an age of
stimulants, and the practice is daily increasing. A delicate lady is
recommended to take three or four glasses of wine daily. It seems for
the moment to do her good, and whenever she feels low she flies to it
again. The consequence is, that she almost lives upon wine, and takes
but little else besides! Who are the fruitful women? Poor women who
cannot afford to drink stimulants; for instance, poor Irish women
and poor curates’ wives, who have only, principally, water and milk
and buttermilk to drink.
101. There is decidedly, among the higher ranks, more barrenness
than formerly, and one cause of it, in my opinion, is the much larger
quantity of wine now consumed than in the olden times. Many ladies
now drink as many glasses of wine in one day as their grandmothers
drank in a week; moreover, the wineglasses of the present day are
twice the size of old-fashioned wineglasses; so that half a dozen
glasses of wine will almost empty a bottle; and many ladies now
actually drink, in the day, half a dozen glasses of wine!
102. In the wine-growing and wine-drinking country of France,
barrenness prevails to a fearful extent; it has become there a serious
consideration and a State question. Wine is largely consumed in
France by ladies as well as by gentlemen. The usual and everyday
quantity of wine allowed at dinner at the restaurants of Paris, for
each lady, is half a wine quart bottle-full—a similar quantity to that
allowed for each gentleman. Where a gentleman and a lady are
dining together, and have a bottle of wine between them, it is
probable that the former might consume more than his own share of
the wine; but whether he does or not, the quantity the lady herself
drinks is sadly too much either for her health or for her fruitfulness. I
am, moreover, quite convinced that the quantity of wine—sour wine
—consumed by French wives is not only very antagonistic to their
fertility, but likewise to their complexions.
103. Wine was formerly a luxury, it is now made a necessary of life.
Fruitful women, in olden times, were more common than they are
now. Riches, and consequently wine, did not then so much abound,
but children did much more abound. The richer the person, the
fewer the children.
104. Wine is now oftentimes sucked in with a mother’s milk! Do
not let me be misunderstood; wine and brandy, in certain cases of
extreme exhaustion, are, even for very young children, most valuable
remedies; but I will maintain that both wine and brandy require the
greatest judgment and skill in administering, and do irreparable
mischief unless they are most carefully and judiciously prescribed.
Wine ought to be very rarely given to the young; indeed, it should be
administered to them with as much care and as seldom as any other
dangerous or potent medicine.
105. Statistics prove that wine-bibbing in England is greatly on the
increase, and so is barrenness. You might say there is no connection
between the two. I maintain that there is a connection, and that, the
alcohol contained in the wine (if wine be taken to excess, which
unfortunately it now frequently is) is most antagonistic to
fruitfulness.
106. It is surprising, nowadays, the quantity of wine some few
young single ladies, at parties, can imbibe without being intoxicated;
but whether, if such ladies marry, they will make fruitful vines is
quite another matter; but of this I am quite sure, that such girls will,
as a rule, make delicate, hysterical, and unhealthy wives. The young
are peculiarly sensitive to the evil effects of overstimulation.
Excessive wine-drinking with them is a canker eating into their very
lives. Time it is that these facts were proclaimed through the length
and breadth of our land, before mischief be done past remedy.
107. Champagne is a fashionable and favorite beverage at parties,
especially at dances. It is a marvel to note how girls will, in
quantities, imbibe the dangerous liquid. How cheerful they are after
it; how bright their colors; how sparkling their eyes; how voluble
their tongues; how brilliant their ideas! But, alas! the effects are very
evanescent—dark clouds soon o’ershadow the horizon, and all is
changed! How pale, after it, they become; how sallow their
complexions; how dim their eyes; how silent their tongues; how
depressed their spirits—depression following in an inverse ratio to
overstimulation; and if depression, as a matter of course, weakness
and disease! Champagne is one of the most fascinating but most
desperately dangerous and deceptive drinks a young girl can imbibe,
and should be shunned as the plague! Young men who witness their
proceedings admire them vastly as partners for the evening, but
neither covet nor secure them as partners for life. Can they be
blamed? Certainly not! They well know that girls who, at a dance,
imbibe freely of the champagne-cup, and who at a dinner party
drink, as some few are in the habit of drinking, four or five, or even
six, glasses of wine,—that such wives as these, if ever they do become
mothers (which is very doubtful), will be mothers of a degenerate
race. It is folly blinking the question; it is absolutely necessary that it
be looked boldly in the face, and that the evil be remedied before it
be too late.
108. There is an immense deal of drinking in England, which, I am
quite convinced, is one reason of so few children in families, and of
so many women being altogether barren. It is high time that these
subjects were looked into, and that the torrent be stemmed, ere it
o’erflow its banks, and carry with it a still greater amount of
barrenness, of misery, and of destruction.
109. It might be said that the light wines contain but little alcohol,
and therefore can cause, even if taken to excess, but slight injurious
effects on the constitution. I reply, that even light wines, taken in
quantities, conduce to barrenness, and that, as a rule, if a lady once
unfortunately takes to drinking too much wine, she is not satisfied
with the light wines, but at length flies to stronger wines—to wines
usually fortified with brandy, such as either to sherry or to port wine,
or even, at last, to brandy itself! I know that I am treading on tender
ground, but my duty as a medical man, and as a faithful chronicler of
these matters, obliges me to speak out plainly, without fear or
without favor, and to point out the deplorable consequences of such
practices. I am quite aware that many ladies have great temptations
and great inducements to resort to wine to cheer them in their hours
of depression and of loneliness; but unless the danger be clearly
pointed out and defined, it is utterly impossible to suggest a remedy,
and to snatch such patients from certain destruction.
110. I am quite convinced of one thing, namely, that the drinking
of much wine—be it light as claret, or be it heavy as port—sadly
injures the complexion, and makes it muddy, speckled, broken-out,
and toad-like.
111. It is high time that medical men should speak out on the
subject, and that with no “uncertain sound,” before mischief be done
past remedy, and before our island become as barren of children as
France unfortunately now is.
112. If a lady be laboring under debility, she is generally dosed with
quantities of wine—the greater the debility the more wine she is
made to take, until at length the poor unfortunate creature almost
lives upon wine. Her appetite for food is by such means utterly
destroyed, and she is for a time kept alive by stimulants; her stomach
will at length take nothing else, and she becomes a confirmed invalid,
soon dropping into an untimely grave! This is a most grievous, and,
unfortunately, in this country, not an uncommon occurrence. Much
wine will never make a delicate lady strong—it will increase her
weakness, not her strength. Wine in excess does not strengthen, but,
on the contrary, produces extreme debility. Let this be borne in
mind, and much misery might then be averted.
113. Remember I am not objecting to a lady taking wine in
moderation—certainly not; a couple of glasses, for instance, in the
day, of either sherry or claret, might do her great good; but I do
strongly object to her drinking, as many ladies do, five or six glasses
of wine during that time. I will maintain that such a quantity is most
detrimental both to her health and to her fecundity.
114. The effect of the use of wine is beneficial; but the effect of the
abuse of it is deplorable in the extreme. Wine is an edge-tool, and
will, if not carefully handled, assuredly wound most unmercifully. I
have not the slightest doubt that the quantity of wine consumed by
many ladies is one cause, in this our day, of so much delicacy of
constitution. It is a crying evil, and demands speedy redress; and as
no more worthy medical champion has appeared in the field to fight
the battle of moderate wine-drinking, I myself have boldly come
forward to commence the affray, fervently trusting that some earnest
men may join me in the conflict. I consider that the advocates for a
plentiful supply of alcoholic stimulants are wrong, and that the
upholders of total abstinence principles are equally wrong; and that
the only path of health and of safety lies between them both—in
moderation. A teetotaller and an advocate for a plentiful supply of
alcoholic drinks are both very difficult to please; indeed, the one and
the other are most intemperate. I am aware that what I have written
will be caviled at, and will give great offense to both extreme parties;
but I am quite prepared and willing to abide the consequences, and
sincerely hope that what I have said will be the means of ventilating
the subject, which is sadly needed. It is the violence and obstinacy of
the contending parties, each of whom is partly right and partly
wrong, that have long ago prevented a settlement of the question at
issue, and have consequently been the means of causing much heart-
burning, misery, and suffering. The Times once pithily remarked that
it would be well if the two combatants were “to mix their liquors.”
115. A young wife ought to rise betimes in the morning, and after
she be once awake should never doze. Dozing is both weakening to
the body and enervating to the mind. It is a species of dram-
drinking; let my fair reader, therefore, shun it with all her might. Let
her imitate the example of the Duke of Wellington, who, whenever he
turned in bed, made a point of turning out of it; indeed, so
determined was that illustrious man not to allow himself to doze
after he was once awake, that he had his bed made so small that he
could not conveniently turn in it without first of all turning out of it.
Let her, as soon as she is married, commence early rising; let her
establish the habit, and it will for life cling to her:
“Awake! the morning shines, and the fresh field
Calls us; we lose the prime, to mark how spring
Our tender plants; how blows the citron grove,
What drops the myrrh, and what the balmy reed;
How Nature paints her colors; how the bee
Sits on the bloom.”[22]

116. It is wonderful how much may be done betimes in the

morning. There is nothing like a good start. It makes for the
remainder of the day the occupation easy and pleasant—
“Happy, thrice happy, every one
Who sees his labor well begun,
And not perplexed and multiplied
By idly waiting for time and tide.”[23]

117. How glorious, and balmy, and health-giving, is the first breath
of the morning, more especially to those living in the country! It is
more exhilarating, invigorating, and refreshing than it is all the rest
of the day. If you wish to be strong, if you desire to retain your good
looks and your youthful appearance, if you are desirous of having a
family, rise betimes in the morning; if you are anxious to lay the
foundation of a long life, jump out of bed the moment you are awake.
Let there be no dallying, no parleying with the enemy, or the battle is
lost, and you will never after become an early riser; you will then lose
one of the greatest charms and blessings of life, and will, probably,
not have the felicity of ever becoming a mother; if you do become
one, it will most likely be of puny children. The early risers make the
healthy, bright, long-lived wives and mothers. But if a wife is to be an
early riser, she must have a little courage and determination; great
advantages in this world are never gained without; but what is either
man or woman good for if they have not those qualities?
118. An early riser ought always to have something to eat and
drink, such as a little bread and butter, and either a cup of tea or a
draught of new milk, before she goes out of a morning; this need not
interfere with, at the usual hour, her regular breakfast. If she were to
take a long walk on an empty stomach, she would for the remainder
of the day feel tired and exhausted, and she would then, but most
unfairly, fancy that early rising did not agree with her.
119. The early morning is one of the best and most enjoyable
portions of the day. There is a perfect charm in nature which early
risers alone can appreciate. It is only the early riser that ever sees
“the rosy morn,” the blushing of the sky, which is gloriously
beautiful! Nature, in the early morning, seems to rejoice and be glad,
and to pour out her richest treasures: the birds vie with each other in
their sweetest carols; the dew on the grass, like unto myriads of
diamonds, glittering and glistening, and glinting in the rays of the
sun; occasionally the cobwebs on the shrubs and bushes, like
exquisite lace sparkling with gems; the fresh and matchless perfume
and fragrance of the earth and flowers;—these, one and all, are
gloriously beautiful to behold, and can only be enjoyed to perfection
in the early morning, while the majority of people, during the
choicest periods of their existence, are sweltering, and dozing, and
deteriorating both in body and mind, on beds of down, when they
ought to be up, out, and about! Can it be wondered at, when such
weakening and enervating practices are so much in vogue—for
luxury is the curse of the day—that there are so many barren wives in
England? It looks, on the first blush, that many of the customs and
practices of the present day were to cause barrenness; for, assuredly,
if they had been instituted on purpose, they could not have
performed their task more surely and successfully.
120. It might be said that the dews of the morning are dangerous!
The dews of the early morning are beneficial to health, while the
dews of the evening are detrimental. How truly the poet sings—
“Dew-drops are the gems of morning,
But the tears of mournful eve!”[24]

121. Early rising imparts health to the frame, strength to the

muscles, and comeliness to the countenance; it clears the brain, and
thus brightens the intellect; it is a panacea for many of the ills of life,
and, unlike many panaceas, it is both simple and pleasant in its
operation; it calms the troubled breast; it gives a zest to the after-
employments and pleasures of the day; and makes both man and
woman look up from “nature’s works to nature’s God!”
122. Early rising rejuvenizes the constitution: it makes the middle-
aged look young, and the old look middle-aged; it is the finest
cosmetic in the world, and tints the cheeks with a bloom the painter
emulates, but in vain! On the other hand, late rising adds years to the
looks, fills the body with aches and pains, and the countenance with
crow-feet and wrinkles; gives a yellowness and pimples to the face,
and depression to the spirits. Aged looks and ill health invariably
follow in the wake of late rising.
123. If a mistress rise early the servants are likely to follow suit: a
lazy mistress is almost sure to have lazy servants; the house becomes
a sluggard’s dwelling! Do not let me be misunderstood; I do not
recommend any unreasonable hours for rising in the morning; I do
not advise a wife to rise early for the sake of rising early: there would
be neither merit nor sense in it; I wish her to have her full
complement of sleep—seven or eight hours; but I do advise her to go
to bed early, in order that she might be up every morning at six
o’clock in the summer, and at seven o’clock in the winter. I maintain
that it is the duty of every wife, unless prevented by illness, to be an
early riser. This last reason should have greater weight with her than
any other that can possibly be brought forward! All things in this
world ought to be done from a sense of duty; duty ought to be a
wife’s and every other person’s pole-star!
124. There is a wonderful and glorious object in creation which
few, very few, ladies, passing strange though it be, have ever seen—
the rising of the sun! The few who have seen it are, probably, those
who have turned night into day, who are returning home in the early
morning, jaded and tired, after dancing the whole of the previous
night. These, of course, cannot enjoy, and most likely do not even
see, the magnificent spectacle!
125. I am not advising my fair reader to rise every morning with
the rising of the sun—certainly not; but if she be an early riser, she
might occasionally indulge herself in beholding the glorious sight!
126. “The top of the morning to you” is a favorite Irish salutation,
and is very expressive and complimentary. “The top of the
morning”—the early morning, the time when the sun first rises in his
majesty and splendor—is the most glorious, and health-giving, and
best part of the whole day; when nature and all created beings rejoice
and are glad:
“But mighty Nature bounds as from her birth,
The sun is in the heavens, and life on earth;
Flowers in the valley, splendor in the beam,
Health in the gale, and freshness in the stream.”[25]

127. Let a young wife, if she be anxious to have a family and

healthy progeny, be in bed betimes. It is impossible that she can rise
early in the morning unless she retire early at night. “One hour’s
sleep before midnight is worth three after.” Sleep before midnight is
most essential to health, and if to health, to beauty; hence, sleep
before midnight is called beauty-sleep. The finest cosmetic is health!
128. She ought to pay particular attention to the ventilation of her
sleeping apartment, and she herself, before leaving the chamber in
the morning, ought never to omit to open the windows; and in the
summer, if the room be large, she should during the night leave, for
about six or eight inches, the window-sash open. If the room be small
it will be desirable to have, instead of the window, the door (secured
from intrusion by a door-chain) unclosed; and to have, as well, either
the skylight or the landing window open. There ought by some
means or other, if the inmates of the room are to have sweet and
refreshing sleep, to be thorough ventilation of the sleeping
apartment. I have no patience to hear some men assert that it is
better to sleep in a close room—in a foul room! They might, with
equal truth, declare that it is desirable for a healthy person to
swallow every night a dose of arsenic in order to prolong his life!
Carbonic acid gas is as truly a poison as arsenic! If there be a
dressing-room next to the bedroom, it will be well to have the
dressing-room window, instead of the bedroom window, open at
night. The dressing-room door will regulate the quantity of air to be
admitted into the bedroom, opening it either little or much as the
weather might be cold or otherwise.[26] The idea that it will give cold
is erroneous; it will be more likely, by strengthening the system and
by carrying off the impurities of the lungs and skin, to prevent cold.
129. Some persons, accustomed all their lives to sleep in a close,
foul room—in a room contaminated with carbonic acid gas—cannot
sleep in a fresh, well-ventilated chamber, in a chamber with either
door or window open: they seem to require the stupefying effects of
the carbonic acid gas, and cannot sleep without it! If such be the
case, and as sleep is of such vital importance to the human economy,
let both window and door be closed, but do not, on any account, let
the chimney be stopped, as there must be, in a bedroom, ventilation
of some kind or another, or ill health will inevitably ensue.
130. It is madness to sleep in a room without ventilation—it is
inhaling poison; for the carbonic acid gas, the refuse of respiration,
which the lungs are constantly throwing off, is a poison—a deadly
poison—and, of course, if there be no ventilation, a person must
breathe this carbonic acid gas mixed with the atmospheric air. Hence
the importance, the vital importance, of either an open chimney or of
an open window, or of both. The chimney, then, even if the window
be closed, ought never to be stopped; and the window, either of the
bedroom or of the dressing-room, should not be closed, even in the
night, unless the weather be either very wet or bitterly cold. I should
strongly recommend my fair reader, and, indeed, every one else, to
peruse the good and talented Florence Nightingale’s Notes on
Nursing. They ought to be written in letters of gold, and should be
indelibly impressed on the memory of every one who has the interest
of human life and happiness at heart. Florence Nightingale declares
that no one, while in bed, ever catches cold from proper ventilation.
I believe her; and I need not say that no one has had more experience
and better opportunities of judging about what she writes than this
accomplished authoress.
131. I fearlessly assert that no one can sleep sweetly and
refreshingly unless there be thorough ventilation of the chamber.
She may have, in an unventilated apartment, heavy, drowsy,
deathlike sleep, and well she might! She is under the stupefying
effects of poison; the carbonic acid gas, which is constantly being
evolved from the lungs, and which wants a vent, but cannot obtain it,
is, as I have before remarked, a deadly poison! She may as well take
every night a stupefying opiate, as breathe nightly a bedroom
charged with carbonic acid gas; the one would, in the long run, be as
pernicious as the other. To show the power of carbonic acid gas in
sending people to sleep, we have only to notice a crowded church of
an evening; when, even if the preacher be an eloquent man, the
majority of the congregation is fast asleep,—is, in point of fact, under
the soporific influence of the carbonic acid gas, the church being at
the time full of it. Carbonic acid gas is as certain, if not more certain,
to produce a heavy deathlike slumber as either numbing opium or
drowsy poppy.
132. I moreover declare that she cannot have sweet refreshing
sleep at night unless during the day she take plenty of exercise, and
unless she has an abundance of active, useful occupation.
133. Occupation—active, useful occupation—is the best composing
medicine in the world; and the misfortune of it is that the wealthy
have little or no occupation to cause them to sleep. Pleasure they
have in abundance, but little or no real occupation. “The sleep of a
laboring man is sweet, whether he eat little or much: but the
abundance of the rich will not suffer them to sleep.”[27]
134. Sleep is of more consequence to the human economy than
food. Nothing should therefore be allowed by a young wife to
interfere with sleep. And as the attendance on large assemblies, balls,
and concerts sadly, in every way, interfere with sleep, they ought, one
and all, to be sedulously avoided.
135. As exercise is very conducive and provocative of sleep—sound,
sweet, childlike sleep—exercise must be practiced, and that not by
fits and starts, but regularly and systematically. She ought, then,
during the day, with exercise and with occupation, to tire herself, and
she will then have sweet and refreshing sleep. But some ladies never
do tire themselves except with excitement; they do not know what it
is to be tired either by a long walk or by household work. They can
tire themselves with dancing at a ball; poor fragile creatures can
remain up the whole night waltzing, quadrilling, and galloping, but
would be shocked at the idea and at the vulgarity of walking a mile at
a stretch! Poor creatures, they are to be pitied; and, if they ever
marry, so are their husbands. Are such wives as these likely to be
mothers, and if they are, are their offspring likely to be strong? Are
such wives as these likely to be the mothers of our future warriors, of
our future statesmen, and of our other worthies—men of mark, who,
“Departing, leave behind them
Footprints on the sands of time!”

136. Sleep is the choicest gift of God. Sleep is a comforter, a solace,

a boon, a nourisher, a friend. Happy, thrice happy, is a wife who can
sleep like unto a little child! When she is well, what a comfort is
sleep; when she is ill, what a soother of pain is sleep; when she is in
trouble, what a precious balm is sleep!
137. Hear what our noblest poet, Shakspeare, says of sleep:
“Sleep that knits up the raveled sleeve of care,
The death of each day’s life, sore labor’s bath,
Balm of hurt minds, great nature’s second course
Chief nourisher in life’s feast.”
138. A luxurious, idle wife cannot sleep; she, night after night,
tumbles and tosses on her bed of down. What has she done during
the day to tire herself, and thus to induce sleep? Alas, nothing! She in
consequence never experiences
“Tired nature’s sweet restorer, balmy sleep.”

For, after all, out-door exercise and useful occupation are the best
composing medicines in the world! Encompassed as she is with every
luxury—partaking of all the delicacies of the season, of the richest
viands, and of the choicest wines—decked out in costly apparel—
reclining on the softest cushions—surrounded with exquisite scenery,
with troops of friends, and with bevies of servants;—yet,
notwithstanding all these apparent advantages, she is oftentimes one
of the most debilitated, complaining, “nervous,” hysterical and
miserable of mortals. The causes of all these afflictions are—she has
nothing to do; she is overwhelmed with prosperity; she is like a fire
that is being extinguished in consequence of being overloaded with
fuel; she is being killed with overmuch kindness; she is a drone in a
hive where all must work if they are to be strong and well, and bright
and cheerful; for labor is the lot of all and the law for all, for “God is
no respecter of persons.” The remedies for a lady affected as above
described are simple and yet efficacious—namely, simplicity of living,
and an abundance of out-door exercise and of useful occupation. It
would have been to the manifest advantage of many a fair dame if
she were obliged to put down her close carriage, and were compelled
to walk instead of drive. Riding in close carriages nurse many
ailments which walking would banish; a brisk walk is the best tonic
and the most reviving medicine in the world, and would prevent the
necessity of her swallowing so much nauseous physic. Nature’s
simple remedies are oftentimes far superior and far more agreeable
than any to be found in the Pharmacopœia. It would have been a
blessing to many a rich, indolent, and luxurious lady if she had been
born in a lower rank—in one in which she had been compelled to
work for her daily bread; if she had been, she would, in many
instances, have been far happier and healthier than she now is.
Indolence and luxury kill more than hard work and hard fare ever
did or ever will kill. Indolence and luxury are slow poisons; they
destroy by degrees, but are in the end as certain in their deleterious
effects as either arsenic or deadly nightshade—
“Come hither, ye that press your beds of down,
And sleep not; see him sweating o’er his bread
Before he eats it. ’Tis the primal curse,
But softened into mercy—made the pledge
Of cheerful days, and nights without a groan.”

139. I must not forget to speak of the paramount importance in a

dwelling of an abundance of light—of daylight. Light is life, light is
health, light is a physician! Light is life: the sun gives life as well as
light; if it were not for the sun, all creation would wither and die.
There is “no vitality or healthful structure without light.”[28] Light is
health: it strengthens the frame, it cheers the heart, and tints the
cheeks with a roseate hue! Light is a physician: it drives away many
diseases, as the mists vanish at the approach of the sun; and it cures
numerous ailments which drugs alone are unable to relieve.
140. Look at the bloom on the face of a milkmaid! What is it that
tints her cheeks? An abundance of light. Behold the pallid, corpselike
countenance of a factory girl! What blanches her cheek? The want of
light, of air, and of sunshine.
141. A room, then, ought to have large windows in order that the
sun might penetrate into every nook and corner of the apartment. A
gardener thoroughly appreciates the importance of light to his
flowers; he knows, also, that if he wishes to blanch some kinds of
vegetables—such as celery and sea-kale—he must keep the light from
them; and if my fair reader desires to blanch her own cheeks, she
ought to keep the light from them; but, on the other hand, if she be
anxious to be healthy and rosy, she must have plenty of light in her
dwelling.
142. The want of light stunts the growth, dims the sight, and
damps the spirits. Colliers, who a great part of their lives live in the
bowels of the earth, are generally stunted; prisoners, confined for
years in a dark dungeon, frequently become blind; people who live in
dark houses are usually melancholic.
143. Light banishes from rooms foulness, fustiness, mustiness, and
smells. Light ought therefore to be freely allowed to enter every
house, and be esteemed as the most welcome of visitors. Let me then
advise every young wife to admit into her dwelling an abundance of
light, of air, and of sunshine.
144. Some ladies, to keep off the sun, to prevent it from fading the
furniture, have, in the summer time, all the blinds of the windows of
the house down. Hence they save the fading of their furniture, and,
instead of which, they fade their own and their children’s cheeks.
Many houses, with all their blinds down, look like so many prisons,
or as if the inmates were in deep affliction, or as if they were
performing penance; for is it not a penance to be deprived of the
glorious light of day, which is as exhilarating to the spirits as, and
much more beneficial than, a glass of champagne?
145. It is a grievous sin to keep out from a dwelling the glorious
sunshine. We have heard of “a trap to catch a sunbeam:” let the open
windows be a trap, and a more desirable prize cannot be caught than
a sunbeam. Sunbeams, both physical and metaphorical, make a
house a paradise upon earth!
146. Let me strongly caution the newly made wife against the evil
effects of tight lacing. The waist ought, as a rule, to be from twenty-
seven to twenty-nine inches in circumference; if, therefore, she bind
and gird herself in until she be only twenty-three inches, and, in
some cases, until she be only twenty-one inches, it must be done at
the expense of comfort, of health, and happiness. If stays be worn
tightly, they press down the contents of the lower part of the belly,
which might either prevent a lady from having a family, or might
produce a miscarriage.[29]
147. Let her dress be loose, and be adapted to the season. She
ought not to adopt the fashion of wearing in the morning warm
clothes with long sleeves, and in the evening thin dresses with short
sleeves. “It is hopeless to battle with fashion in matters of dress;
women will never believe that their bonnets, neck-wrappers, or huge
petticoats (until they go out of fashion) can have anything to do with
headaches, sore throats, or rheumatism; but they ought to know that
the more they swathe themselves, the more tender and delicate they
are likely to be. If they wish to withstand cold, they should accustom
themselves to bear it.”[30]
148. If a young wife be delicate, and if her circulation be languid, a
flannel vest next the skin, and in the daytime, should, winter and
summer, be worn. Scarlet is, in such a case, a favorite color, and may
be selected for the purpose.
149. It is important that it should be borne in mind that the
wearing of flannel next the skin is more necessary in the summer
than in the winter time. A lady in the summer is apt, when hot, either
from the weather or from exertion, to get into a draught to cool
herself, and not wearing flannel next the skin, she is almost sure at
such times to catch a cold. Now, flannel being a bad conductor of
heat, keeps the body at a tolerably equal temperature, and thus
materially lessens the risk. When it is considered that many of the
diseases afflicting humanity arise from colds, the value of wearing
flannel next the skin as a preventive is at once apparent.
150. Never was there such a time as the present when dress was so
much thought of. Grand dresses now sweep our dirty streets and
thoroughfares; rich velvets, silks, and satins are as plentiful as dead
leaves in autumn. “There is so much to gaze and stare at in the dress,
one’s eyes are quite dazzled and weary, and can hardly pierce
through to that which is clothed upon.” Dress is become a crying evil;
many ladies clothe themselves in gorgeous apparel at the expense of
household comforts, and even of household necessaries:
“We sacrifice to dress, till household joys
And comforts cease. Dress drains our cellars dry,
And keeps our larder lean—puts out our fires,
And introduces hunger, frost, and woe,
Where peace and hospitality might reign.”[31]

151. It might be said, What has all this to do with the health of a
wife? I reply, much. The customs, habits, and luxuries of the present
day are very antagonistic both to health and fecundity.
152. She must not coddle, nor should she muffle up her throat with
furs. Boas are the most frequent cause of sore throats and quinsies,
and therefore the sooner they are discarded the better. “And this is
perfectly true, though few seem to be aware of the fact. Relaxed
throats would be rare if cold water was more plentifully used, both
externally and internally, and mufflers were laid aside.”[32]
153. If my gentle reader will freely use cold water ablutions, she
will find that she will not require nearly so much clothing and
muffling up. It is those who use so little water who have to wear so
much clothing; and the misfortune of it is, the more clothes they
wear the more they require. Many young people are wrapped and
muffled up in the winter time like old folks, and by coddling they
become prematurely old—frightened at a breath of air and at a
shower of rain, and shaking in their shoes at an easterly wind!
Should such things be?
154. Pleasure, to a certain degree, is as necessary to the health of a
young wife, and every one else, as the sun is to the earth—to warm, to
cheer, and to invigorate it, and to bring out its verdure. Pleasure, in
moderation, rejuvenizes, humanizes, and improves the character,
and expands and exercises the good qualities of the mind; but, like
the sun, in its intensity it oppresseth drieth up, and withereth.
Pleasures kept within due bounds are good, but in excess are utterly
subversive of health and happiness. A wife who lives in a whirl of
pleasure and excitement is always weakly and “nervous,” and utterly
unfitted for her duties and responsibilities.
155. Let the pleasures of a newly-married wife, then, be dictated by
reason, and not by fashion. She ought to avoid all recreations of an
exciting kind, as depression always follows excitement. I would have
her prefer the amusements of the country to those of the town, such
as a flower-garden, botany, archery, croquet, bowls,—everything, in
fact, that will take her into the open air, and will cause her to
appreciate the pure, simple, and exquisite beauties of nature.
Croquet I consider to be one of the best games ever invented: it
induces a lady to take exercise which perhaps she would not
otherwise do; it takes her into the open air, it strengthens her
muscles, it expands her chest, it promotes digestion, it circulates her
blood, and it gives her an interest in the game which is most
beneficial both to mind and body.
156. Oh, that my countrywomen should prefer the contaminated
and foul air of ball and of concert-rooms, to the fresh, sweet, and
health-giving air of the country!
157. Let me in this place enter my strong protest against a young
wife dancing, more especially if she be enceinte. If she be anxious to
have a family, it is a most dangerous amusement, as it is a fruitful
source of miscarriage; and the misfortune is, that if she once have a
miscarriage, she might go on again and again, until her constitution

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Part 1: Database Concepts 1

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and after dinner, one or two glasses of sherry. A lady sometimes,

99. An excitable wife is a weakly wife: “excitement is the effect of

116. It is wonderful how much may be done betimes in the

121. Early rising imparts health to the frame, strength to the

127. Let a young wife, if she be anxious to have a family and

136. Sleep is the choicest gift of God. Sleep is a comforter, a solace,

139. I must not forget to speak of the paramount importance in a

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