ME4172: Design

Engineering Lab Manual

(Session 2024-25)

B.Tech 7th Semester

(Mechanical Engineering)
EXPERIMENTS
FOR
DYNAMICS
LAB
 MANUAL

STATIC & DYNAMIC BALANCING MACHINE

1. AIM :

This Apparatus has been designed to allow the student to

check experimentally the normal method of calculating the position Of
counter balancing weight in rotating mass systems.
2. INTRODUCTION :
Balancing of masses plays an important role in machine design
and manufacturing of rotating parts. When a mass is stationary it can be
balanced easily by putting suitable counter weight acting in the opposite
direction of unbalanced mass. But when an unbalanced mass rotates, a
centrifugal force is developedwhich changes its axis of rotation.This causes
vibrations in the machine which leads to premature failure of bearing/shaft.
Hence, balancing is essential for satisfactory operation of the machine.

3. DESCRIPTION OF APPARATUS :
The apparatus basically consists of a steel shaft mounted in
ball bearing in a stiff rectangular main frame. A set of six blocks of
different weights is provided & may be clamped in any position on the shaft,
and also be easily detached from the shaft.
The disc caring a circular protractorscale is fitted if the side of the
rectangular frame. Shaft carries a disc & rim of this disc is grooved to take
a light cold provided with two cylindrical metal containers of exactly the same
weight.
The scale is fitted to the lower memberof the main frame &
when used in conjunction with the circulaf protractor scale, allows the
exact longitudinal & angular position of each adjustable block to be
determined.
The shaft is driven by a 230 V. single phase 50 cycles electric
motor, mounted under the main frame, through a belt.
 4. SPECIFICATIONS
1. Slotted weights - 6 Nos.
2. Revolving shaft with frame & F.H.P. Motor —INO.
3. Scales for angular & longitudinal mounting of weight over the
shaft.
5. PROCEDURE :

1. STATIC BALANCING :
Remove the drive belt. The value of Wr. for each block is
determined by fixing of sliding weightof each block suspended over the
protractor disc, the length between shaft center & sliding weight center is
called as "Wr" for the block.
For finding out 'Wr" during static balancing proceed as follows.
i. Remove the Belt.
ii.Screw the combine hook to the pulley with groove ( This pulley is
different than the belt pulley ).
Iii.Adjust th$ sliding weight on sliding screw.
Iv.Measure the length of sliding weight from center of block.
v. Length of sliding weight from centre give the 'Wr' value of block 1.
vi. Repeat the procedure for another blocks but center distance of sliding
weight are different.

2. DYNAMIC BALANCING:
It is necessary to leave the machine before the experiment. Using
the value of Wr. obtainedas above, & if the angular positions & planes
of rotation of three of four blocks are known, the student can calculate
the positionof the other blocks ( S) for balancing of the completesystem.
From the calculations, the student finally clamps all the blocks on the shaft
in their appropriate positions. Replace the motor belt, transfer the main
frame to its hanging position & then by running the rnolur, one can verify
that those calculations are correct & the blocks are perfectly balanced.
FORCE POLYGON: -
We know that, the centrifugal force exerted by each mass on the
rotating shaft is given by.
fc = W/g. w2 . r
In our equipment, the centrifugal force exerted by each mass is
balanced by the total no. of balls ( each ball considered as a unit mass )
and the radius of the string in the groove of the pulley folding the pan.
fC1 = WI/g. w2 . r
Similarly,
fC2 = W2/g. w2 . r; fC3 = VV3/g. w2 . r; fC4 = W4/g. w2 . r
As in the above equation, since w2 . r/g is constant for all the masses.
The equation can be written as, fC1= ml ; fC2= m2 ; fC3= rT13 and fc4=m4.
Therefore taking the above magnitudes of forces and considering
the mass ml at 01 = 00. Draw a force polygonto get the corresponding
values of 02 , 03 & 04.

COUPLF POLYGON:-
Couple polygon relates with the dynamic balancing of the system.
Take a reference plane in the system ( say plane of rotating mass ml ) the
distance of all the other panes i.e. , rn3 and r-n4be at h, 12 & 13
respectively.
Tabulate the data as shown in the following table :
Weight Plane Force Dist. From Couple
(m) plane 1 force x dist.

rn2 2. 11 m2 h
m3 3 m3 12 12

r-n4 4 ma 13 mah
Now draw a couple polygon. Draw the lines parallel to the direction of
forces m2,m3& m 4. if any force in the couple polygon comes in the negative
direction, than that plane of the rotation comes to the opposite side of the
reference plane. Thus we get the distance between the planes of rotation of
the rotating masses.
EXPERIMENT No. 1
1. DYNAMIC BALANCING OF 4 BLOCKS.
Obtain Dynamic Balance of a set of four blocks with
unbalance as shown, by properly positioning them in angular &
internal position on the shaft.

Sr. Unbalanced ( Wr. Product)

No. i.e. possession of sliding
wei ht from centre
1 3.0
2 4.0
3 5.0
4 6.0

Distance between each block is 3 Cm. The arrangement is as shown in fig.

3 4 1 2

First of all assume that reference plane is B' Then find out the
couples for blocks 4, 1 & 2 Withrespectto 3 & then draw
couple polygon

Plane Wr. Dist From No - Couple

c
3 5.0
4 6.0 3 18
1 3.0 6 18
2 4.0 9 36
Block No.4 is assumed in horizontal Position. 04 = 00
 COUPLE POLYGON:

Angular position 1 & 2 No. of blocks is obtained from the couple polygon
Wr. to
block

Angular Position Of Block A

Angular Position Of Block B 92 =

 FORCE POLYGON:

Angular position of No. 3 block is obtained from the force polygon & its
magnitude is also obtained F; = 5.0 Adjust all angular & lateral position
properly & find that the shaft rotates without producing any vibrations

Angular Position Of Block C : 03 =

 SAMPLE CALCULATION
1. DYNAMIC BALANCING OF 4 BLOCKS.
Obtain Dynamic Balance of a set of four blocks with
unbalance as shown, by properly positioning them in angular &
internal position on the shaft.

Sr. Unbalanced ( Wr. Product)

No. i.e. possession of sliding
wei ht from centre In m
1 202
2 200
3 194
4 190

Distance betweeneach block is 4.8 Cm. The arrangementis as shown in fig.

1 2 3 4

cm 4—4.8cm

First of all assume that reference plane is '1' Then find out the
couples for blocks 2, 3 & 4 Withrespectto 1 & then draw
couple polygon

Plane Wr.(gm) Dist From No - Couple

c
1 202 0
2 200 4.8 960
3 194 9.6 1862.4
4 190 14.4 2736
Block No.2 is assumed in horizontal Position. i.e. 62 = 00
 COUPLE POLYGON:
Assume scale 1 cm =200 gm-cm for drawing couple polygon.

Angular position 3 & 4 No. of blocks is obtained from the couple polygon Wr. to
block
Angular Position Of Block C : 03 = o
Angular Position Of Block D : 04 =
 FORCE POLYGON :
Assume scale 1 cm =30 gm for drawingcouplepolygon.

Angular position of No. 3 block is obtainedfrom the force polygon & its
magnitudeis also obtainedF3 = 202 gm. Adjust all angular & lateral position
properly & find that the shaft rotates without producing any vibrations

Angular Position Of Block C : 91 =

 JPTI
MOTORISED GYROSCOPE

AIM :- To study and calculate gy•roscopic effect.

GYROSCOPE
It is a body while spinning about an axis is free to rotate in other direction under the
action of external forces.

EXAMPLES
Locomotive, automobile and aeroplane making a turn. In certain cases the gyroscopic
iörces are undesirable whereas in other cases the gyroscopic effect may be utilised in
developing desirable.

GYROSCOP}C EFFECT
To a body revolving ( or spinning) about an axis say 'ox' & if a couple
represented by a vector 'oy' perpendicularto 'ox' is applied, then the body tries to
vroq€ss about an axis 'oz' which is perpendicular both to 'ox' and coy'. Thus gheplane
oi'spin, plane of precession and plane of gyroscopic cduple are mutilåily perpendicular.
'The above combined effect is as LCeces.si0Q*For gyroscopic effect.

PESCQIPT!ON & WORKING INSTRUCT}ONS

The motor is coupled to the disc rotor, which is balanced. The disc shaft rotates about
'xx' axis in two bearing housed m the frame no. J. This frame can swing about 'y
-y' axis m bcaring provided in the yoke type frame no. 2. In steady position, frame no.
I is balanced. The yoke frame is free to rotate about vertical axis 'z - z'. Thus freedom
of rotation about three perpendicular axis is given to rotor.

SPECIFICATIONS
1) Mass of Rotor assembly 8.810 Kg
2) Rotor Diameter 0.3
3) Rotor Thickness 0.01
4) Distance of bolt of
weioht pen from disc center. ! 90 mm
6) Motor Single phase 6000 with
speed regulation unit.

WORKS ROA M TAJ D. m.ST.-SA'VA

 JPTI
RULE NO. 1

'The spinning body exerts a torque or couple in such a direction which tends
to make the a.xis of spin coincide with that of the precession'
To study the mle No. ! föllowingprocedure may be adopted.
a) Balance the initial horizontal position of the rotor.
b) Start the motor by increasing the voltage with dijnmer and wait until it attains
constant speed.
c) Precess the yoke frame about axis by a applying necessary force by
hand to the sayne ( in the clockwise sense seen from above ).
d) It will be observed that the rotor frame swings about the horizontal axis 'y.y'.
motor side is seen coming upward & the weight pan side going downwards.
e) Rotate the vcflical yoke axis in the antic}ockwise direction seen from above and
observe that the rotor frame swing in opposite sense as compared to that
in previous case the above rule.

RULE NO. 2

'The spinning body precesses in such a way as to make the axis of spin coincide
vvhh that ofthe couple applied, through 900 tarn axis'.
a) Balance the rotor position on the horizontal frame.
b) Stan the motor by increasing the vohage with the auto - transformer and wait tiil
the disc attains constant speed.
c) Add weight ( 0.5 kg , I kg , ) in the weight pan, and start the stop watch
to note the time in seconds required for precession, through 90 degrees.
d) The vertical yoke precesses about oz axis as per the rule No.2.
e) Speed Inay be measured by the tachometer.
(Not soppiied wåh unit.)

PRECAUTION

TJ When the speed of rotor spin is changed, some time is required to obtain the
speeu to ine rotor inertia. Hence, it is to wait until the rotor spin
reaches constant speed.
2] The Inass applied should not excecd 2 Kg .
3J Observe the stesady speed before measuring .

VGRK.< RA7.AR PF.T!I ROA 9. M 'rA 1-KA R An. DIST.-Q RA.

 JPTI
T.Ai)LE

SR SPEED MASS IN CHANGE IN ANGLE CHANGE IN TIME

No. TUE PAN
dt
(rpm) (kg) (Degrees) (sec)

GYROSCOPICRELATION

1xo x op where
1 M. I. of disc kg.cm.sec 2
(mfg) X ( (D2)/8)

IVhere,
Weight of rctot• 8.810 Kg.
Gravitational 9.81 m/sec2
Diameter of rotor 0.3

Now,
Angularvelocity of precession of dise radiations/sec.
2TtN
rad/sec

VOFUCS IUASiJ .-RA n. msx.-s

 JPTI

WIIere
N Speed of Disc spin. rpm

Now,
p
Angular velocity of precession of yoke about vertical axis in rad/
sec.

dé /dt x (Tt/180) rad/sec.

I X(DXO N-m

N-m
theoretical

Weight on pan
Distance of bolt centre from the disc centre in cm.

CONCLUSION

Verified the relationship.

I x c) x actually & Theoretically.

(D is to calculated for shon durationtime, as the plane of

rotation of disc about the horizohtal axis y - y due to application of torque, be-
cause of which 0) goes on reducing gradually.

.
WORKS PF.TII120AD. 106. mgr.-SA'I'ARA.
 ROTORPLATE

FRAYE No. 1

lol

BASE
FRAME No. 2

FRONT VIEW OF GYROSCOPE

Fig. No. 3A

JPTT/E/2
 ROTORPLATE

BALANCLNGWEIGHT
AND STUD
MOTOR

YOKE

BASE

SIDE VIEW OF GYROSCOPE

Fig. No. 3B
 JPTI
EPICYCLIC GEAR TRAIN APPARATUS
INTRODUCT!ON:-
Any combination of gear wheel by means
of which motion is transmitted from one shaft to another shaft is called
Gear-train. In case of Epicyclic Gear-Trajn the axis of the shaft on which
the gear are mounted may move relative to a fixed axis.in this apparatus
internal type(Experimental Model) Epicyclic Gear-train is demonstrated.

Descriøtion :-
Internatepicyclic Gear-Train
It consisf of SUN gear mounted on the input shaft
(iS). Toy planet gear are on the both side meshes with SLIN gear & which also
meshes with the interne: teeths of the annuaj gean Two planet gear are
mounted on the pins which are fitted into both ends of the arms . Output shaft
is connected to the arm (A)on which drum is fixed

Specification :-
1) Epicyclic Gear Train
2) Beit /rope & spring ba!ance arrangernent to measure output torque &
hotding torque
3) 1 H.P. D.C. shunt motor, 3000 rpm,180 V, 4.5 Amp.
4) Dimmer control for speed variat:on &Ammeter &Voltmeterto get input
power .
5) InternalEpicyclic Gear .

Experimentation -
1) Measure Epicyclic speed ratio between Input & Output shaft
2) Measure input torque i.e. Mi . Output torque [VIC)& Holding torque N/ihi

See that, Ml+ MH+ MO = O

Output torque MO = -( Ml + MH ).

WORKS BAZAR PETH ROAD, MASUR-415 106. a:-02164-252J06. TAL-KARAD.

ii
 JPTI
Theory -
Tooth load & torques in Epicyclic gear trains :-
If the parts of Epicyclic gear trains are an moving at uniformspeedstso
that angular accelaration are involved,the a!gebric sun-Iof an external
torques applied to train must be zero, cr

There are at least three external torquefor every train , & in many
cases there are on}y three , these are -

M! - the input torque cn the driving member ,Arrn .

MO - the resisi}ng load , torque cn the driven member .
MH - the holding , or braking torque on the fixed member .
if thege is no acce{eration ,

(2)
Experimeg±ab
1) Check the experimentalset up .
2) Cive suppiy to the motor from the control pane! .
3) Adjust the RPM of inputshaft to some fix value
4) Apply ho!dingtorquejust to ho!dthe drum. ( this must be done carefully . )
5) Apply load to the output shaft

TQ sturdy & verify the speed re;tiocf Epicyclic geor (tviOTORiSEü )

•l) Solve the theoreticai of input - output shaft speed ratio from the deta of
gear teeth provided .

iNPlJT SPEED
7.5
OUTPUTSPEED

WORKS BAZAR PETU ROAD, MAStng-4j5 106. TAE-KARAD. RA.

 JPTI
Start the motor & slowly increase the speed . Take two such speeds & calculate
the speed ratio & verify

Experiment No . 2 -
To study & verify the torque relationship
Ti + Th + To
Where ,
T' = !nput Torque
Th = Holding Torque
To = Output Torque

Observation -

Redious of outputdrum = 0.115m

= Radious of holding drum = 0.08 m
= Efficiency of Motor

WORKS BAZAR PETH ROAD, MASUR-415 106. G:-02164-25230G. TAL-KARAD. DIST.-SATARA.

 JPTI
Calculations --
a) Ti - Input torque . This can be calculated as below....

V = Motor i/p Volts & I = Motor i!p current.

Motor i/p power = V x I
Motoro/p = V x I x efficiency
V X IX n x 4500

746x 2 x it x N
Where, n = Efficiency of motor N = Speed of motor.

b) Th = Holding Torque.
=(T1-T2)xr, Where Tl-T2 read\ngs cf tension on spring balances.

c) To = Output Torque
R, Where Tl-T2 -Readings of tension on spring balances.

Take fcllowing steps to verify the Torque

1) put on spring balances on gear unit and c/p shaft pulley.

2)Connect the control panel to motor.

3)start the motor and measure i/p & olp shaft speeds.

4) Then load the o/p drum. After this toad the gear unit .

5) When the gear unit steps rotatingload the alp drum Sightly.
&TO,
6) Note down the reading of-TI &t2 on gear unit and puiiey unit. find out,Th,Ti
we find that Tl

WORKS BAZAR PETH ROAD, MASUR-415 106. 8>02164-252306. TAL-KARAD.

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EXPERIMENTS
FOR STRESS
ANALYSIS LAB
 Esperitncnt No: //

MA'ITIU,II. FRINGE VALUEOF A GIVEN I'//OTO/WJSTIC' MA'/T/U/I/„

Aint: To deternline the Inaterial fringe value of given photo elastic material.

Apparatus: Circular polariscopewith loadingframe, vernier calipers

Th eory:

In photoelasticty,circular polariscope is used to determine the stress difference between

two principal stresses as well as the principal stress directions. Circular polariscope used

in lab is a diffusion light polariscope with polariser, analyser and two quarter wave plates.

According to stress-optic law the principal stress difference is

(l)

where N and h are fringe-order at the point under consideration and thickness of the

model along Z direction. The constantfis known as the material fringe value ex r ed

in N/mm. Before use of this model for further testing, one has to predict its value. This is

called calibration test. There are 3 types of calibration tests:

I) Tensile test

2) Bending test

3) Compression test

Of W
all of these, compression test is easy to perform. It is conducted with circular disk

loaded under diametral coinpression. As per theory, the principal stress difference at the

centre of circular disk is

711)// (2)
where is conqjvessive load applied, D is disk diajneter. Now, equating (l) and (2), we

get

(3)

(or) IS the constant to be determined.

Ilere N is now fringe order at the centre of disk. So increased load P and observe the

changes in fringe order at centre.

G,

Procedu re:

l) Set the polariscope in dark field Inode.

2) Switch-on white light source and arrange the specimen in the compression frame.

Adjust zero load by just touching the top surface.

3) Count the fringe orders from left/right end.

4) Repeat the experiment 3 to 4 times by increasing load such that in each case there

exists some changes in fringe pattern.

5) A graph is plotted between the load P and fringe order at centre N and measure its

slope as P/N.
Obse1Mitions:

Dimneter ol' disk D

S.No Load P Fringe order at centre N

Precautions:

l) Measure fringe order carefully. First identify the zero-order by watching dark-

black fringe at the corners. Other fringes are coloured.

2) Even there is no central fringe, the vertical axis is considered as one fringe.

3) Increase the load slowly till you get change in fringe pattern.

Result:

Material fringe value f=—x — ¯

 Attn: o Coc to cyclic (jatigur.)

A loading pmt-convrotnting holder sct-up, digital dial to notc

of coid\ions, Adding weiglils,
'l'heory: Majority of Cailitres occur stresses below the yield strength. "Ihis is a result of the
phenomenon called Catigue. Il' a oc steel is repeatedly loaded and unloaded at say 85% if its
yield strength, it M'il! ultintatcly fitii Cjligije iC it is loaded Ihrough enough cycles. Also, in
tensile jesting, even steel elongateg npproxiinaiely 30%, we cannot observe any elongation in
fatigue fractures, linsie ratigtte t€.'Siipg involves the preparation Of carefully polished test
specimen SS hi..•hare cycled fo raii al various va%yejof constant amplitude alternating stress levels.
The is an a%crlldtingstress (S) number of cycles to fail. (N), the curve
which i$ to as lilü!ecial's cetve. These. curves show that low lilt:nbec of
eyeles is :jezcicd to canse !atiguc raiiti•es s:res; levels, while low stress {eve(s can result in
a '.mexpected failures large .'llrnber of cycles. Fatigue failures generally involve
•.l'.-•eestages: (a) crack initialion (b) crack propaGati0!i (c) fast fracture. Fatigue causes Inri!ile like
thilures evcu in normally ductile materials Wilh lilt!e gross pfriStic deformation occ'.lrr:ng prior to
•flie process occurs by initiation WEI. oi cracks and ordinarily !he. fra..•tgre
is close perpendicular direction of tepsilj: stress.
App}ied stresses Il)ay be n.xial (tension ro:uptessien), flexural (bending)
(twisii.ng:.i Tllcre are -3 possible stress-liny: modes.. is
completely reversed ernp]itudc stress varies
tensile su•ess maximum cernp:-essive of eotr:! he seccn:i type ter:ne.'.,as
!haf 'he or mil!irü?. Tireasy:umetfica! relative to
the zeco su•ess$evel. Casi\.v tr.%Y'
vary in umpli:ude and frequency which is
Jil.erely termed

tune

(a) '.r,edc S-N curve

Las, N'IBRKI.
 n cooiponent ib
by oc bitess-cycjcs required to cause
ccti!loct€d at condition (i.e., maximum and
minimunv Cot' tev.), curvc IljvreCorgo plot of constant
(S) the oc to (N), are generally
plotted log-log results of' single test
specimen. (Int'l point, of' testing, important par.
as
01 is 10 the right o!' the I)ff.d (knee) in the curve wtiicji is Jcnown
limit or limit. It is below which mtilcria! 'jitnreticall'/
withstands infinite nt)lllber (108) cycles wif110Gtfrocture,
Procedure;
Each
In a rotating I.ending testing :nachine, bending tucment is constant along the beam longth.
cycling and the
point on the svti'l'aeeof the rotating bent specimen is suw,ectedto fully-reversed
tests are generafty of constant arnpliiude.

cot'pliags Motor counter

specimen

Load
The following procedure is fol!owed:
l. Measure the specimen dimensions most importantly the least diameter (d).
2. Initially adjust the load to zero position.
3. Load the specimen into the collet of mnchine spindle and check for run-out at different
locations. Adjust the specimen until required alignment and trueness is achieved.
4. Adjust the poise weight to knowa value of bending moment and lock it.
5. Wilh the spindle revolving, adjust the cutoff switch as instructed.
6. Note down the va!ue of bending moment applied and also the no. of sgess cycle reached by
specimen to failure, and plot S-N curve.
Fornitda:
M= weight+Added kg-mm

= desired bending stress level in specimen at minimum cress-section in IVIPa.

d = diameter ot specimen at minimum in cm.
Precaution: Do not change weights in pan till the specimen breaks in one test ease.

18 Stress Analysis Lab. NIT-RRL

 or
ili C9. tif ;

tic all',

the dc Inl(Tl'laJ tend to lend I

the atsuuupt;ont. iij theory o!

luaterjal of beam is perfectly and isotropic (J.C.
p,vopert'es al) cliJections.) 'LLe jnateria)is strescd to ek -tic
e Ill"jv. ',.nd
follcnvs Jdool:e's lav,z (3). The tjan-iverse section vs')uicllare before
plane after bending: also. (4) Tije value of Younr-'tes modu!ur of eltrticity •E same E,
tension and colhpyessi(ilj. The bending al any section c•zube

equation: whelۥ. moment at considered section. is fiber stress a:

considered section. J is moment of inenia at that section and y is fiber distancefror:.

neutral ails. Generally stress at the. farthest fiber (i e. at ) from neutral ax-isis
maximum.
(b) Rcsisiancc strain gaurc: Reearding ilk resistance strmn cauce o cer thc
papeJ or bakelite base that is cemented to the top 'bottom surface of cantilever
to fixed end) used in experiment, the eauee lencth and dian-,etcrgets altered to
elastic stretch. The stretching is given IQthe beam by 2 v,eicht hanger kept at end
and applying loads one-by-one. This results in an overall change.of resistance due
to change in both the dj.n•jensjons.The nrthod is to n-,easurechance in resistance,v,-hich
occurs as a Jesult of change jn the applied load. Dicital strain indicator is used to measure
the strain static condition. Jt inc.ozvoratesbasic Imideebalancine internal
dummy anus, ari anjplifier and a cliqital display to indicate strain value. Stjaill can be
calculated analytically al the section by using Idooke's Ianv.Strain gauges are available
normaJJy v.'ith resistances ] 20, 260 or 350 ohms. Mount the strain gauges on the abraded
 j oj the :
. quarto-I)' I(E'C (cud',
( ISN
0 and full-I))idl-•e (lour pauc-•et).That it. nu:nbtl' of
Rind of bridge configuration. i:
by 5V supp) v T v,C)variable
) ur,ed in setlin e.' the zero-readin(-' before the beam i: cu.r,ut
bridge ( is feve IDicrovolt%)is amplified v,ith an
IS adiusted by relistor 0
the cain ofhj)is ainp.lifier is exact)v J
Fit]/ half-bridge
nuounted cn one Sid': ilk gauges R: and Fe on
In full bridge. the gauges RI and R: aye
circuit temperature
lh$ diametrically opposite side of tlje lest member. Full-bridge
cc mpen.sution and also avoids the axial strains.

configuration.A
R: arc used opposite sides it forjns a halflpridcc
When only R) and active strain-gauze
has the following characteristics:(i)
ha [fZbJjdze configuration of bendine strainon one side of the
noounted in the diæction
clements. one is
 W. CIJ(

Ground SCU

T)$'0 bridgc balance circuit 0 10instrunjent wnplificr)

-Arnpli-fiergain resistance P; is kepi in posit-ion 100 Select the four zzz
usi'-æ swilcl] SAV2. Comoecl IQ - -50 EZ
sincle phase A.G. power supply and sAVitch-C)N
the apparatus.
iitJiBV cently rnovinc the vesiqors P) and P2 obtain en balance on the
for minutes to stabilize. 'Fhat is the bridce readinc-
iv) Apply I kg load on the hanger and adjust the gain pot P3 so that a reading j is
displayed. Nov.: ronove the weight and check for bridce baiance. Thus, the least count of
this an-arazenoentbeconrs 1/100 ke Jf the gain of amplifier is G as set by gain
resistor. the experjrnental value of output voltage from the bridge is 00
millivolts/G)xP, •e.'hereP is wei added in Joad pan. Theortical value of bridge
is obtained as:
(Ae)th - Four aril) bridge
 lit

be (CIO) •

e
of elastic it), noateriaJ. l: c/crrj

Oitso-valion ble:-
S.No Load applied Correspondjh±' rr,ü/.

at hanger P n)01Tjentat Slrain

M=PL

-Model Calculation: - FOTreading No. .

Load applied hanger P (kc) =
Moment the mid span section (kg-cm)
(Ai ll ) yr-

Theoretical Strain E=
Obserced strain on the display—
l'rccautions:
l. Operate gain control k-nöbP3 very carefullv.
2. Wait for 5 n)inutes before taking readings
3. Ensure cantilever an-angejment is securely fixed to the table.
4. Make the connections to binding posts and tenninals em' carefully
5. One can also test experinoenlal IL?sultby recording multimeter outputs.
ResuJt: - Froln observation table, it is seen that the theoreticaland observed value of
same.
strain js
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