TWO - Lecture 2, 3 AND 4 Advanced Excel

USING FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL
EDDONS MUNTHALI
Vocabulary
 Argument
Some of the Types of Functions
 date and time functions
 financial functions
 logical functions
 mathematical functions
 statistical functions
 text functions
 trigonometric functions
2
Cell referencing
 Relative Cell  Absolute Cell

Reference Reference
=A2 * B2 =$A$2 * B2
=A3 * B3 =$A$3 * B3
=A4 * B4 =$A$4 * $B$4
=A5 * B5
 Mixed Cell reference
=A$4 * $B4
What Are Functions?
 A function is a shorthand/shortcut way to
write an equation that performs a
calculation.
 A formula with a function has three parts:
 The equal sign identifies the cell contents as a
formula.
 The function name identifies the operation to
be performed.
 The argument is the value the function uses to
perform a calculation.
Parts of a function
4
Using Functions in Excel
Some function examples:

 SUM, MIN, MAX, AVERAGE,
COUNT, COUNTA
 ROUND
 COUNTIF, SUMIF, AVERAGEIF

A Function is a predefined worksheet
formula
The advantage of
using a function:
 Saves time writing
 Simplifies complex calculations
 Faster execution
 Less chance of typographical errors
 Fewer characters in the formula bar
Example: instead of = A5+A6+A7+A8+…A100

use =SUM(A5:A100)
Functions take arguments and return a result
The general format of a function is -
=Functionname(arguments)
 Arguments – argument variables are used by the
function to calculate the result. Arguments appear in
a specific order.
 Syntax – specific format required to use a
function its name and order of arguments
 Result – the value calculated by the function
 Algorithm – a step-by-step procedure for
accomplishing some end task.
The SUM Function
 Syntax: =SUM(range) or =SUM(num1, num2,
…)
Can type into cell, use AutoSum toolbar button or
function wizard
 Argument: Value or Range of cells to be
summed
 Algorithm: Arithmetic sum of all values listed in
the range argument
Example: In the formula =SUM(A2:A100) * 3 Excel will add

the values in cells A2 through A100 and then multiple the
result by 3.
Arguments of a SUM function
Valid Range Arguments for a SUM
function
 A1:A4 - Range along a column
 A1:D1 - Range along a row
 A1:D4 - A two-dimensional range

(Block)
 A1, D3:D5, 7 - non-contiguous cells*
* not all range arguments of functions can be

used with non-contiguous cells
Using functions
A B C D E F G H
1 Grade Book
2 Lab1 Lab2 MT Final Total Percent
3 Total Possible points Honors 10 20 100 200 330
4
5 Blue H 9 15 88 186 298 90.3%
6 Jones 5 77 155 237 71.8%
7 Smith H 10 18 91 190 309 93.6%
8 Grey 7 10 75 155 247 74.8%
9
10 Highest Score 10 18 91 190 309 93.6%
11 Lowest Score 5 10 75 155 237 71.8%
What formula is written in cell G5 and copied

down the column to determine the total points
earned by the corresponding student? (grades.xls)
Function Wizard
 Function wizard: A short-cut to all the
functions in excel (use fx toolbar button)
that walks you through building a function
Common Functions- with only a range argument
SUM(number1,[number2],…) Adds the numbers in a range of cells
AVERAGE(SUM(number1,[number2],) Calculates the arithmetic mean of a
list of values
MIN(SUM(number1,[number2],…) Returns the smallest number of a
range of values
MAX(SUM(number1,[number2],…) Returns the largest number of a
range of values
COUNT(value1,[value2],…) Determines the number of cells in a
range that contain numbers
COUNTA(value1, [value2],…) Counts non-blank cells
Where number1, number2 are 1 to 255 numeric arguments.

Arguments can either be numbers, ranged names or ranges
of cell references which contain numbers.
How a function’s algorithm can affect the
resulting value
 How does the Average
function algorithm treat
A
blank cells? 1 10
 What value will result in 2 20
3
cell A5 if it contains the
4 30
formula 5 =AVERAGE(A1:A4)
=AVERAGE(A1:A4)?
How many Honor students are there?
If scores should only be reported as
integers.. How can we fix this in Excel?
The Increase/Decrease
decimal buttons do NOT
change a value only how
the value is displayed.
Use the ROUND function to change

the precision of a value
The Round Function changes the precise value
of a number, not just its display
Syntax: =Round (number, num_digits)
 = Round (24.44,1) results in the value 24.4
 The ROUND function can be part of a larger
formula:
 What value results: =Round (X2,0)*10 if cell X2
contains the value 92.2?
 How would your write a formula to round the
average value in cells Cl:C10 to the nearest ten?
The num_digits argument
 Positive num_digits
round to the
specified number of
decimal places
 A zero results in a
whole number
 Negative
num_digits round
values to tens,
hundreds etc.
Notice the Σ SUM gives different
results when adding rounded values
The formula in cell C2 is =B2 – copied down

The formula in cell D2 is =Round(B2,0) – copied down
The formula in Cell B5 is =SUM(B2:B4) - copied across
Counting the number of honor students
How can we count the number of honor

students if regular students have the letter R
in the honor’s column? Before we used a
COUNTA and ignored blanks but counted
text.
Use the COUNTIF Function
The COUNTIF function counts the number

of values that meet a specified criteria:
=COUNTIF(B5:B8, ”H”)
The COUNTIF Function counts the number of
items in a range that meet a specific criteria.
COUNTIF (range*, criteria) –
Range - a continuous cell range
Criteria Syntax:
- A number 6 =COUNTIF(B2:B7,6)
- Text “USA” =COUNTIF(A1:A50,“USA”)
- A cell reference B2 =COUNTIF(C3:C10,B2)
- A Boolean expression “>5” =COUNTIF(A1:A10,“>5”)
* The comma tells the computer the next argument is the criteria – so
you cannot list individual cells separated by a comma for the range
How many people scored above 6
points on either lab?
The SUMIF Function sums the values in a
range that meet a specific criteria
SUMIF(range, criteria, sum-range)
Range – Continuous range used to compare the criteria
Criteria – Comparison Criteria
Sum-Range - If criteria is met, the computer will sum
the corresponding entry in this range
The syntax of the criteria is the same as the syntax of
the COUNTIF function:
- a number such as 6
- text such as “Honor”
- a Boolean value such as “<2”
- a cell reference such as A1
Sumif Function
Write a formula in cell

C9, which can be
copied down the
column, to summarize
the number of courses
being taken by students
in this college
=SUMIF(B$2:B$6,A9, C$2:C$6)
Use the AVERAGEIF function to average values
that meet a specified criteria – average number of
courses taken by students in each college
=AVERAGEIF(B$2:B$6,A9, C$2:C$6)
AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, averageif-range) – works

identically to the SUMIF function except it averages
the specified range.

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USING FUNCTIONS IN EXCEL

 Relative Cell  Absolute Cell

Some function examples:

 COUNTIF, SUMIF, AVERAGEIF

 Simplifies complex calculations

 Less chance of typographical errors

 Fewer characters in the formula bar

Example: instead of = A5+A6+A7+A8+…A100

Example: In the formula =SUM(A2:A100) * 3 Excel will add

 A1:D1 - Range along a row

 A1:D4 - A two-dimensional range

* not all range arguments of functions can be

What formula is written in cell G5 and copied

Where number1, number2 are 1 to 255 numeric arguments.

Use the ROUND function to change

The formula in cell C2 is =B2 – copied down

How can we count the number of honor

The COUNTIF function counts the number

Write a formula in cell

AVERAGEIF(range, criteria, averageif-range) – works

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