CHAPTER I

PART OF SPEECH

There are thousands of words in any language. But not all words have the same job.
For example, some words express "action". Other words express a "thing". Other words
"join" one word to another word. These are the "building blocks" of the language. Think of
them like the parts of a house. When we want to build a house, we use concrete to make
the foundations or base. We use bricks to make the walls. We use window frames to make
the windows, and door frames to make the doorways. And we use cement to join them all
together. Each part of the house has its own job. And when we want to build a sentence, we
use the different types of word. Each type of word has its own job.
We can categorize English words into 8 basic types or classes. These classes are
called "parts of speech".
It's quite important to recognize parts of speech. This helps you to analyze sentences
and understand them. It also helps you to construct good sentences.

A. NOUN
1. Definition
In the simplest sense, a noun is any word that names people, things, animals, places,
events, or ideas.
Here are some examples:
▪ person : man, woman, teacher, John, Mary
▪ place : home, office, town, countryside, America
▪ thing : table, car, banana, money, music, love, dog, monkey
▪ idea : love, democracy, hunger, cooperation

2. Function of Noun
A noun can function as a subject, an object (object of the preposition, direct object,
indirect object), and a subject complement in a sentence.
Examples:
▪ Arya Stark is really cool.
In this example, the underlined noun serves as the subject in the sentence.
▪ They were supposed to meet at noon.
The noun in this sentence functions as an object of the preposition. (at is
the preposition).
▪ Jeremy is a swimmer.
This sample sentence has two nouns, “Jeremy” and “swimmer”. “Jeremy” is
a noun that serves as the subject, while the underlined noun acts as the
subject complement.

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 ▪ The beavers built a dam.
In this sentence, “beavers” is the subject, the word “built” is the verb, and
the underlined word is the noun that serves as the direct object (the thing
that is acted upon).
▪ He gave Maria a love letter.
This example has two nouns, “Maria” and “love letter.” The thing that is
acted upon (direct object) is the “love letter,” while the indirect object is
“Maria.” Simply put, an indirect object refers to the recipient or the one
who gets the direct object.

3. Classification of Noun
a) Concrete and Abstract Nouns
➢ Concrete nouns
Concrete nouns are nouns that you can touch. These can be sensed by your
five senses; they can be seen, touched, felt, tasted, heard, or smelled. They
are people, places, and some things. Words like person, court, Georgia,
pencil, hand, paper, car, and door are all examples of concrete nouns.
Concrete nouns can be categorized into 4 parts. Those are:
 Common noun – refers to any one of a general group of persons, places,
or things.
Examples: boy, baker, country, town, magazine, etc.
 Proper noun – the specific name of a particular person, place, thing, or
idea. These will always be capitalized!
Examples: Tangerine, Jane Smith, Cary Junior High, etc.
 Collective noun – refers to things or people as a unit.
Examples: team, class, flock, herd, group, family, etc.
 Material nouns – refer to materials or substances from which things are
made.
Examples: bronze, coal, cotton, diamond, gold, marble, oil, silver, etc.

➢ Abstract nouns
Abstract nouns are nouns that cannot be physically seen or touched. It
represents a feeling, idea, or quality. For example, things like air, justice,
safety, Democracy, faith, religion, etc.
Some ways to make an abstract noun are giving suffix as follow to the verbs:
 ̶ ment : Agree  Agreement
Develop  Development
Manage  Management
 ̶ ion, ̶ ition, ̶ ication : Apply  Application
Compete  Competition
Expect  Expectation
Confuse  Confusion

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 Connect  Connection
 ̶ y : Deliver  Delivery
Discover  Discovery
Recover  Recovery
 ̶ ance or ̶ ence : Appear  Appearance
Differ  Difference
 ̶ ness : Good  Goodness
Happy  Happiness
Polite  Politeness
 Some nouns have their own words from adjectives
Beautiful  Beauty
Deep  Depth
Hot  Heat
Poor  Poverty
Wise  wisdom

b) Countable and Uncountable Nouns

➢ Countable nouns
Countable nouns (or count nouns) are those that refer to something that can
be counted. They have both singular and plural forms. In the singular, they
can be preceded by a or an.
Examples: cat cats
woman women
country countries

➢ Uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns are referring to things that can not be counted and so
they do not regularly have a plural form.
Examples: rain, flour, earth, wine, sugar, etc.

c) Singular and Plural Nouns

➢ Singular nouns
Singular nouns are a noun that only indicates one noun. Or it’s only one
person, animal, place, thing or idea.
Example: boy, horse, hand, tree, dog, etc.

➢ Plural nouns
Plural nouns are a noun that only indicates more than one noun. There is
more than one person, animal, place, thing or idea.
Example: boys, horses, hands, trees, dogs, etc.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 3

Here are some rules on transfer singular noun to plural noun.
RULES EXAMPLES
Most nouns Add s to form the plural. cat ⇒ cats
truck ⇒ trucks
bug ⇒ bugs
Nouns that end in Add es to form the plural. For go ⇒ goes
o, s, sh, x, ch, or z words that end in z, add an extra bus ⇒ buses
z before the es. brush ⇒ brushes
fox ⇒ foxes
beach ⇒ beaches
quiz ⇒ quizzes
Nouns ending in f Some nouns ending in f or fe just roof ⇒ roofs
or fe add s. safe ⇒ safes

Sometimes it is necessary to change shelf ⇒ shelves

the f to a v. In that case, always end wife ⇒ wives
the word with es.
Other ways to pluralize nouns:
For some nouns ending in “um,” change “um” to “a” • medium- media
• curriculum- curricula
• bacterium- bacteria
• ovum- ova
• datum- data

For some nouns ending in “is,” change “is” to “es” • crisis- crises
• analysis- analyses
• thesis- theses
• axis- axes
• oasis- oases

For some nouns ending in “us” change “us” to “i” • radius- radii
• nucleus- nuclei
• fungus- fungi
• stimulus- stimuli
• bacillus- bacilli

Some nouns have the same singular and plural form • sheep
• deer
• moose
• fish

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4. Exercises
EXERCISE 1
Underline the Common Noun in the following sentences.

1. A chair has four legs.

2. A garden has tall trees.
3. The lion is a wild animal.
4. A fly is an insect.
5. These flowers are beautiful.

EXERCISE 2
Underline the Proper Noun in the following sentences.

1. Rina has a farm.

2. Calcutta is a big city.
3. Birbal is known for his wisdom.
4. Mery went to the market.
5. What will you buy for Kiran?

EXERCISE 3
Underline the Collective Noun in the following sentences.

1. A committee of ten was appointed.

2. The crowd was very big.
3. A cluster of stars shines in the sky.
4. A gang of robbers was caught yesterday.
5. A crew sails in the sea.

EXERCISE 4
Underline the Material Noun in the following sentences.

1. The pitcher is made of brass.

2. Iron and steel are hard and strong.
3. The bread is made from wheat.
4. There is sweetness in sugar.
5. Women draw water from wells.

EXERCISE 5
Underline the Abstract Noun in the following sentences.

1. Show your sympathy.

2. There was no sign of sorrow on her face.
3. Honesty is the best policy.
CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 5
 4. Show us your wisdom.
5. Kindness is a virtue.

EXERCISE 6
Decide whether the underline word is countable or uncountable noun.

1. The children fell asleep quickly after a busy day of fun.

2. Be careful! The water is deep.
3. The parade included fire trucks and police cars.
4. We like the large bottles of mineral water.
5. My mother uses real butter in the cakes she bakes.
6. How many politicians does it take to pass a simple law?
7. Most kids like milk, but Joey hates it.
8. Most pottery is made of clay.
9. Michael can play several different musical instruments.
10. I was feeling so stressed that I ate an entire box of cookies.

EXERCISE 7
Choose the best form of plural noun to complete the sentences below.

1. The men sharpened their __________________ (knife – knife – knives) before

throwing them at the targets.
2. Please eat the rest of your __________________ (pease – peas – peies).
3. I’d like you to stop leaving your __________________ (socks – sockses – sox)
on the floor.
4. We saw a lot of __________________ (deer – deeries – deer) at the park.
5. This recipe calls for a lot of __________________ (tomatos – tomatoes –
tomatoes).

B. ADJECTIVE
1. Definition
An adjective modifies (describes) a noun or pronoun.
Normally in English, the adjective comes before the noun.
For example: The smart student earned an "A".
They also come after linking verbs.
For example: I feel happy.

2. Function of Adjectives
Basically, the main function of an adjective is to modify a noun or a pronoun so that
it will become more specific and interesting.

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 Here are some other functions of adjectives:
FUNCTIONS EXAMPLES
Describe feelings or qualities He is a lonely man.
They are honest.
Give nationality or origin I heard a French song.
This clock is German.
Our house is Victorian.
Tell more about a thing’s characteristics That is a flashy car.
The knife is sharp.
Tell us about age He’s a young man.
My coat is old.
Tell us about size and measurement John is a tall man.
This film is long.
Tell us about colour Paul wore a red shirt.
The sunset was crimson.
Tell us what something is made of The table is wooden.
She wore a cotton dress.
Tell us about shape I sat at a round table.
The envelope is square.
Express a judgement or a value That was a fantastic film.
Grammar is complicated.

3. Classification of Adjectives
a) Qualitative Adjective or Adjective of Quality
Express the qualities of something or someone.
Such as great, good, bad, wise, poor, nice, happy, pretty, angry, blue etc.
Example:
He gives me a great idea.
Mr. Rahim is a good person.
He is a bad guy.
Adjective of quality answer the question: what kind?

b) Quantitative Adjective of Adjective of Quantity

Express or indicate the quantity of a noun or pronoun.
Such as some, little, much, enough, whole, sufficient, all, none, more, half, no
etc.
Example:
I have enough money to but he car.
The whole countrymen congratulate the president.
She wants all the money.
Adjective of quantity answer the question: How many or much?

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c) Numeric or Adjective of Number
Express the number or order of something or someone.
Such as one, two, three, ………., first, second, third, ……………, single, double, triple,
quadruple, twofold, threefold, fivefold, ………… etc.
Example:
He can eat ten eggs at a time.
She is the first girl in the class.
The house owner does not rent the room to the single person.
Adjective of number is to types Definite and Indefinite.
Definite Numeric adjectives are of three kinds.
Such as
Cardinal (one, two, ….),
Ordinal (first, second, ……),
Multiplicative (Single, double, ……..)

d) Demonstrative Adjective
Specify the nouns or pronouns.
Such as this, that, those, these etc.
Example:
This boy is good.
That is her room.
These are the book to follow.

e) Distributive Adjective
Express the distributive state of nouns.
Such as every, each, neither, either, both etc.
Example:
Every movie in the series is popular.
Both the boys are appreciated by them.
Each person will get the reward.

f) Possessive Adjective
Shows the possession or belongingness in the sentence.
Such as his, her, him, my, our, your, their etc.
Example:
This is her cell phone.
I have seen their house.
Our house is tow stored house.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 8

 g) Interrogative Adjective
Interrogative Adjective modifies nouns in interrogative sentence.
Such as which, what, whose etc.
Example:
What kind of man he is?
Whose phone is this?
Which program are you listening?

4. Exercises
EXERCISE 8
Find the adjective or adjectives that fit in each of the blanks best.

1. We visited the museum, where we saw ____________ artifacts.

A. A lot of
B. Ancient
C. John’s
D. A room filled with
2. I received ______________ awards at the ceremony today.
A. The manager’s
B. Two
C. Information about
D. Motivation at the
3. Please get me a bag of ____________ apples.
A. Interesting
B. Ripe red
C. Oranges and
D. Real
4. The president sat in a _______________ chair.
A. Important
B. Barber’s
C. Funny
D. Leather
5. ________________ weather is the norm in San Francisco.
A. Blue
B. Big
C. Foggy
D. The best

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 9

C. VERB
1. Definition
Verb is the word which is used to tell about the action or movement of person, thing
and animal.

2. Function of Verb
The function of the verb is to show the action that doing by the subject or the object
in the sentence.

3. Classification of Verb
a) Action Verb
An action verb is a verb that the subject can do.
If a subject can DO the action, it is an action verb.
➢ Transitive Verb
Transitive Verb is the verb that needs object and usually followed by noun.
These transitive verbs include arrest, avoid, do, enjoy, find, force, get, give,
grab, hit, like, pull , report, shock, take, tell, touch, want, warn…
Formula:
Sub + T.V + Obj
Example:
She takes a book.
I need a chair.
They speak English.

➢ Intransitive Verb
Intransitive Verb is the verb which does not need object, but it needs
adverbial modifier. These intransitive verbs include appear, come, fall, go,
happen, matter, sleep, swim, wait…
Formula:
Sub + I.V + (Adv)
Example:
He cries.
They dance well.
She sings beautifully

b) Linking Verb
Linking Verb refers to verb that needs subjective complement rather than object
and that subjective complement describes the subject.
These Linking Verbs include:
be, smell, feel, taste, prove, look, become, appear, stay,
remain, get, sound, seem, grow, turn, go…

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 10

 Example:
He looks tired.
Her voice sounds pretty.
The robber is you.

c) Auxiliary Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs are used to form question and negative sentence, and they are
usually used with main verb to form many different kinds of tenses.
Be is used to form Continuous Tense and Passive Voice.
Example:
The dog is biting a child.
A child is bitten by the dog.
Have/Has is used to form Perfect Tense.
Example:
They have known me for 3 years.
She has had dinner already.
Do/Does is used to form Question and Negative Sentence in the Present Simple
when the sentence doesn’t have a special verb. Moreover, we can also use them
to show the emphasis sentence.
Example:
He doesn’t eat meat.
Do you love her?
I do live here. (emphasis form)
Will is used to form Future Tense.
Example:
People will be difficult to live because of the climate change.
The environment will become terrible in the a few decades.

d) Modal Verbs
Modal Verbs are the verbs that are used to talk about ability, permission,
obligation and necessity, obligation and advice, possibility, probability, request,
offer, suggestion, habit and promise. Most Modal Verbs can form question and
negative sentence by themselves. There are many Modal Verbs as following.
➢ Ability
We use “can, could and be able to” to talk about the ability.
Can: is used in the present.
Example:
He can play the guitar.
Could: is used in the past.
Example:
My sister could speak when she was 15 years old.

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 Be able to: can be used both in present and past.
Example:
Last year I wasn’t able to speak at all, but now I am able to speak
smoothly.
➢ Permission
We use “can, could, may and might” to ask to a permission.
Example:
Can I use your pen for a moment?
Could I ask you a personal question?
May I make a suggestion?
➢ Obligation and necessity
We use “must and have to/ have got to” to express obligation or necessity.
Example:
I have got a trouble pain in my back, so I must go to the doctor
now.
We have to drive on the left in Britain.
➢ Obligation and Advice
We use “should, ought to, had better, and shall” to talk about the obligation
and advice.
Should and Ought to is used talk about the obligation and duty, to ask for and
give advice and in general, to say what is right or good.
Example:
You ought to learn to swim.
I shouldn’t tell a lie.
Had better: is used to express a strong recommendation in a particular
situation.
Example:
It’s going to be cold tonight, so I had better turn on the heating.
Shall is used when we want to know someone’s opinion, or when we want
advice or instruction.
Example:
I have missed my last bus. What shall I do?
I’m not sure what to do. Shall I apply for a job or not?
How long shall I cook this rice?
➢ Possibility
We use “may, might and could” to talk about present or future possibility.
Example:
There is someone at the door. It may be Sara.
We aren’t sure what we are going to do tomorrow. We might go
to the beach.

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➢ Probability
We use “should and ought to” to say that something is probable at the
moment of speaking or in the future.
Example:
Sally should be at work by now. She’s normally there at this time.
She ought to pass his driving easily. She hasn’t got much to do.
➢ Request
We use “can, could, may, will and would” to ask for something, to ask for
permission or to ask someone to do something.

Example:
Can I ask you a pen?
Could I ask you some questions?
May I have some more coffee?
➢ Offer
We use “will, shall, could and would” when we are willing to do something
for someone.
Example:
I will lend you some money.
Shall I open the door for you?
I can write this letter for you.
I could help you to lift this box.
Would you like me to help you?
➢ Suggestion
We use “shall, can and could” to ask for and make a suggestion.
Example:
Shall we stay at home?
We can watch TV if you like.
We could go to the cinema.
➢ Habit
We use “used to” to talk about past habit which are now finished.
Example:
Robert used to play football when he was young.
We use “will and would” to talk about the actions which are repeated again
and again, and we use “will” for present habits and “would” for past habits.
Example:
Every day Jane will come home from school and ring up the
friends she’s just been talking to.
In those days people would make their own entertainment.
➢ Promise
We use “will” to express strong intention in promises and threats.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 13

 Example:
I will be careful with the car, I promise.
Stop making that noise or I will scream!

4. Exercises
EXERCISE 9
Identify the types of verb that underline in sentences below!

1. The burglar disappeared with the cash.

A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

2. The director told the actors, “Do your best, and we’ll be a hit.”
A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

3. He would tell me if he thought we were in danger.

A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

4. His ability to concentrate is legendary.

A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

5. The campers hid inside the cabin when they saw the bear.
A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

6. Alexis is swimming in the state championship next week.

A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

7. Frustrated with the official’s call, Ethan kicked the bench.

A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

8. The student procrastinated too long and failed to finish the project.
A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

9. The vegetarian burger tasted like salted cardboard.

A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

10. Ellen nodded to the audience and sang her song.

A. transitive verb B. intransitive verb C. linking verb D. auxiliary verb

D. PRONOUN
1. Definition
A pronoun is a word which is used instead of a noun. A pronoun is used instead of a
noun to avoid repetition of a noun in an essay.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 14

2. Classification of Noun
a) Personal Pronouns
A personal pronoun refers a specific person or object or group of things directly.
Example: He, I , she , you, etc.
A personal pronoun describes a person or a thing in following ways.
- 1st Person : the person who speaks, example: I, We.
- 2nd Person : the person who is spoken to, example: you.
- 3rd Person : a person or a thing which is spoken about, example: her, him.
Usage of Personal Pronoun:
PERSONAL PRONOUN
PERSON
SUBJECTS OBJECTS
1st Person I Me
Singular 2nd Person You You
3rd Person He, She, It Him, Her, It
1st Person We Us
Plural 2nd Person You You
3rd Person They Them
Examples:
She is an intelligent teacher.
They were going to market.
He bought some nice books.
She shouted for help.

b) Possessive Pronouns
A possessive pronoun describes a close possession to or an ownership of a
relationship to a noun (a person or a thing).
PERSON POSSESSIVE PRONOUN
1st Person Mine
Singular 2nd Person Yours
3rd Person His, hers, Its
1st Person Ours
Plural 2nd Person Yours
3rd Person Theirs
Examples:
This book is yours.
This laptop is mine.
That car is hers.

c) Reflexive Pronoun
A reflexive pronoun expresses a noun when the subject’s action affects (or
influences) the subject itself.

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 A reflexive pronoun always acts as an object, not as subject, and it expresses
inter-influence between a subject and the object.
PERSON SUBJECT REFLEXIVE PRONOUN
1st Person I Myself
Singular 2nd Person You Yourself
rd
3 Person He, She, It Himself, Herself, Itself
1st Person We Ourselves
Plural 2nd Person You Yourselves
3rd Person They Themselves

Examples:
She was looking to herself in the picture.
He prepared himself for the test.
They considered themselves the happiest people of the world.

d) Reciprocal Pronoun
A reciprocal pronoun is used when two or more nouns (subjects) are
reciprocating to each other or one another in some action.
A reciprocal pronoun is used if two or more subjects act in a same manner
towards each other or one another.
There are 2 reciprocal pronouns, those are:
One another
Each other
Examples:
Two girls pushed each other.
Sara and John love each other.
The people in the party greeted one another.

e) Relative Pronouns
Relative pronoun is a word which is used in a relation to a noun and modifies
(give more information about) the same noun.
OR
Relative pronouns are those pronouns that join relative clauses and the relative
sentences.
The examples of relative pronouns are:
There are five relative pronouns:
Who ( subject) Generally only for people
Whom (object) Generally only for people
Whose For possession
Which For things
Can be used for people and things and as
That
subject and object in defining relative clauses

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 16

 (clauses that are essential to the sentence and
do not simply add extra information)
Examples:
It is the dog which barks at strangers.
The girl who is walking in the garden is very beautiful.
It is the laptop which i like the more.

f) Demonstrative Pronouns
A demonstrative pronoun is the pronoun which points to a noun (a thing or
things)
In a shorts distance : This, These.
In a long distance : That, Those.

Examples:
This is a book.
That is a car.
These are ducks.
Those are birds.
Can you see that?

NOTE:
Do not confuse demonstrative pronouns with demonstrative adjectives.
They are identical, but a demonstrative pronoun stands alone, while a
demonstrative adjective qualifies a noun.
That smells. (demonstrative pronoun)
That book is good. (demonstrative adjective + noun)

g) Interrogative Pronouns
An interrogative pronoun is a pronoun which is used to make asking questions
easy. There are just five interrogative pronouns. Each one is used to ask a very
specific question or indirect question. Some, such as “who” and “whom,” refer
only to people. Others can be used to refer to objects or people.
The five interrogative pronouns are what, which, who, whom, and whose.
 What – Used to ask questions about people or objects.
Examples:
What do you want for dinner?
I wonder what we’re doing tomorrow.
 Which – Used to ask questions about people or objects.
Examples:
Which of these ladies is your mother?
She asked which train to take.

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  Who – Used to ask questions about people.
Examples:
Who was driving the car?
I’m wondering who will be at the party.
 Whom – This interrogative pronoun is rarely seen these days, but when it
shows up, it is used to ask questions about people.

Examples:
Whom do you prefer to vote for?
You should ask whom to call.
 Whose – Used to ask questions about people or objects, always related to
possession.
Examples:
Whose parents are those?
I wonder whose dog knocked our garbage can over.

3. Exercises
EXERCISE 10
Underline the Pronoun in the sentences below! Then decide what of its type!

1. Those are Tom’s.

2. They didn’t give themselves a chance to think before beginning the
competition.
3. The dog that bit her brother belongs to the man down the road.
4. Do you know when the movie starts?
5. They think hers is the most interesting submission.
6. The audience sat transfixed as the woman who had just won the award fell
down the stairs.
7. Someone will need to finish doing the lunch dishes before Don fixes dinner.
8. Have you been there before?
9. The studio plans to give them each a fruit basket.
10. Ted will choose where they go because either of the options works for Alicia.

E. ADVERB
1. Definition
An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of an adjective, a
verb, a clause, another adverb, or any other type of word or phrase with the
exception of determiners and adjectives that directly modify nouns.


CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 18

2. Function of Adverb
Some function of adverbs are:
 Modify a verb:
John speaks loudly. (How does John speak?)
Mary lives locally. (Where does Mary live?)
She never smokes. (When does she smoke?)

 Modify an adjective:
He is really handsome.
 Modify another adverb:
She drives incredibly slowly.

But adverbs have other functions, too. They can:

 Modify a whole sentence:
Obviously, I can't know everything.
 Modify a prepositional phrase:
It's immediately inside the door.

3. Classification of Adverbs
a. Adverbs of Manner
- Beautifully - Simply - Crazily
- Fluently - Comfortably - Honestly
- Quickly - Easily - Slowly
b. Adverbs of Frequency
- Always - often - sometimes
- Never - occasionally - seldom
- Usually - rarely
c. Adverbs of Time
- Now - tomorrow
- Today - last week
- Yesterday - last year
d. Adverbs of Degree
- Very - rather
- So - somewhat
- Too - enough
e. Adverbs of Place
- Here
- There
- Everywhere
f. Interrogative Adverbs
- When

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 - Where
- Why
- How
g. Relative Adverbs
- When
- Where
- Why
h. Sentence Adverbs
- Actually
- Unfortunately
- Surely

4. Exercises
EXERCISE 11
Identify the adverbs in each sentence as well as the words they modify!

1. Marcella, deposit the money safely in the most powerful vault.

2. The recently found journal said Wallace was so lost that he just wandered
aimlessly in circles.
3. Running quickly for the end zone, the widely recruited fullback tripped.
4. Lynne pushed the most talented students so they would finish the
assignment quickly.
5. The author was quite annoyed when she determined that the publisher was
very dishonest.
6. Wendy threw the garbage out, but the flies would not leave.
7. After she looked carefully in both directions, Amitabha sprinted across.
8. Now that Royce has arrived safely, the group can settle down.
9. Their most talented competitor still will not defeat our top contender.
10. Always think positively when you are presented an opportunity to succeed.

F. PREPOSITION
1. Definition
A preposition is a word which expresses relationship of a noun or a pronoun to other
words of the sentences.

2. Classification of Noun
a) Preposition for time
Prepositions used for time of different natures. in, on, at etc.

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 PREPOSITION TIME NATURE
1. Month or Year. e.g. in June, in 1995
2. Particular time of day, month, year, season. e.g. in morning, in
In evening, in first week of March, in summer, in winter
3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone
age, in past, in future, in present
1. Day e.g. on Sunday.
On 2. Date e.g. on 10th of March, on March 10.
3. Particular day e.g. on Independence Day, on birthday.
1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM
At 2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at
bed time, at the moment, at the same time

Examples:
He was born in 1965.
She will go to China on 21st of April.
The concert will start at 9 O’clock.
She gets up early in the morning.

b) Preposition for Place

Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.
“In” is usually used for place which has some boundary (boundary may physical
or virtual).
“On” is used for surface.
“At” is used for specific place.
Preposition Time Nature
Places which have some boundaries
In hall
In school
In a building
In a box
In In a car
In library
In garden
In Saudi Arabia
In room
In cupboard
Surface of something
On a table
On
On blackboard
On a page

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 Preposition Time Nature
On the wall
On the roof
On a map
Specific Place
At the entrance
At the table
At
At front of the chair
At bus stop
At the edge of roof
Examples:
She lives in China.
Students study in library.
There are some pens on the table.
The teacher wrote sentences on blackboard.
There was a huge gathering at bus stop.
His house is at the end of street.

c) Preposition of Direction
We use prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the
direction.
Examples:
They went to the college.
He jumped into the river.
He saw someone coming towards him.

d) Preposition of Agent
We use Preposition of agent to show that something causes another thing in the
sentence. Such prepositions are by, with, etc.
Examples:
This book is written by him.
The work was completed by them.
The room was decorated by us.
The glass is filled with water.

e) Preposition for Device, Instrument, or Machine

Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g.
by, with, on etc.
Examples:
She comes by bus daily.
He opened the lock with key.

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 f) Prepositional Verbs
A combination of a verb and a preposition is called prepositional verb. A verb
followed by a preposition.
Prepositional Phrase = Verb + Preposition
Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences
having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a
prepositional phrase.
For example:
She knocks at the door.

In sentence above, “knock at” is prepositional phrase which contains a verb

“knock” and a preposition “at”. Without the use of correct preposition after a
prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically
wrong. For example if we say, “he knocks the door”, it is wrong because it lacks
the required preposition “at”. So the correct sentence is “he knocks at the door”.

Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence.
Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen
to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked
to.
Examples:
He is listening to music.
She looked at the board.
We believe in God.

3. Exercises
EXERCISE 12
Underline the preposition that you can find in the passage below!

Love is a very positive force in our life. Being loved by someone is a great
blessing. A young man was sent to jail for a petty theft. A priest saw him sitting
among criminals. He felt sorry for him, put his hand on his back and asked him
why he was there. The young man said, “Father, on one loved me. No one cared
for me. If someone had stood near me and patted me on my back as you are
doing, I would not have here.”

G. CONJUNCTION
1. Definition
A conjunction is a word that joins words, clauses, phrases or sentences.
CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 23
2. Classification of Noun
a) Coordinating Conjunctions
A coordinating conjunction joins words, phrases or clauses having similar
grammatical structure.
A coordinating conjunction is also called a coordinator.
These coordinating conjunctions include:
But, and, or, so, nor, yet, for

It joins the following:

 Word + word
 Phrase + phrase
 Clause + clause

Example:
He bought a book and a pen. (two words)
I forgot to bring my laptop and camera. (two words)
You may meet me at my home or at my office. (two phrases)
He always sits in the library or in the classroom. (two phrases)
I waited for him but he didn’t come. (two clauses)
She requested him for help but he didn’t help her. (two clauses)

b) Subordinating Conjunctions
A subordinating conjunction joins a subordinate (dependent) clause to a main
(independent) clause.
A subordinating conjunction is also called a subordinator.
These subordinator conjunctions include:
Although, because, before, if, how, since, once, till, until,
where, when, whenever, whether, after, while, no
matter how, provided that, as soon as, even if

It joins the following:

 Main Clause + Subordinate Clause
 Subordinate Clause + Main Clause

A main clause is a group of words having a subject and a verb. A main clause can
stand alone as a sentence because it can give complete meaning. On the other
hand, the subordinate clause cannot stand alone as a sentence as it does not give
complete meaning. It depends on main clause to give complete meaning.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 24

 Examples:
You will succeed in life provided that you think optimistically.
I will help whenever you need my help.
Although it is raining, it is too hot today.
As far as I know, he is a very nice person.

c) Correlative Conjunction
Correlative conjunctions are paired words. It joins words, phrases or clauses
having reciprocal or complementary relationship.
The common correlative conjunctions are as follows:
 Either ...... or
 Neither ...... nor
 Whether ....... or
 Both ........ and
 Not only ........ but also

Examples:
He may buy either a laptop or a camera.
She likes neither tea nor coffee.
Both the pink and the blue are nice colors.
She is interested not only in singing but also in games.
You will find him either in the library or in the classroom.

3. Exercises
EXERCISE 13
Underline the Conjunction in the sentences below! Then decide what of its type!

1. The drivers left the deserted station and headed for the next stop.
2. Without a map to guide her, Susan pushed through the jungle after her plane
crashed.
3. The governor works harder than anyone on his staff does.
4. Ted thinks that idea is good; nonetheless, you will still need to persuade the
boss.
5. Because most of the contributions were made this month, the organization is
able to pay the rent.
6. The changes made to the budget will not take effect until next year.
7. Chris is excited, but Anthony is absolutely hysterical.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 25

 8. The depletion of the forests for grazing land is affecting the climate
worldwide.
9. Either you need to leave or they will be forced to call security.
10. The mouse is sad for she has lost her log.

H. INTERJECTION
1. Definition
An interjection is a short utterance that usually expresses emotion and is capable of
standing alone. It is used to express a strong or sudden feeling or emotion.

2. Classification of Interjection
a) Interjection for Greeting
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate the emotion of
warmth to the person meeting with such as hey, hello, hi, etc.
Examples:
Hey! Nice to see you here in the party.
Hello! I am Pooja.

b) Interjection for Joy

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to indicate immediate joy and
happiness on any happy occasion occurred such as hurrah, wow, hurray, etc.
Examples:
Wow! You are looking gorgeous.
Hurray! We successfully won this football match.

c) Interjection for Approval

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of
approval or agreement for something that has happened such as well done,
bravo, brilliant, etc.
Examples:
Well done! You win the race.
Bravo! The first rank is yours this year.

d) Interjection for Attention

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to draw attention of someone
such as look, behold, listen, hush, etc.
Examples:
Look! You are so arrogant.
Listen! I have never copied you.
Behold! Someone strange is there.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 26

 e) Interjection for Surprise
This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the strong sense of
surprise about something that has happened such as ha, what, hey, ah, oh, eh,
etc.
Examples:
What! You failed.
Oh! Really you completed the task, I can't believe.
Ah! I got new job.

f) Interjection for Sorrow

This type of interjection is used in the sentence to express the emotion of
sadness about something unfortunate has happened such as alas, ouch, ah, oh,
etc.
Examples:
Alas! He is no more.
Ouch! It's very paining.

3. Exercises
EXERCISE 14
Underline the Interjection in the sentences below!

1. Yowza! That is a fine looking car.

2. Hurray! It is a snow day and school is cancelled.
3. It is so exciting. My goodness, I just can’t believe it.
4. Joe was late to school and yikes, the teacher was mad.
5. Oh! I can’t believe how nice you look.
6. Well, gee, that sure is a kind thing to say.
7. Boo! I scared you.
8. Woops, I dropped the milk and it spilled.
9. Yay, it is finally Friday and the work week is over.
10. Oh well, all good things must come to an end.

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 27

EXERCISE 15
On the line to the left of the sentence, write the word that is the part of speech indicated in
parenthesis.
Example: exploded (verb) The Blue Streaks running back exploded off the line of scrimmage.

1. ____________________(preposition) He walked around the corner.

2. ____________________(pronoun) Paul hopes that she will sing with the choir.
3. ____________________(pronoun) Can Jerry help him with the science project?
4. ____________________(noun) Have you seen the eraser?
5. ____________________(noun) The lock was stuck.
6. ____________________(noun) She purchased the ice cream with him.
7. ____________________(adjective) Older people tire more easily.
8. ____________________(adjective) Steven is honest.
9. ____________________(adjective) Kind people are often rewarded.
10. ____________________(adverb) The officer ran fast.
11. ____________________(adverb) My sister answered the questions intelligently.
12. ____________________(adverb) You really should see this art exhibit, Kenny.
13. ____________________(preposition) Reggie tripped down the stairs.
14. ____________________(preposition) Can you jump over the hurdle?
15. ____________________(preposition) May I sit between you two?
16. ____________________(verb) Ask the question.
17. ____________________(verb) The store overcharged me.
18. ____________________(verb) Jimmy, eat your spaghetti.
19. ____________________(conjunction) I cannot go, for I have too much to do.
20. ____________________(conjunction) I like peanuts and potato chips.

*******end of this chapter*******

CHAPTER 1 | PART OF SPEECH 28