Intellectual Competencies: Purposive Communication - the process of understanding and sharing meaning

English - relational process of creating and interpreting messages that elicit a

response
Communication is the exchange of information, ideas, thoughts, and
Purposive Communication in English is about writing, speaking, and
feelings by one individual to another
presenting to different audiences and for various purposes.
Nature of Communication
- It is much more than words
CHAPTER 1 UNDERSTANDING 21ST CENTURY
COMMUNICATION - It is a process
Lesson 1: Communication Processes, Principles and Ethics - It is between two or more people
What is Language?
- method of human communication, either spoken or written, Components of the Communication Process
consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way
Technically, communication happens in a systematic process to
Language Acquisition achieve its success.
- the process whereby children learn their native language Communication process is important particularly among professionals
subconsciously because of the following notable reasons according to Bhasin (2021):
Language Learning • It develops coordination for people to understand the thoughts, and
- Learning a new language involves listening, speaking, reading, ideas of one another.
writing, sometimes even a new alphabet and writing format • Its function in an organization is elemental for the smooth and proper
Language Contact functioning of each member of the organization.

- occurs when speakers of two or more languages or varieties interact • It contributes to effective and efficient decision making among
and influence each other people.
• It increases the managerial efficiency and leader potentials in
organizations.
• It promotes the overall organizational peace and cooperation among
What is Communication? all employees who are holding different places in the hierarchy.
- comes from the Latin word “communicare” “to share” or “to make • It boosts the morale of all employees and promotes a healthy working
common” environment in the organization.
Elements of Communication - Organizational Communication – business environments
- Sender one who crafts a message, idea, or information - Intercultural Communication – among people of diverse cultures
- Encoding process of converting idea or thoughts of the information - Mass Communication – to large audience through different modes
into symbols
3. According to Purpose and Style
- Message the information, idea, thought, etc. that the speaker wants to
- Formal – it is carefully thought to selected audience to inform,
convey
persuade, and entertain
- Channel means of transmission or distribution of the message
- Informal – casual and takes place in ordinary conversation to
- Interference a hindrance that prevents effective communication socialize
- Decoding receiver’s mental processing of interpreting message into
meaning
- Receiver for whom the message was created and one who receives it
Forms of Nonverbal Communication
- Feedback the receiver’s response or reaction to the sender’s message
1. Kinesics – body movement
- Environment physical and psychological space where the
2. Oculesics – eye movement
communication happens
3. Haptics - touch
4. Proxemics - distance
- Context common and shared understanding of the situation
5. Chronemics – time
Classification of Communication
Grapevine Communication (Organizational)
1. According to Mode
1. Single Strand Chain - passing information through a line of persons
- Verbal (Oral and Written)
to the ultimate recipient
- Non Verbal (Body Language, Hand Gestures, Facial Expressions)
2. Gossip Chain – only one person seeks and tells the information to
- Visual (Illustrations, Charts, Photo, Drawings, Maps) everyone
2. According to Context 3. Probability Chain - random process in which someone transmits the
information from person to person
- Intrapersonal – within an individual
4. Cluster Chain - a person tells the information to the selected people
- Interpersonal (Dyadic and Small Group)
who will pass the information to other selected people
- Extended Communication – with the use of technological tools
Principles of Effective Communication
9 communication principles into operation as suggested by Kapur C. Shannon and Weaver’s Model (1949) – It is also known as the
(2020): “Mathematical Theory of Communication” that argues that human
communication can be broken down into 6 key concepts.
1. Trustworthiness
2. Effective Speaking Skills D. Berlo’s SMCR Model (1960) – It represents the process of
3. Active Listening communication according to Sender, Message, Channel, and Receiver.
4. Good Writing Skills
5. Good Reading Skills
6. Objective Judgement
2. Interactional Model – two-way process but more mechanical and
7. Value Difference
has more delayed feedback. It also deals with exchange of ideas and
8. No Assumptions
9. Authenticity messages taking place both ways from sender to receiver and vice
versa.

Ethical Considerations in Communication A. Schramm’s Model (1949) – It views communication as a process

wherein the message is transmitted using a medium by a sender to a
1. Respectful of their audiences. receiver. He added the notion of field of experience in his theory. Field
2. Considerate of the consequences of their communication. of experience assimilates a mutual understanding of both the parties.

3. Truthful B. Osgood-Schramm’s Model (1954) – It is known as a circular model

because it indicates that messages can go in two directions. Also, the
4. Efficient in using information two parties decode, interpret, and encode the message of each other.
5. Watchful of falsified information. 3. Transactional Model – two-way process and more simultaneous as it
has direct and immediate feedback
6. Respectful of the rights of others to information.
A. White’s Model (1960) - There are eight stages of the oral
communication process: thinking, symbolizing, expressing,
Models of Communication transmitting, receiving, decoding, feedbacking, also monitoring. So,
communication is a sequential interaction process
1. Linear Model – one way process with no external feedback
B. Dance’s Helical Model (1967) – It disagrees with the concept of
A. Aristotle’s Model (300 B.C.) – It is a communication model which
linearity and circularity individually, and introduces the concept of
can be used to develop public speaking skills or to create propaganda.
time and continuous communication process.
B. Lasswell’s Model (1948) – It is the “In which channel” as It
C. Barnlund’s Transactional Model (1970) – It emphasizes a multi-
describes an act of communication by defining who said it, what was
layered feedback system for all parties involved and recognizes that
said, in what in what channel it was said, to whom, it was said, and
anyone can be a sender and receiver anytime. Shared field of
with what effect it was said.
experience is also its strength.
 Lesson 3: Local and Global Communication
Lesson 2: Communication and Globalization - Communication in Multicultural Settings
- Globalization Multicultural refers to a society that contains several cultural or ethnic
groups. People live alongside one another, but each cultural group
Globalization is not only the mobility and trade of goods across
does not necessarily have engaging interactions with each other.
countries, but all that go with it such as people, services, knowledge,
Socio-Cultural Aspects of Communication (Dapat, et al, 2016)
culture, etc. Historically, globalization has opened borders and
modernization from one country to another. Thus, the inevitable 1. Cultural identity
globalization is now intertwined not only in the economy but also in
2. Gender role
human communication. As communicators, we need to recognize and
understand the features, dimensions, and impact of globalization to 3. Age identity
human communication.
4. Social class
- Cultural Barriers to Effective Communication
5. Religious identity
1. Language
2. Stereotypes and prejudices
Cultural Factors in Multicultural Settings (Cotton, 2013)
3. Behaviors and beliefs
1. Mother tongue and secondary languages
4. Norms and values
2. Race
5. Ethnocentrism
3. Ethnicity
6. Body language and gestures
4. Gender
- Strategies to become an effective global communicator. (www.books
forbetterliving.com): 5. Local culture

1. Mindful Presence 6. Religion

2. Mindful Listening 7. Regional attire

3. Mindful Speech 8. Ancestry, Parents and Families

4. Unconditional Friendliness 9. Teachers

5. Mindful Responsiveness 10. Friends

11. Neighborhood
12. Education
13. Profession 3. People should be skillful and tactful in communicating in
multicultural settings.
14. Experience
4. People should be observant of the connection among
15. Politics
communication patterns.
16. Physical features
5. People should open their minds to dissimilar cultures because it can
17. Media give them fresh options to try a new approach in life.

Intercultural Communication
People from different backgrounds often encounter difficulties in Lesson 4: Varieties and Registers of Spoken and Written
processing meanings and understanding messages due to the Language
difficulties in understanding certain factors of communication such as
Varieties of Spoken and Written Language
language, context, and meaning. Communication problems often occur
when there is a lack of understanding about how certain cultures Written language is carefully organized and explanatory. Words of
"work." choice are deliberate and follow a particular structure. Spoken
language is spontaneous and momentary; it is mostly maintained in the
Forms of Intercultural Communication
form of a dialogue.
a. Interracial communication – communicating with people from
Characteristics of Written English and Spoken English:
different races
Written English Spoken English
b. Interethnic communication – interacting with people of different
ethnic origin Flow of language steady Pauses - utterances
c. International communication – communicating between Organization structured Less particular with structure
representatives from different nations.
Register Both formal and informal Mostly informal
d. Intracultural communication – interacting with members of the same
Different Registers in different Forms and Functions
racial or ethnic group or co-culture
1. Frozen or “static” register
2. Formal register
Improving Intercultural Communication Competence (Dapat, et al,
2016) 3. Consultative register
1. People should be mindful of other communicators who have 4. Casual register
different cultures.
5. Intimate register
2. People should mindfully choose the suitable words and actions that
are culturally acceptable to others.
Concentric Circles of English It is the study of social meaning of the material placements of signs
and discourses and of our actions in the material world
A. Inner Circle English as a NATIVE LANGUAGE
USA, UK, Canada, Australia, New Zealand
Principles of Geosemiotics
B. Outer Circle English as a SECOND LANGUAGE
Indexicality - The meaning was given to a sign by a place the sign was
Bangladesh, Ghana, India, Kenya, Malaysia, Nigeria, Pakistan,
put in
Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Tanzania, Zambia
Dialogicality - Signs have double meaning and they correspond to
C. Expanding Circle English as a FOREIGN LANGUAGE
each other
China, Caribbean Countries, Egypt, Indonesia, Israel, Japan, Korea,
Selection - One does not see all signs
Nepal, Saudi Arabia, South Africa, South America, Taiwan,
Zimbabwe

Kinds of Signs
Regulatory Signs - These are used to indicate or enforce traffic laws,
regulations or requirements which apply either at all times or at
specified times or places
Lesson 5: Evaluating Messages and/or images of different types of
Infrastructural Signs - It is defined as the basic physical systems of a
texts reflecting different cultures
business, region, or nation and often involves the production of public
Text Types goods or production processes.

A. Linguistic Landscape Commercial Signs- These are signs, displays, or devices designed,
intended or used to encourage or promote purchase oruse of goods or
This is the language in the environment, words and images displayed services.
and exposed in public spaces, that is the center of attention.
Transgressive Signs- These are signs which violate (intentionally or
Features of Linguistic Landscape accidentally) the conventional semiotics at that place
- top-down (public signs, created by the state and local government C. Online Landscape
bodies)
mode used to display wide-screen content, such as a Web page, image,
- bottom-up (created by shop owners, private businesses, etc.) document or text
B. Geosemiotics
Key Concepts of Media Literacy
Media refers to all electronic or digital means and print or artistic
visuals used to transmit messages.
Literacy is the ability to encode and decode symbols and synthesize
and analyze messages.
CHAPTER 2 COMMUNICATION AIDS AND STRATEGIES
Media literacy is the ability to encode and decode the symbols
USING TOOLS OF TECHNOLOGY
transmitted via media and the ability to synthesize, analyze and
produce mediated messages. Lesson 1: Preparing Multimedia Presentation
Media education is the study of media, including ‘hands-on’ Characteristics of Multimedia Presentations (brainly.ph)
experiences and media production.
Multimedia systems must be computer controlled.
Media literacy education is the educational field dedicated to teaching
the skills associated with media literacy. Multimedia systems are integrated.
The information they handle must be represented digitally.

Skills as Media Literate Communicator The interface to the final presentation of media is usually interactive

1. Understand and respect the power of mass communication

messages. Steps in Making Effective Communication Presentations
2. Understand content by paying attention and filtering out noise. Elements to consider:
3. Understand emotional versus reasoned reactions to mass  Create visual aids with purpose.
communication content in order to act accordingly.  Strive for quality.
4. Develop heightened expectations of mass communication content.
5. Understand genre conventions and recognize when they are being Developing Effective Visuals
mixed.
 Visual aids are clearly integrated with the content of the
6. Think critically about mass communication messages, no matter presentation
how credible their source.  Photographs and illustrations suit the overall tone of the
7. Understand the internal language of mass communication to presentation
understand its effects, no matter how complex.  Images and text are large and clear enough for the viewer to
see or read
  Images are shown with explanatory text or a caption Lesson 3: Blogging
 Informational graphics include clear, easy-to-read labels and
What is Blog
headings
 Text within informational graphics is easy to read (Watch out A blog (a shortened version of “weblog”) is an online journal or
for wordiness and crowded text or a font that is too small and informational website displaying information in reverse chronological
hard to read.) order, with the latest posts appearing first, at the top. It is a platform
 Formatting choices (color, different fonts, etc.) organize where a writer or a group of writers share their views on an individual
information effectively subject.
 Any text within graphics is free of errors Effective ways of introducing a Blog
 Hyperlinks within slides function properly
 Display text for hyperlinks is concise and informative (Never 1. Be Short and Direct
paste a link into a slide without modifying the display text.) 2. Quirky/Funny Opening Sentence or Paragraph
3. Ask a Thought-Provoking Question
Lesson 2: Preparing Pecha Kucha Presentation Topics: 4. Ask a Multiple Choice Question
Pecha Kucha definition 5. Share a Shocking Fact or Statistic
Pecha Kucha is a presentation method that calls for telling a story 6. Share Something Personal
using images rather than reading text from slides during a PowerPoint
presentation. Pecha Kucha presentations use 20 slides and allow only 7. Withhold a Compelling Piece of Information
20 seconds of commentary per slide. That keeps a total presentation to 8. Debunk Conventional Wisdom
just 6 minutes and 40 seconds.
9. Lead With a Success Story
Steps on how to make a Pecha Kucha Presentation
10. Start With a Reader’s Question
1. Topic in a Sentence
2. Keep Slide text to a Minimum
3. Find the story in your topic
4. Tell story with images
5. Use just few points
6. Timing
CHAPTER 3 COMMUNICATION FOR VARIOUS PURPOSES
7. Visual Cues
Lesson 1: Informative, Persuasive, and Argumentative A letter of inquiry is mainly about requesting, asking, or obtaining
Communication specific information to another party whom it addresses. This letter
intended to pose a request or question to the reader and persuade it to
Informative Communication
respond. There are three types of inquiry letters, the solicited,
- focuses on talking about people, events, processes, places, or unsolicited and inquiries asking for a favor. Solicited letter of inquiry
things; however, informing an audience about one of these is a letter used when a business is advertising its product or services,
subjects without being persuasive is often a difficult task to unsolicited letter of inquiry is a letter that inquiring regarding
complete. something thus it is a formal letter if the sender doesn’t know the
receiver, and the latter is seeking information with or without
Persuasive Communication commercial proposition and must be clear with their objectives. It is
- act of presenting arguments to move, motivate, or change your very useful when seeking information but be mindful of asking too
audience much information especially if that information you can obtain easily.

Argumentative Communication Context and Organization of Letter of Inquiry

- used to settle disputes and discover truth 1. Write the sender’s name and address, you may also include phone
number and email if it is required.
2. Leave one space below the address then write the date.
Lesson 2: Public Speaking
3. Include the receiver’s address.
- Reading from a Manuscript - word-for-word iteration of a written
message 4. Subject of the letter; state what is your main reason in writing this
letter.
- Memorized - rote recitation of a written message that the speaker has
committed to memory. 5. Below the subject, write a salutation to address the person being
written to. If not sure on the gender of the recipient, you may write
- Extemporaneous Speaking - carefully planned and rehearsed speech, Sir/Madam.
spoken in a conversational manner using brief notes
6. The body of the letter, it is divided into three (3) paragraphs; First
- Impromptu - presentation of a short message without advance Paragraph – Introduce yourself and include the purpose of the letter;
preparation. Second Paragraph - Inform the recipient about the details of your
inquiry and the other information you wanted to know; Third
Paragraph - Conclusion and end of the paragraph, you may include
here that you are expecting or waiting to have their response. And
3. Making Inquiries don’t forget to include gratitude in the letter.
Topics: 7. Below the body of the letter, write the sender’s name and signature,
Inquiry Letter including also the designation of the sender.
Emails 8. Flaunt your sensibility by asking insightful questions.
Internal operational communication is a system where members of an 9. Illustrate confidence by positively selling yourself.
organization communicate with one another to implement the business
10. Exemplify social graces by thanking the interviewer for his or her
goals which has become increasingly important. It has many forms
time.
such as supervisors giving orders, oral exchanges among employees
about work matters, assembling and distributing reports, and
composing and sending e-mail messages to other workers within the
company, other companies in and outside the country.
Interview
A job interview is a conversation which occurs between a potential
employer and a job applicant. During the job interview, the employer
has the opportunity to appraise the applicant's qualifications,
appearance and general fitness for the job opening.
CHAPTER 4 COMMUNICATION FOR WORK PURPOSES
Lesson 1: Communication for

Tips in Conducting an Interview Nurses: Writing Basic Patient Notes

1. Display a sense of responsibility by coming to the scheduled A patient note is the primary communication tool to other clinicians
interview on time and prepared. treating the patient, and a statement of the quality of care.

2. Exhibit research skills by conducting a study about the employer, Topics:

hiring manager and job opportunities. Patient Notes
3. Suggest a sense of loyalty by verbalizing an intention to stay longer Initial notes: refer to the first or earliest assessment
with the company.
Interim or progress note: refer to the assessment reports done in order
4. Insinuate leadership skills by articulating that you can work with to monitor the condition of the patient
less supervision.
Discharge notes: are the reports given once medication is discontinued
5. Show creativity by answering difficult questions with style and ease, or the patient is release from the hospital
6. Demonstrate professionalism and proper work ethic by dressing up Way of Organizing Patient Notes
corporately during the interview.
Subjective (assessment given by the family member or patient himself)
7. Be natural, optimistic, focused, confident, candid, and precise.
Objective (assessment seen by you or reflected in laboratory or other Structure Your Lead Properly: Put your most crucial information at the
medical reports) very beginning of the sentence. Important secondary information can
go in subsequent sentences. Not following this practice is called
Assessment (diagnosis)
“burying the lead.” If you need attribution in your lead, make sure it
Plan (procedures to be done to address the diagnosis) goes toward the end of the sentence because it is less important than
the information itself.
Firming up: it becomes clearer, stronger, or more definite.
Understand the Context: Keep in mind what your readers may already
Concretizing: make something concrete, Become specific; "the idea know about your story based on previous media coverage. Write in a
concretized in her mind" way that speaks to these realities and adds relevant, useful information.
Be Honest: Never mislead the reader. If you promise a certain type of
Introspecting: Consider one's own internal state or feelings. To look information with your lead, you should be ready to deliver.
into or examine (one's own mind, feelings, etc.).

Types of Lead
Lesson 2: Communication for Journalists: Writing a Lead Summary Lead or Straight Lead - brief summary, containing most of
Writing opening paragraph of a News Article or Lead the Five W’s and H in one sentence.

The Five W’s and H: News writing strives to answer “The Five W’s Question Lead - ask a question. Although they are effective in
and H:” that is, Who, What, When, Where, Why and How. Good leads sparking interest, use them sparingly because they generally do not
answer as many of these questions as possible in a single sentence. provide the main points of a story as concisely.
When writing a lead, it helps to think about which of these facts is the Quotation Lead - use direct quotation used in first paragraph
most vital for readers to know.
Funny Lead - lead written in a funny way
Keep It Short: A good lead provides all the information the reader
requires in just a few words. Ideally, a lead should be between 25 and Anecdotal Lead - quick, relevant story to draw in the reader. The
40 words. anecdote must help enhance the article’s broader point, and you must
explain the connection to that point in the first few sentences following
Keep It Simple: Don’t clutter up the lead with unnecessary adjectives the lead.
or adverbs. Also make sure that your lead only discusses one idea to
avoid confusion. Descriptive Lead - describe how an event happened rather than simply
telling what the event is about
Write in Active Voice: Avoid all forms of the verb “to be.” Common
exceptions include writing about fatalities (“two people were killed
Thursday”) and when discussing police activity (“two people were
arrested”). Passive voice is often the result of incomplete reporting.
Lesson 3: Tour Guiding A SWOT analysis is a compilation of your company’s strengths,
weaknesses, opportunities and threats. The primary objective of a
- Tourism
SWOT analysis is to help organizations develop a full awareness of all
To inform, remind and advise the factors involved in making a business decision.

- Communication Tasks for Tour Guides giving directions and Strengths (Internal)
commentaries; explaining procedures and itineraries; providing advice
- Financial resources
on safety and security; and describing tourist attractions.
- Technical resources and capabilities
- Communication Techniques in Dealing with Complaints - Human resources
- Product lines
1. Set a complaints handling policy
2. Respond quickly to complaints Threats (External)
3. Be patient, empathetic, and fair with customers
- Technology innovations and changes
4. Research the customer’s situation
- Competition
5. Involve customers in the solution
- Economic trends
6. Keep customers updated
- Government policies and legislation
7. Touch base with the customer afterward
- Legal judgments
- Social trends

Lesson 4: Communication for Teachers: Storytelling A SWOT analysis pulls information from internal sources (strengths or
weaknesses of the specific company) as well as external forces that
Storytelling - interactive art of using words and actions to reveal the may have uncontrollable impacts to decisions (opportunities and
elements and images of a story while encouraging the listener’s threats).
imagination.
Benefits of SWOT Analysis (managementstudyguide.com)
Image Description - a detailed explanation of an image that provides
textual access to visual content; most often used for digital graphics 1. It is a source of information for strategic planning.
online and in digital files; can be used as alt text in coding to provide
2. Builds organization’s strengths.
access to more complete information.
3. Reverse its weaknesses.
4. Maximize its response to opportunities.
5. Overcome organization’s threats.
6. It helps in identifying core competencies of the firm.
Lesson 5: Communication for Business and Trade
7. It helps in setting objectives for strategic planning.
8. It helps in knowing past, present and future so that by using past and - Presentation is a key element in successful report writing.
current data, future plans can be chalked out. Formatting, revising and Proofreading is an important process for good
report writing.
- All reports should have an executive summary that presents the
How to make SWOT Analysis (business.qld.gov.au/)
essential elements of the report from the introduction through to the
1. Decide on the objective of your SWOT analysis recommendations and outcomes.

2. Research your business, industry and market - Reports should be visually appealing and easy to read. Diagrams,
figures, charts, tables and graphs can all add interest to a report.
3. List your business's strengths
Report Categories (qsstudy.com)
4. List your business's weaknesses
Formal Report - reports that are prepared in prescribed forms
5. List potential opportunities for your business
Form of the report: Formal report is highly structured and is prepared
6. List potential threats to your business in a prescribed format.
7. Establish priorities from the SWOT Most Formal reports are always written in a manuscript (narrative
8. Develop a strategy to address issues in the SWOT style) format.
Purpose: Formal report is written to help management in making long
term and strategic decisions.
Lesson 6: Writing Business and Technical Reports
Objective: Objective of the formal report is to assist decision making
A report is a specific form of writing that is organized around by providing an effective recommendation.
concisely identifying and examining issues, events, or findings that
have happened in a physical sense, such as events that have occurred Length: It is long in size. Size of a formal report is large. It generally
within an organization, or findings from a research investigation. includes some particular pages (e.g. prefatory page) that do not appear
(owll.massey.ac.nz/) in short reports.
Distribution: In most cases, formal reports are circulated to top-level
executives and outside parties.
Nature of problem: Formal report deals with complex and non-
recurring problems. It is analytical and systematic in nature. It deals
Characteristics of a Report (University of Lucknow) with key complex problems.

- An ideal report should be Clear, concise, accurate and well organized Frequency of writing: Formal report is written very infrequently.
with clear section headings. Writing responsibility: This type of report is usually written by internal
- Easy for the audience to understand. or external experts.
Use of visual aids: This type of report makes extensive use of visual report highlights facts and specific recommendations. It avoids
aids to present the facts and findings. analysis and inclusion of supporting information.
Writing Style: This report follows inductive (indirect) and impersonal Recommendations: Recommendations are not required in an informal
writing style. A formal report on the other hand, after analyzing and report.
interpreting the conclusion of the draw and makes recommendations.
Recommendation: Recommendation is an essential part of a formal
report.
Informal report - prepared not by following any prescribed rule or
formality.
Form of the report: Informal report is less structured and it is less Lesson 7: Communication for Employment: The Resume Business
important to follow the prescribed format. Most Informal reports are Writing
written in memorandum and letter formats.
Basic Parts of a Business Letter
Purpose: The main purpose of an informal report is to present the facts
that help managers in making thee-to-thy business decisions. - Letterhead
- Dateline
Objective: Conveying routine messages and to help routine functions - Inside Address
are the basic objectives of the informal report. - Salutation
- Body of the Letter
Length: It is short in size. An informal report is short in size. This
- Complimentary Close
report writing is generally complete in a page or two.
- Signature
Distribution: Short report is usually circulated within the organization.
Nature of problem: Informal report deals with less complex and
Format of a Business Letter
recurring problems. It is not methodical in nature. This report deals
with the schedule matters. a. Full-block Style
Frequency of writing: It is written very frequently, even daily and All parts of the letter flushed on the left margin. This is considered the
weekly. most popular, most formal, and easiest of all the styles or formats of
business letters.
Writing responsibility: These reports are usually written by a
subordinate. b. Modified Block Style
Use of visual aids: This type of report seldom uses visual aids. In this type format of the business letter, the body of the letter is left
justified. The Dateline and Complimentary Close begin near the center
Writing Style: This report follows deductive (direct) and personal
going to the right margin
writing style. Informal reports follow deductive writing styles. A short
c. Semi-Block Style Working in a selective detail in the application text, which makes the
person stand out, makes it unforgettable, and completes the statements
It is much like the modified block style except that each paragraph is
making about their abilities and experience.
indented instead of left justified. It is the most balanced of all formats
of business letters. It is very important for an applicant to design a successful cover letter
before applying for a new job and make adjustments to their resume to
Resume - where you can display your top skills and qualities it
accommodate the organization to which they are applying. People
consists of one to two pages. it is the most required tool for every
searching for jobs too often overlook their cover letters, leaving them
company when looking for a job because it will be a way to help you
until the last minute, particularly not taking adequate time to provide
get your interview and it will be easy for the employer in hiring
valuable and relevant information that is really important for a good
decisions. Structuring your resume and deciding what to include
first impression to be made. When applying for a position, the cover
matters the most. There are characteristics that must be included in
letter is something that introduces the applicant and their resume,
your resume. For example , communication skills, openness, creativity,
which is responsible for a first impression. The cover letter is a
commitment, etc. To have a good resume, it must include the same
prospective employer #39;s first impression of the applicant. This
keywords that can be seen to the job description.
single document offers the initial insight into who the applicant is as a
There are three most popular formats that are used when writing professional and a person to potential employers.
Resume. These are:
Writing a letter for an application letter is somewhat different from a
Chronological, Functional and Combination. All of these types are short email to a friend or a message of thanks to a parent. When it
useful for every person who has different backgrounds and objectives comes to the letter 's presentation and appearance, potential employers
when applying for a company. These are the Guidelines that help us and prospective interviewers have some standards, from length (no
write a resume correctly. more than a page) to font size and design to letter spacing.
When it comes to length in an application letter should be no longer
than one page long.
Style and page margins provide a single-spaced application letter that
Lesson 8: Communication for Employment: The Application Letter
must have a space between each line that uses margins of around one
The application letter is a clear link between the position the applicant and match the text to the left, which for most documents is the
is searching for and the qualifications mentioned in the resume. To put standard layout. Font varies on a conventional font such as Times New
it another way, the letter fits those credentials with the specifications Roman, Arial, or Calibri and the font size must be around ten to
of the position, illustrating how correct an applicant is for that role. It twelve.
addresses details in the resume selectively, as needed. Working with
The rules for the parts used in the letter are also laid down, from
information, examples, information about relevant aspects of your
greeting to sign-off, to how the letter is arranged. Here's a short
educational and job history is one of the best ways to make an
lowdown on the key parts used in a letter demanding a job:
application letter perfect. However, so little interest might be created
by a letter that is too general and ambiguous that the reader may not In the heading, both the applicant’s name and the employer's contact
even want to turn to the resume. details (name, address, phone number & email) accompanied by the
date should begin with a letter of application. Include your contact Basic Principles and Characteristics of Memorandum according to
information at the end of the message, after the applicant's signature. Sharma, 2014:
For the salutation, the applicant must have a friendly greeting for this.
- Necessary and Sufficient Information
The most frequent salutation is "Dear Mr./Ms." followed by the last
- Do not Assume that Everyone knows Everything related to the
name of the user. The applicant must find out all about acceptable
issue discussed in the Memo
cover letter greetings, and what to do if the applicant does not know
- Be Clear, Concrete and Specific
the name of the recipient, or are uncertain of the gender of a
- Easy-to-Understand
communication.
- Explain with Ease and Co-operation
The applicant should note the position he or she is applying for in the - NO Emotional Appeal
first line and where the applicant has seen the job description. The
most critical part of the applicant’s letter is the next paragraph. This is
where the applicant can share the related knowledge about his or her The following are the uses of Memorandum according to Sharma,
experience and achievements. The applicant must show gratitude to 2014:
the employer for the third and last portion of the body of the letter; the
applicant may also provide follow-up information. For the - To Provide Information
complimentary close: With a friendly close, such as "Favorite" or - To Issue Instruction
"Sincerely," followed by the applicant’s signature, signing off the - To Convey Policy Decision
applicant’s account. Lastly, for the signature, the applicant must finish - To Offer/Invite Suggestion
with its handwritten signature followed by the name of the applicant - To Record/Report an Agreement
that must be typed, lastly followed by the applicant’s contact details. - To Establish Accountability
- Helps you to avoid meeting personally, when necessary
- These are the guidelines in making Memorandums:
- Short as possible and concise.
Lesson 9: Communication within a Company: The Memorandum
- Use simple English.
A Memorandum, or commonly known as a memo, is a short concise - Avoid using jargon.
message or record that is used for internal communication in a - Use a captivating Heading by bolding or using different colors
business, administration, or an institution. A for the heading.
- Be aware of the important information that needs to be
- a note, document or a form of communication intended to issue a
included in the memorandum.
directive, execute a policy, present an information report, convey
- Be aware of the grammar and spelling.
information, rebuke errors, give warnings, solve problems or make
- Anticipate any questions your readers might have.
requests. This communication can be between or among
administrators, and subordinates or may suffice subordinates
coordinating with co-employees to carry out a task or activity. This
Lesson 10: Writing Minutes of Meeting
communication is an interoffice tool.
Meetings are set and conducted in different ways by different and the purpose of it. Always proofread your record and avoid lapses
companies and organizations to discuss different agendas and matters of
that affect the surrounding area and the people involved.
important discussion within the meeting, if needed a second opinion do
Being in a meeting, one must keep record of the meeting’s agendas, not hesitate to ask to fully verify your work. Submit it to the person
suggestions, and actions requested by the group; a list of what who ran the meeting unless instructed to do another way or otherwise.
happened during the meeting, the Minutes of the Meeting.
A written record of the meeting that lets the attendees be reminded,
CHAPTER 5 COMMUNICATION FOR ACADEMIC
and the absentees be informed of what happened in the meeting. A
PURPOSES
written record that serves as detailed notes reflecting all actions done
within the meeting; A record that also serves as a reminder to the task Lesson 1: Avoiding Plagiarism
that must be completed after the discussion.
Topics:
- Quoting
Before the meeting:
- Plagiarism
Choose your recording tool. One may choose to use it in recording the
meeting, from a pen and paper to a laptop or a recorder. Always check - Paraphrasing
your tools as one will need it for future references. - Summarizing
Reading the meeting’s agenda may also help your outlining of the
meeting where one can easily pinpoint what are the important points
within the meeting. Lesson 2: Writing a Research Proposal: The Topic Proposal

During the meeting: Research

Passing the attendance is a sign that the meeting is starting, to know Research involves a scientific method which uses logical and
who is involved within the meeting, to know who they are and what systematic procedure for the acquisition of new knowledge or for the
their main point is. One may not include all comments instead the verification or confirmation of previous and existing knowledge to
important notes are enough. Write all motion and who made them, and answer problems and to apply in practical life.
its results. Types of Research
Always remember to keep your own biases. Pure Research
After the meeting: ● The researcher tries to find the truth
Encode the notes you have taken during the meeting. Include the ● The research meant to seek knowledge simply for knowledge’s sake
participants and the different key points they added. Add to your final
record the organization, the title of the committee, the type of meeting,
● Also termed as library or desk research ● Gather information, insights that lead to search for further evidence
(subjective) takes place in the field

Applied Research
Lesson 3: Writing a Research Proposal: The Introduction
● Practical application of knowledge to everyday situations.
- How to Write Research Introduction
● Also termed as action research
The introduction is a generalized discussion which should lead to
actually stating and clearly articulating the research problem. Thus, the
Quantitative Research introduction provides a background that establishes the status of the
problem in context. The background of the study that functions in
● Associated with positivist tradition (there is reality out there that can terms of the following:
be studied and known)
1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its
● Gathers numerical values as its data development, occurrence or existence.
● Investigates concepts, constructs, variables 2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem
● Use deductive reasoning is conceived. This actually refers to the local setting where the
respondents have directly experienced the problem. It sets the status of
● Use control (imposing condition so that biases are minimized and the problem.
validity and precision are maximized)
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity
● Gather empirical evidence (from objective reality collected through for conducting the study.
senses)

Study the following sample introduction to determine how they are

Qualitative Research developed. The introduction is a generalized discussion which should
● Associated with Naturalistic inquiry (reality is not a fixed entity but lead to actually stating and clearly articulating the research problem.
rather a construction of individuals participating in research.) Thus, the introduction provides a background that establishes the
status of the problem in context. The background of the study that
● Gathers narrative description as its data functions in terms of the following:
● Investigates phenomena, and concepts 1. It establishes the problem by describing its nature, and narrating its
● Use inductive process development, occurrence or existence.

● Use subjectivity that enriches the analytical insights 2. It situates the problem by describing the setting where the problem
is conceived. This actually refers to the local setting where the
respondents have directly experienced the problem. It sets the status of ● Has the response already prepared, the respondents merely checks,
the problem. underlines or ranks the responses as directed
3. It explains the rationale of the problem by justifying the necessity The Interview
for conducting the study.
● Is the second most common method for data collection
Study the following sample introduction to determine how they are
● It is a purposeful face to face relationship between two persons, one
developed.
of whom called the interviewer who asks questions to gather
information and the other called interviewee or respondent who
supplies the information asked for
Lesson 4: Writing a Research Proposal: The Method
The Questionnaire
Purposes and Uses of Interview
● Is a form prepared and distributed to secure responses to questions
that are intended to obtain information about conditions or practices on 1. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people to enable to
which the respondent is presumed to have knowledge gain insight into his problem
● Questionnaire can be provided as paper-and-pencil device, a 2. The researcher may interview knowledgeable people about the
telephone survey, or a structured document uploaded onto the internet proper construction and validation of questionnaire
● The questionnaire format could be: 3. In case when the subject has some signs of abnormality, the
interviewer may wish to gain physical and emotional reactions of the
 Dichotomous (yes/no)
subjects
 Multiple choice
 Cafeteria 4. Interview can be used as a principal tool in gathering data or just to
 Rank order supplement data collected by other techniques
 Forced choice ratings
 Checklists
 Calendar What to Avoid in Interviews
 Visual analogue 1. Avoid exerting undue pressure upon a respondent to make him
participate in an interview
● Two Types of Questionnaire Items
2. Avoid disagreeing or arguing with or contradicting the respondent
1. The free response questions or “open-ended” or unstructured
Questionnaire 3. Avoid unduly pressing the respondent to make a reply
● The questions frequently asked are why, what and how 4. Avoid using a language well over and above the ability of the
respondent to understand
2. The “close-ended” or structured form of Questionnaire
5. Avoid talking about irrelevant matters ● Three major criteria necessary to establish authenticity and accuracy
of records:
6. Avoid placing the interviewee in embarrassing situations
◦ Authorship- the identity of the person who conceived the material
7. Avoid appearing too high above the respondent in education,
knowledge and social status ◦ Body- the outward form of the material
8. Avoid interviewing the respondent in an unholy hour ◦ Function- purpose for which it was compiled

Observation
● Is the most direct means of studying the subjects when the
researcher is interested in their behavior
Lesson 5: Writing Literary Analysis
● Perceiving the data through the senses
The review of related literature is a written summary of the existing
knowledge base on a research problem obtained from an in-depth
search on non-research references and research references. The review
Recording the Results of Observation
includes a statement indicating what the present study will add to what
● Checklist is already known. It is a written, analytic summary of research findings
on a topic of interest. It is a comprehensive compilation of what is
● Is a device which contains the items to be observed and a space for
known about the phenomenon. It provides the background and the
number or check marks or short verbal entries
context on which the research is conducted
● Rating scale
1. Conceptual Literature/Related Literature
● Is a checklist with an evaluation standard
● It is composed of discussions of facts and principles to which the
● Anecdotal forms present study is related

● Is a checklist that provides for less breakdown of dimensions or ● These materials are usually printed and found in books,
factors hence, much space is provided for writing encyclopedias, professional journals, magazines, newspapers, and
other publications
● Mechanical Recording
● Also referred to as non-empirical references
● Stenographic Recording
● Are classified as local and foreign
2. Research Literature/Related Studies
Records
● Provide a readily available and valuable source of data
● These are studies, inquiries, or investigations already conducted to ● start from the premise that politics does not consist merely of human
which present proposed study is related or has some bearing or actions and interaction
similarity ● involves rational planning, motives, principles and beliefs
Requirements for a decent political analysis paper
● These are usually unpublished materials such as manuscripts, theses, 1. Topic and research question.
and dissertations 2. Preliminary research
3. Substantial research
● Also referred to as empirical references
4. Thesis
● Are classified as local and foreign 5. Impartiality
6. Quotations and references
1. Remember to cite all references you used, with either the MLA
(Modern Language Association) or the APA (American Psychological
Sources of Literature
Association) writing style.
Empirical References may be of primary and secondary sources: 2. Use a minimum of three (3) scholarly sources: e.g., Taking Sides:
Clashing Views on Political Issues, academic books, journals,
1. Primary Source newspapers and magazines, etc.
3. Use subheadings as you begin each section.
● Description of studies written by the researchers who conducted
4. Have a separate title or cover page, and just staple all the pages
them together
● It is ideal to rely heavily on primary sources of data
● The researcher’s oral discussion of his study in research forums, Lesson 7: Academic Presentation
seminars, conferences, and even competitions, may also be considered Academic Presentation
primary sources 1. Determine the purpose for presenting your research at the forum.
2. Secondary Source 2. Focus on Forecasting what you want to share with the audience
about your research; on
● Descriptions of studies prepared by someone other than the original Explaining the key findings of your study; Synthesizing your research
researcher in relation to the statement of the problem
3. Know your audience in terms of their background knowledge,
● Secondary source documents are a good way to start a literature research interests or experience.
review with because they provide a quick summary and a good 4. Get ready with your outline and cue cards.
bibliography
The Three P’s of an Academic Presentation
1. Prepare
Lesson 6: Writing Political Analysis Paper Organize one’s content. Relevant to audience’s needs
2. Practice
Political Science analysis paper Great delivery of the presentation
3. Present
Well thought speech
Must be comfortable when presenting