C++ IO

C++ IO  All I/O is in essence, done one

character at a time

 Concept: I/O operations act on

For : COP 3330.
streams (sequences) of ASCII
Object oriented Programming (Using C++)
characters
http://www.compgeom.com/~piyush/teach/3330

Piyush Kumar

C++ IO Interactive I/O

 cout standard output stream #include <iostream>

sequence of characters printed
to the monitor output data
input data
 cin standard input stream executing
Keyboard Screen
sequence of characters input program
from the keyboard

 both cout and cin are data objects cin cout

and are defined as classes
( type istream ) ( type ostream )
class class

Example Example
Namespaces: They provide
a way to avoid name collision.
Be careful about using this. Ostream object named cout.
#include <iostream> #include <iostream>

using namespace std; Standard IO library using namespace std;

for C++. Defines two
int main(void){ fundamental types, int main(void){
istream and ostream.
cout << “Hello World” ; cout << “Hello World” ;
cout << endl; cout << endl;
return 0; return 0;
Equivalent to:
} } operator<< (cout, “Hello World”);
Its calling a friend function of
Stream: A flow of characters (1 or 2 bytes long). Can flow in and out of ostream with input data.
Files, strings, etc.
Uses function declaration (approx):
ostream& operator<<( ostream&, const char * )

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 Example invokes a manipulator function called endl.
endl looks something like this: Special Output Characters
ostream& endl( ostream& os)
{
#include <iostream> os << '\n'; \n new line
os.flush();
using namespace std; return os; \t tab
}
int main(void){ \b backspace
cout << endl; \r carriage return
return 0; Equivalent Compiler statement:
std::cout.operator<<( \ʹ single quote
} std::endl(std::cout)
); \ʺ double quote
Scope Operator for \\ backslash
namespaces.

Stream IO headers A Stream

 iostream -- contains basic information  A flow of characters.

required for all stream I/O operations
 Buffers: IO to streams goes thru a
 iomanip – used for performing formatted I/O
buffer. C++ allows you change the
with stream manipulators
default behavior of associated buffers.
 fstream – used for performing file I/O
operations  State: Each stream is associated with

 stringtream -- used for performing in- a state indicating various things like if
memory I/O operations (i.e., into or from an error has occurred or not…
strings in memory)

C++ IO Class hierarchy C++ IO Class hierarchy

ios ios

istream ostream streambuf istream ostream streambuf

cin cout

ifstream istringstream ostringstream ofstream ifstream istringstream ostringstream ofstream

stringbuf stringbuf

filebuf filebuf

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C++ IO Hierarchy Other Predefined Streams

 The ios hierarchy defines the  cerr - the standard destination for
interface of the IO system. error messages (often the terminal
 The streambuf hierarchy defines the window). Output through this stream
implementation of the IO system, is unit-buffered, which means that
mostly provides the facilities of characters are flushed after each
buffering and byte-level I/O block of characters is sent.
 clog - like cerr, but its output is
buffered.

Formatting with predefined

Stream IO
streams.
Inside ios

 Remember: Due to inheritance,  << (left-shift operator)

anything you learn about formatting IO  Overloaded as stream insertion
with predefined streams (cin, cout, operator
clog, cerr) also applies to file IO and  >> (right-shift operator)
string IO.  Overloaded as stream extraction
 Anything available or defined in the
operator
ios class is available everywhere in  Both operators used with cin, cout,
the IO subsystem. cerr, clog, and with user-defined
stream objects

Example << operator

 cin >> Variable;  << is overloaded to work on built-in

 cout << Variable; types of C++.
 clog << Variable;  Can also be used to output user-
 Buffered defined types.
 cerr << Variable;  Other interesting examples:
 Unbuffered, prints Variable  cout << ‘\n’; // newline.
immediately.  cout << “1+2=” << (1+2) << endl;
cout << endl; // newline.
 Note: Variable types are available to 
cout << flush; // flush the buffer.
the compiler.


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<< operator Stream insertion: One char.
 Associates from left to right, and returns a reference to  put member function
its left-operand object (i.e. cout). This enables
cascading.  Outputs one character to specified stream
 Outputs “char *” type as a string. cout.put(‘C');
 If you want to print the address, typecast it to (void *).  Returns a reference to the object that called
 Example: it, so may be cascaded
 char name[] = “cop3330”; cout.put( ‘C' ).put( '\n' );
 cout << name << static_cast<void *>( name ) << endl;  May be called with an ASCII-valued
 static_cast<void *>( name ) equivalent to ((void *) expression
name) in C except that it happens at compile time.
cout.put( 65 );
• Outputs A

Input Stream Input Stream : Looping

 >> (stream-extraction) while (cin >> fname)
 Used to perform stream input
 Normally ignores whitespaces (spaces, tabs,
newlines)
 Returns zero (false) when EOF is encountered,
otherwise returns reference to the object from which it “>>” returns 0 (false) when EOF
was invoked (i.e. cin)
• This enables cascaded input
encountered and loop terminates.
cin >> x >> y;

 >> controls the state bits of the stream

 failbit set if wrong type of data input
 badbit set if the operation fails

Example Program Output

#include <iostream>

using std::cout;
using std::cin; $ ./a.exe
using std::endl; Enter the heights: (enter end of file to end): 72
89
int main(void) { 54
int height = 0, maxheight = 0; 33
68
cout << "Enter the heights: (enter end of file to end): "; 66
while(cin >> height) Tallest person's height = 89
if( height > maxheight)
maxheight = height;

cout << "Tallest person's height = "

<< maxheight << endl;
return 0;
}

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 istream member function: get
istream member function: get get (array_name, max_size) ;

 char ch = cin.get(); char fname[256]

 Inputs a character from stream (even cin.get (fname, 256);
white spaces) and returns it.
 Read in up to 255 characters and inserts
a null at the end of the string “fname". If
 cin.get( c );
a delimiter is found, the read terminates.
 Inputs a character from stream and The array acts like a buffer. The
stores it in c delimiter is not stored in the array, but is
left in the stream.

istream member function:

istream member functions:
getline (array_name, max_size)
ignore()
char fname[256]  cin.ignore ( ) ;
cin.getline (fname, 256);  Discards one character from the input
stream.
 Same as get, except that getline  cin.ignore (10) ;
discards the delimiter from the stream.  Discards 10 characters.
 cin.ignore(256,’\n’);
 Discards 256 characters or newline,
whichever comes first.

istream member functions:

FILE IO Example.
peek(), putback()
Copy File “first.txt” into “second.txt”.

 char ch = cin.peek ( ) ; #include <iostream>

#include <fstream>
 Peeks into the stream’s next
character. using namespace std;

 cin.putback (‘A’) ; int main(void)

{
 Puts ‘A’ back in the stream. ifstream source("first.txt");
ofstream destin("second.txt");

char ch;
while (source.get(ch))
destin<<ch;
return 0;
}

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 Slightly modified More IO functions
#include <iostream>
#include <fstream>
 read()
using namespace std;
 cin.read(fname, 255);
int main(void) • Reads 255 characters from the input
{ stream. Does not append ‘\0’.
ifstream source("first.txt");
ofstream destin("second.txt");  cout.write(fname,255);
char ch; • Writes 255 characters.
while (source.peek() != EOF){
source.get(ch);
 gcount: returns the total number of
destin.put(ch); characters read in the last input
}
return 0;
operation.
}

C++ IO Class Hierarchy

Another example
Revisited #include <iostream>
ios #include <sstream>
#include <string> What if I replace this
with istringstream?

istream ostream
cin cout using namespace std;

int main() {
ifstream ofstream int i;
string line;
while(getline(cin,line)){
istringstream ostringstream stringstream sfstream(line);
iostream while (sfstream >> i){
cout << i << endl;
}
}
return 0;
}
stringstream fstream

stringstream operations
#include <iomanip>

 stringstream strm;
Stream
 stringstream strm(mystring);
 Initializes strm with a copy of mystring.
Manipulators
 strm.str();
 Returns the content of strm in string format.

 strm.str(s);
 Copies the string s into strm. Returns void.

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 dec, hex, oct, setbase Formatting Output - Integers

 oct, hex, dec  int numstdts = 35533;

 Cout << hex << 15; cout << “FSU has" << numstdts
• Prints ‘F’ << "students."
 cout << setbase(16) << 15; prints
 Prints ‘F’ again. FSU has35533students.

 default field width == minimum required

default: what happens when explicit
formatting is not specified

Formatting Output - Integers Formatting Output - Integers

p.2 p.3
 we can specify the field width, or number  cout << “FSU has" << setw(10)
of spaces used to print a value << numstdts << " students."
prints
cout << “FSU has" << setw(6) FSU has 35533 students.
<< numstdts << " students."
prints prints in field width 10, right-justified
FSU has 35533 students.
function call

prints in field width 6, right-justified

Formatting Output - Integers Using the default - Integers p.5

p.4  Note on field widths: if a field width specified is
too small, or is not specified, it is automatically
 cout << left; // flip to left justification expanded to minimum required

cout << “FSU has " << setw(10)  numstdts = 100;

cout << “FSU has "
<< numstdts << "students."
<< numstdts << " students."
prints prints
FSU has 35533 students.
FSU has 100 students.
prints in field width 10, left-justified
and works for any value of numstdts

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 Formatting Output - Reals
General Rule of Thumb
 float cost = 5.50;
 When you are printing numeric values in cout << "Cost is $" << cost
sentences or after a verbal label, the default << "today."
field width usually works well prints
Cost is $5.5today.
 When you are printing numeric values lined
up in columns in a table, it is usually
necessary to call setw to generate well-
 default
formatted output (we will see examples of  large values printed in scientific notation
this later in the course)  if number is whole, no decimal point
 numbers of digits not under your control

Formatting Output - Reals p.2 Formatting Output - Reals p.3

 Setting up real formatting

// use fixed point notation  float cost = 5.50;

cout << fixed; cout << "Cost is $" << setw(5)
<< setprecision(2) << cost
<< " today."
// print a decimal point (with whole numbers) prints
cout << showpoint; ( noshowpoint ) Cost is $ 5.50 today.

these remain in effect until changed explicity, as  if no field width is specified, minimum is used,
does setprecision. setw only changes next value just as for integers
printed.

Formatting Output - char

You can just do this, once:
 default field width == 1
 cout << fixed << showpoint note: setw does have effect on
<< setprecision(2); char type data too.

and these settings will remain in effect char ch = 'Q';

throughout your program run cout << '*' << ch << setw(3) << '*';

prints
*Q *

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 Formatting Output - Strings Useful Output Spacer
 default field width == number of  const string BLANK = " ";
characters in the string
cout << setw(10) << BLANK;
can use setw prints 10 blanks

cout << setw(10) << "Hello";  consider this:

prints const char BLANK = ' ';
Hello cout << setw(10) << BLANK;
prints 10 blanks!

Unitbuf manipulator Example Quiz

A. 0.1, 1, 1.23457e+009
#include <iostream> B. 0.100000, 1.000000, 1234567936.000000
 If you want to flush every output #include <iomanip> C. 1.000000e-001, 1.000000e+000, 1.234568e+009
D. 0.100, 1.000, 1234567936.000
using namespace std;
 cout << unitbuf E. 0.10000000000000000555
int main() {
<< “first” const double tenth = 0.1;
const float one = 1.0;
<< “second” const float big = 1234567890.0;
cout << "A. " << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
<< nounitbuf; cout << "B. " << fixed << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
cout << "C. " << scientific << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
cout << "D. " << fixed << setprecision(3) << tenth << ", " << one << ", " << big << endl;
cout << "E. " << setprecision(20) << tenth << endl;
return 0;
}

Manipulators: Rolling your own.

Copy not allowed
•How to create our own stream

Stream Error States

An Example. on ostreams.
manipulators?
bell
#include <iostream>
ret (carriage return)
#include <ostream>
tab
endLine
using namespace std;

ostream& myendl( ostream& os) {

os << "test\n";
os.flush();
return os;
}

int main(void) {
cout << myendl;
return 0;
}

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 Error states Error States Example
 strm::eofbit int ival;
 if (cin.eof() == true) break; // stream end of file.
 strm::failbit while ( cin >> ival, !cin.eof() ){
 if ( cin.fail() == true) break; // stream format error. Assert( !cin.bad() , “IO stream corrupted”);
if (cin.fail()){ //bad input
 strm::badbit cerr << “Bad data, try again.”;
 If (cin.bad() == true) break; // data lost! cin.clear(istream::failbit); // reset the stream
 Goodbit? continue;
 cin.good() = ((!eofbit) && (!failbit) && (!badbit))
}
// ok to process ival now
 All eofbit, failbit and badbit should be false.
} //end of while.
 cin.clear() // makes cin good.

Operators for testing. Interactive Input

 operator!  Write a prompt

• Returns true if badbit or failbit set make it friendly and informative

 Useful for file processing prompt typically contains prefix

• if ( ! readmefile ) cerr << “Error”; character to signal point at which to
enter input

 Read value(s)
user types data at keyboard

Interactive Input: Contents of

Interactive Input: Example
Output Window
int num;
char response; prefix Enter a number -> 17<return>
cout << "Enter a number -> ";
cin >> num;
Enter Y or N -> Y<return>
cout << "Enter Y or N -> ";
cin >> response;
the program will not process the
input until the return key is struck

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 Another C++ Program
Arguments: Count, Vector
(Hello argv[1])
#include <iostream>
#include <iostream>
int main(int argc, char** argv) { #include <stdlib.h>
std::cout << “Argument Count: " << argc << std::endl; using namespace std;
// Print Argument Vector int main(int argc, char *argv[]) {
for (int i = 0; i < argc; ++i) { if (argc != 2) {
std::cout << argv[i] << std::endl; cout << "Usage: hi.exe <name>" << endl;
} exit (1);
} }

cout << "Hello " << argv[1] << endl;

return 0;
}

Control structures

 Statements you should already know :

 While
 For
 If

Recommended Assignments: 1.17, 1.25

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