Preview Science Stage7-9 Lower Secondary School

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Executive
Preview
Cambridge Lower Secondary
Science
MULTI-COMPONENT SAMPLE – STAGE 7
Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman & Michael Smyth
Second edition Digital access

Dear teacher,
Welcome to the new edition of our Cambridge Lower Secondary Science series, supporting
the Cambridge Lower Secondary Science curriculum framework (0893) from 2020.
This executive preview gives you a first look at our new resources and shows you how the
key components – learner’s book, workbook and teacher’s resource – work together to
support you and your learners.
In developing the series, we carried out extensive research with teachers around the world to make
sure we understood your needs and challenges and how to best support you and your learners.
We’ve included units to support the new Earth and Space curriculum strands, along
with activities to get your learners thinking and working scientifically, like planning
investigations, gathering data and drawing conclusions.
You’ll find an active learning approach throughout the resources, along with opportunities
for learners to develop 21st-century skills including communication and collaboration.
Alongside this, each unit includes a ‘Getting started’ feature, clear lesson objectives and
activities that offer peer and self-assessment – all supporting assessment for learning.
We understand that each learner has different needs, and that supporting this in the
classroom can be challenging. Our learner’s books and workbooks provide differentiated
activities, while the teacher’s resource offers guidance on how to bring differentiation into
your lessons effectively. For example, we’ve included projects at the end of each unit that
offer learners different ways to complete the activity, along with guidance in the teacher’s
resource on how to support and assess learners’ work.
Scientific vocabulary can be challenging. To support learners we have included key topic
terms for each unit, along with a glossary and further language support suggestions in
the teacher’s resource. The English language skills workbooks also provide students with
opportunities to further develop their language skills and fluency in English.
I hope you enjoy discovering the new series and how it can support you.
Priyanka Comar
Commissioning Editor
Cambridge University Press
CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 7: TEACHER'S RESOURCE
How to use this series

The Learner’s Book is designed for students to use in
class with guidance from the teacher. It contains nine
units which offer complete coverage of the curriculum
framework. A variety of investigations, activities,
questions and images motivate students and help
them to develop the necessary scientific skills. Each
unit contains opportunities for formative assessment,
differentiation and reflection so you can support your
learners’ needs and help them progress.
The Teacher’s Resource is the

foundation of this series and you’ll
find everything you need to deliver the
course in here, including suggestions for
differentiation, formative assessment
and language support, teaching ideas,
answers, unit and progress tests and
extra worksheets. Each Teacher’s
Resource includes:
• A print book with detailed teaching
notes for each topic
• A digital edition with all the
material from the book in digital
form plus editable planning
documents, extra guidance,
downloadable worksheets and more.
6
How to use this series
The skills-focused, write-in Workbook provides further

practice of all the topics in the Learner’s Book and
is ideal for use in class or as homework. A three-tier,
scaffolded approach to skills development promotes
visible progress and enables independent learning,
ensuring that every learner is supported.
A letter to parents, explaining the course, is also available to download from Cambridge GO (as part of this teacher's resource).
7
Science
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LEARNER’S BOOK 7
A
R
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Original material © Cambridge University Press 2020. This material is not final and is subject to further changes prior to publication.
Contents
Contents
Page Unit Science Thinking and working Science in context
strand scientifically strand
1 1 Cells Biology: Carrying out scientific Discuss how scientific
1 1.1 Plant cells Structure and enquiry knowledge is developed
6 1.2 Animal cells Function Models and through collective
representations understanding and
10 1.3 Specialised cells
scrutiny over time
15 1.4 Cells, tissues and organs
21 2 Materials and their structure Chemistry: Models and Discuss how scientific
21 2.1 Solids, liquids and gases Materials and representations knowledge is developed
FT
28 2.2 Changes of State their Structure Carrying out scientific through collective
Earth and enquiry understanding and
34 2.3 Explaining changes of state
Space: Cycles Scientific enquiry: scrutiny over time.
39 2.4 The water cycle
on Earth analysis, evaluation
44 2.5 Atoms, elements and the
Earth and and conclusions
periodic table
Space: Planet
50 2.6 Compounds and formulae Earth
57 2.7 Compounds and mixtures
68 3 Forces and energy Physics: Carrying out scientific Describe how people
68 3.1 Gravity, weight and mass Forces and enquiry develop and use
A Energy Models and scientific understanding,
78 3.2 Formation of the Solar System
representations as individuals and
84 3.3 Movement in space
through collaboration,
90 3.4 Tides e.g. through peer review
98 3.5 Energy
104 3.6 Changes in energy
R
110 3.7 Where does energy go?
120 4 Grouping and identifying Biology: Life Models and Evaluate issues which
organisms processes representations involve and/or require
120 4.1Characteristics of living organisms Carrying out scientific scientific understanding
123 4.2 Viruses enquiry Discuss how science
127 4.3 What is a species? can have a global
D
environmental impact
131 4.4 Using keys
136 4.5 Constructing keys
144 5 Properties of materials Chemistry: Carrying out scientific Describe how science is
144 5.1 Metals and non-metals Materials and enquiry applied across societies
150 5.2 Comparing metals and non-metals their structure Models and and industries, and in
representations research
154 5.3 Metal mixtures
162 5.4 Using the properties of materials
to separate mixtures
166 5.5 Acids and alkalis
172 5.6 Indicators and the pH scale
iv
Contents
Page Unit Science Thinking and working Science in Context

strand scientifically strand
185 6 Earth physics Physics: Light Scientific enquiry: Evaluate issues which
185 6.1 Sound waves and Sound purpose and planning involve and/or require
195 6.2 Reflections of sound Earth and Carrying out scientific scientific understanding
204 6.3 Structure of the Earth Space: Planet enquiry
Earth Scientific enquiry:
209 6.4 Changes in the Earth
analysis, evaluation
215 6.5 Solar and lunar eclipses
and conclusions
Models and
FT
representations
226 7 Microorganisms in the Biology: Models and Describe how science is
environment Structure and representations applied across societies
226 7.1 Microorganisms Function Scientific enquiry: and industries, and in
231 7.2 Food chains and webs purpose and planning research
237 7.3 Microorganisms and decay Carrying out scientific Evaluate issues which
enquiry involve and/or require
242 7.4 Microorganisms in food webs
Scientific enquiry: scientific understanding
analysis, evaluation Describe how people
develop and use
A and conclusions
scientific understanding,
as individuals and
through collaboration,
e.g. through peer review
252 8 Changes to materials Chemistry: Scientific enquiry: Describe how science is
R
252 8.1 Simple chemical reactions Properties of purpose and planning applied across societies
262 8.2 Neutralisation materials Carrying out scientific and industries, and in
Chemistry: enquiry research
269 8.3 Investigating acids and alkalis
Changes to Scientific enquiry:
274 8.4 Detecting chemical reactions
materials analysis, evaluation
and conclusions
D
Models and
representations
287 9 Electricity Physics: Scientific enquiry: Describe how science is
287 9.1 Flow of electricity Electricity and purpose and planning applied across societies
292 9.2 Electrical circuits magnetism Scientific enquiry: and industries, and in
analysis, evaluation research
297 9.3 Measuring the flow of current
and conclusions
303 9.4 Conductors and insulators
Models and
310 9.5 Adding or removing components
representations
Carrying out scientific
enquiry
v
How to use this book
How to use this

1
book
Cells
This book contains lots of different features that will help your learning. These are explained below.
1.1
1.1 Characteristics
Characteristics of
of living
living things
things
This list sets out what you will learn in each In this topic you will:
In this topic you will:
topic. You can use these points to identify the •
•
think about what makes living things different from
think aboutobjects
non-living what makes living things different from
important topics for the lesson. •
non-living objects
learn about the seven characteristics of living things
• learn about the seven characteristics of living things
Getting started
Getting started
This contains questions or activities to help find In your classroom, find one living thing and one thing which has
In yourbeen
never classroom,
alive. find one living thing and one thing which has
FT
never been alive.
out what you know already about this topic. With your partner, make a list of things that the living thing can
With your
do, but thepartner, make
non-living a list
thing of things
cannot do. that the living thing can
do, but the non-living thing cannot do.
Be ready to share your ideas with the rest of the class.
Important words are highlighted in the text
when they first appear in the book. You will living
living
organisms
organisms
non-living
non-living
nutrition
nutrition
growth movement sensitivity excretionrespiration
find an explanation of the meaning of these living
growth
reproduction
organisms
nutrition
movement sensitivity
sensitivity
respiration
growth excretion
excretion
reproduction respiration
words in the text. You will also find definitions non-living movement reproduction
of all these words in the Glossary

and Index at the back of this book.
Activity 1.1
A Is a car alive?
The picture shows a car.
Here are some facts about cars.
• Cars use fuel and oxygen.
• Inside the engine of the car, the fuel
You will have the opportunity to practise and and oxygen provide energy to make
the car move.
develop the new skills and knowledge that • The engine produces waste gases,
R
including carbon dioxide. These are
you learn in each topic. Activities will involve 2 given off in the exhaust of the car.
answering questions or completing tasks.

2
• Some cars have sensors. For example, they can sense when
it is dark and turn the light on automatically.
Questions
1 In your group, make a list of similarities between a car and
living things.
2 Make a list of differences between a car and living things.
D
Think like a scientist

Making a model of a plant cell
In this activity, you will make a model to represent a cell. You will then think about the
strengths and limitations of your model.
Here is a list of materials and objects you could use to make your model.
This provides an opportunity • transparent boxes • cardboard boxes • small and large plastic bags filled with water
for you to practise and develop • green peas or green beads • cling film (transparent food wrap)
• cardboard boxes of various sizes • empty plastic bags • purple grapes
scientific enquiry skills with a • some green grapes • Plasticine®
partner or in groups. In your group, decide how you can use some of these materials and objects to make a
model of a plant cell. Then make your model.
Be ready to explain your model to others.
Questions
1 Compare your model cell with the models made by other groups.
Are there are any features of your model that are better than theirs?
Are they any features of other groups' models that are better than yours?
vi
How to use this book
1 Cells
5 Young plants and animals get bigger. This is called ……………… .

6 Think
All like a things
living scientist: Self-assessment
break down some of the food they eat, to provide
them
Think withhow
about energy.
youThis
did happens
this task.in a process called ……………… .
7 ForMost
eachliving things
of these can change
statements, theyourself:
rate shape and position of their
After completing an activity, this provides you bodies. This is called ………………… .
with the opportunity to either assess your own Activity 1.1
work or another student’s work. Is aif car

youalive?
think you if you did it quite if you didn't do
The did it veryshows
picture well, a car. well, or needed it all, or needed
with no help some help a lot of help
Here are some facts about cars.
• Cars
I cut ause fuel of
piece andtheoxygen.
inside layer of onion that was about
• 1 cm square.
Inside the engine of the car, the fuel
• and
I wasoxygen
able toprovide
spread energy to of
the piece make
onion flat in the
the
dropcar
ofmove.
water.
• The engine produces waste gases,
This contains questions that ask you to look 1 Cells
including carbon dioxide. These are
FT
given off in the exhaust of the car.
back at what you have covered and encourages • Some cars have sensors. For example, they can sense when
you to think about your learning. How have you tried
it is dark to remember
and turn the light the difference between a cell wall
on automatically.
and a cell membrane? How successful do you think you have been?
Questions
1 In your group, make a list of similarities between a car and
living
Think like things.
a scientist
2Making
Make a list ofofdifferences
a model between a car and living things.
a plant cell
In this task, you will make a model to represent a plant cell. You will then think about the
This list summarises the important material that strengths and limitations (weaknesses) of your model.
Summary checklist
you have learnt in the topic. •
I can list the seven characteristics of living things
transparent boxes
I can describe the meaning of each of these characteristics
• cardboard boxes
• small and large plastic bags filled with water
A • green peas or green beads
• transparent food wrap
At the end of each unit, there • cardboard boxes of various sizes

Project: Cells discovery timeline
• empty plastic bags
is a group project that you can This project is about how scientific knowledge gradually develops over time. You are
going to work in a group to• do purple grapes
research, and then use your findings to help to make a
carry out with other students. time line. • green grapes
Science never stays still. When one scientist makes a new discovery, this suggests new
This will involve using some of • coloured modelling material
R
questions that other scientists can investigate.
In a group of three or four, discuss how you can use some of these materials and objects
the knowledge that you de- You are going to help to produce
gradually discovered that
to make a model
timeline.of The timeline
a plant will show
cell. Then
4 all living things are made of cells.
make how
your scientists
model.
veloped during the unit. Your Be ready to explain your model to others.
Here are some of the important
Questionssteps that occurred. Your teacher will allocate one or two
project might involve creating of these steps to your group. You will then help to find out more about these steps, and
1
produce an illustrated account of what your
Compare model cell
happened. with
Try to the models
include made by other
an explanation groups.
of how
or producing something, or the work of earlier scientists helped thisare
Are there step
groups’ models?
anytofeatures
take place.
of your model that are better than those in the other
you might all solve a problem 1625 Galileo Galilei builds the first microscope.
Are there any features of other groups’ models that are better than yours?
D
1665 Robert Hooke looks at cork (from tree bark) through a microscope, and describes
together. 2 Discuss how well your model cell represents a real plant cell.
little compartments that he calls cells.
1670 Anton van Leeuwenhoek improves the microscope and is able to see
living cells in a drop of pond water.
These questions look back at Check your Progress

some of the content you learnt 1 Different cells have different functions.
in each session in this unit. If Choosing from this list, name the cell that each function describes.
4
red blood cell root hair cell palisade cell nerve cell ciliated cell
you can answer these, you are
a Moves mucus up through the airways.
ready to move on to the next b Absorbs water from the soil.
unit. c Makes food by photosynthesis. [3]
2 The diagram shows an animal cell.
insert new diagram of

animal cell; label A to cell
membrane, label B to
vii
1 Cells
1.1 Plant cells
• begin to learn about cells
• find out about the parts of a plant cell, and what they do
FT
• make a model of a plant cell
• use a microscope to look at plant cells.
Getting started
Plants and animals are living organisms. They are made of units
called cells.
A
With a partner, think about answers to these questions:
• How big do you think a cell is?
• How can we see cells?
• Can you describe what a cell looks like?
R
Be ready to share your ideas with the class.
cell cellulose cytoplasm mitochondria

D
cell membrane chlorophyll limitations nucleus

cell wall chloroplast magnify sap vacuole
1
1 Cells
Cells
If you study a plant by observing part of it
through a microscope, you will see that it
is made up of a very large number of tiny
‘boxes’. These are called cells. All living
organisms are made of cells.
Cells are so small that you cannot see them
with your eyes alone. The photograph of the
plant cells was taken through a microscope.
one cell
The microscope magnifies the view of the
cells, so that they look much bigger than they
really are.
FT
Part of a leaf seen through a microscope
Parts of a plant cell

The diagram shows a plant cell from a leaf.
cell wall sap vacuole
Every plant cell has a cell wall. The cell wall is This is a large, fluid-filled space inside
strong and stiff. It holds the plant cell in a plant cell. The liquid inside it is a
shape. Plant cell walls are made of a substance solution of sugars and other substances
called cellulose. dissolved in water. The solution is
A
called cell sap.
cell membrane
All cells have a cell membrane. The cell
membrane is very thin and flexible. It is like chloroplast
the thin skin of a soap bubble. It lies along the Plant cells that are in the sunlight often
inner edge of the cell wall. The cell membrane contain chloroplasts. This is where
R
controls what goes in and out of the cell. plants make their food. Chloroplasts
look green because they contain a
green substance called chlorophyll.
cytoplasm
All cells have cytoplasm. Cytoplasm is like clear
jelly. Chemical reactions happen inside the
cytoplasm. These reactions keep the cell alive.
D
mitochondrion
All plant cells have mitochondria
nucleus (singular: mitochondrion). Inside
Most cells have a nucleus. The nucleus controls mitochondria, energy is released
the activities of the cell. from food.
Diagram of a leaf cell
Questions
1 Look at the photograph of the plant cells on this page. What do
you think the little green circles inside the cells are? Why are they
green? What happens inside them?
2 Describe four differences between a cell wall and a cell membrane.
2
1.1 Plant cells
How have you tried to remember the difference between a cell wall
and a cell membrane? How successful do you think you have been?

Making a model of a plant cell
In this task, you will make a model to represent a plant cell. You will then think about the
strengths and limitations (weaknesses) of your model.
• transparent boxes
FT
• cardboard boxes
• small and large plastic bags filled with water
• green peas, green beads or green gapes
• transparent food wrap
• purple grapes
A
• coloured modelling material
In a group of three or four, discuss how you can use some of these materials and objects
to make a model of a plant cell. Then make your model.
Be ready to explain your model to others.
R
Questions
1 Compare your model cell with the models made by other groups.
Are there are any features of your model that are better than those in the other
groups’ models?
D
Are there any features of other groups’ models that are better than yours?
2 Discuss how well your model cell represents a real plant cell.
3
1 Cells
Microscopes eyepiece
coarse focussing knob
Scientists who study living organisms
fine focussing knob
often use microscopes to help them
to see very small things.
high-power objective lens
The diagram shows a microscope. medium-power objective lens
Look at a real microscope and find low-power objective lens
all of these parts on it. microscope stage
mirror
FT
A microscope

Looking at plant cells through a microscope
This task gives you practice in using scientific equipment and doing practical work safely.
You will need:

A
• a microscope • a microscope slide • a cover slip • a piece of onion bulb
• tweezers (forceps) • a small sharp knife • a dropper pipette
• a small container of water
R
1 Collect a small piece of onion. Cut out a piece about 1 cm square.
2 Use a dropper pipette to put a small drop of water into the middle of a clean
microscope slide.
3 Very carefully, peel the thin layer from the
inside of your piece of onion.
D
4 Gently push the layer into the drop of water

on the slide. Spread it out as flat as you can.
5 Collect a very thin piece of glass called a cover
slip. (Take care – cover slips break very easily!)
Gently lower the cover slip over your piece of
onion on the slide. Try not to get air bubbles
under the cover slip.
6 Turn the objective lenses on the microscope
until the smallest one is over the hole in the
stage.
4
1.1 Plant cells
Continued
7 Put the slide onto the stage of the microscope, with the piece of onion over the hole.
8 Look down the eyepiece. Slowly turn the focussing knob to move the lens away from
the slide. Stop when the piece of onion comes into focus.
9 Make a drawing of some of the cells you can see.
Questions
1 Suggest why the cells from the onion do not look green.
2 Describe any difficulties you had with this activity. How did you solve them?
Self-assessment
FT
Think about how you did this task.
For each of these statements, rate yourself.
if you think you did if you did it if you didn't do it all,

it very well, with quite well, or needed or needed a lot
no help some help of help
A
• I cut a piece of the inside layer of onion that was about 1 cm square.
• I was able to spread the piece of onion flat in the drop of water.
• I put the cover slip over the onion without getting any air bubbles.
R
• I saw onion cells down the microscope.
• I focussed the microscope so that I could see the cells really clearly.
D
• Write down one thing that you did really well in this activity.
• Write down one thing that you will try to do much better next
time. How will you do this?
Summary checklist
I can name all the structures in a plant cell, and describe what
they do.
I can make a model of a plant cell, and discuss its strengths
and limitations.
I can use a microscope to look at plant cells.
5
1 Cells
1.2 Animal cells

• find out how animal cells differ from plant cells
• use a microscope to look at some animal cells.
Getting started
There are five parts of a plant cell with names beginning with the
FT
letter c.
Make a list of these five parts. Think about how you can
remember what each of the words means.
Be ready to share your ideas.
stain
A
R
D
6
1.2 Animal cells
Parts of an animal cell

All animals are made of cells.
cell membrane
You are an animal, and your
body is made of cells. No-one cytoplasm
knows exactly how many cells
there are in a person. One
estimate is about 100 trillion. mitochondrion
That is 100 000 000 000 000 cells.
nucleus
Animal cells are similar to plant
cells in several ways. They have
a cell membrane, cytoplasm and
a nucleus.
FT
An animal cell

Looking at animal cells through a microscope
This task gives you more practice in using scientific equipment safely.
A
You will need:
• a microscope • a microscope slide
• a cover slip • a cotton bud
• some methylene blue • a dropper pipette
R
1 Very gently rub the cotton bud along
the inside of your cheek. This will collect
some loose cells.
D
2 Rub the cotton bud on the surface of a

clean microscope slide. You will not be
able to see the cells yet, because they are
so small.
3 Use a dropper pipette to add a drop of methylene blue to the cells. Methylene blue is
a dye that will stain the cells blue, making them easier to see.
4 Carefully lower a cover slip over the drop of blue stain.
5 Put the smallest objective lens over the stage.
6 Put the slide onto the stage, with the part you want to look at over the hole in the stage.
7 Looking from the side, turn the focussing knob until the lens is close to the slide.
7
1 Cells
Continued
8 Look down the eyepiece. Slowly turn the focussing knob to move the lens upwards.
Stop when you can see the cells.
9 Turn the lenses until a larger one is over the stage. Look down the eyepiece.
You should be able to see a more magnified view of the cells.
10 Make a drawing of one or two of the cells you can see. Label your drawing.
Questions
1 The photographs show some cells, seen through a microscope.
FT
A
For each photograph, decide whether the cells are plant cells or
animal cells. Explain your decision.
2 Think about the model of a plant cell that you made.
What would you change, to make it into a model of an animal cell?
R
Activity
Building up pictures of plant and animal cells
D
You will need:

• fifteen cut-out oval pieces of card or paper, each about 1 cm long, five coloured
red and ten coloured green
• one cut-out circular piece of grey card or paper, about 1 cm in diameter
• long pieces of string or wool
• a long piece of wide tape
• glue or double-sided sticky tape
• a very large sheet of paper
8
1.2 Animal cells
Continued
1 In a group of two or three, use the materials to build a picture of a plant cell. It is up to
your group to decide exactly how to use the materials to make your picture. You may
not want to use all of the materials.
2 Ask your teacher, or other people in your class, to check that you have put all the right
pieces in the right places.
3 Now remove some of the pieces, to change your picture into an animal cell.
Self assessment
Compare your picture with the pictures made by other groups.
FT
What differences are there between them?
Now that you have seen the other pictures, is there anything you would like to change in yours?
• What have you done that helps you to remember the

differences between animal cells and plant cells?
• Do you think that you can always decide whether a picture
shows an animal cell or a plant cell? What is the most important
A
feature to look for?
Summary checklist
I can use a microscope to look at animal cells.
R
I can describe similarities and differences between plant cells and
animal cells.
I can decide whether a picture of a cell shows an animal cell or a
plant cell, and give reasons.
D
9
1 Cells
1.3 Specialised cells

• learn about some specialised animal and plant cells
• explain how the structure of these specialised cells helps
them to carry out their functions.
Getting started
FT
With a partner, think of a suitable way to complete each
sentence.
• Cell membranes …
• Cell walls …
• A nucleus …
• Chloroplasts …
A
absorb cilia haemoglobin pigment
adapted ciliated cell mucus red blood cell
R
axon dendrite neurone root hair cell
capillary function palisade cell specialised
D
10 10
Some specialised animal cells

Not all of the cells in your body are the same. There are many different
kinds of cell in your body. Each kind of cell has a particular function.
The function of a cell is the job that it does, or the role that it plays.
Each cell is specialised to carry out its function. This means that it
has a structure that helps it to do its function really well. The cell is
adapted to carry out its function.
The diagrams show three kinds of specialised cell in the human body.
Red blood cells are smaller than most other cells in the body. This allows
them to get through tiny blood capillaries, so they can deliver oxygen to
every part of the body.
FT
The cytoplasm contains a red pigment (colour) called haemoglobin.
This carries oxygen around the body.
The cell has no nucleus. This leaves more space for haemoglobin.
cell membrane
Neurones carry electrical signals from one part of the body
to another. They help all the different parts of the body to cytoplasm
communicate with each other. For example, they can carry signals
from the brain to muscles, to make the muscles move.
A
The axon is a very long strand of cytoplasm. Electrical nucleus cytoplasm
signals can travel along this very quickly.
Dendrites are short strands of cytoplasm that collect cell membrane
electrical signals from other nearby nerve cells.
R
Ciliated cells have tiny threads along one edge, like
microscopic hairs. These are called cilia. The cilia can
move. dendrite axon
One place in the body that contains ciliated cells is the

lining of the tubes leading from your mouth to your lungs. cilia
D
Other cells in this lining make a sticky substance called mucus.

cell membrane
When you breathe in, the mucus traps dust and bacteria in
the air, to stop them going into your lungs. The cilia sweep nucleus
the mucus up to the back of your mouth and you swallow it.
cytoplasm
Questions
1 List two things that red blood cells, neurones and ciliated cells have
in common.
2 How can you tell that all of these three cells are animal cells, not
plant cells?
11
1 Cells
Activity 1.3.1
Structure and function in animal cells
Work with a partner.
Here is the start of a table that you can use to summarise how each kind of specialised
animal cell is adapted to carry out its function.
Copy the start of the table onto a piece of paper. Then complete the entries for the red
blood cell.
You could include a small drawing of a red blood cell, underneath its name in the first column.
Next, add entries for a neurone and a ciliated cell. Remember to give your table a title.
When you are ready, copy your completed table onto a large sheet of paper, ready to be
FT
displayed.
red blood cell transports oxygen has haemoglobin in haemoglobin

its cytoplasm carries oxygen
A
Neurone
R
Some specialised plant cells
D
Plants also contain specialised cells. Here are two examples.

Root hair cells are found on the outside of plant roots.
Their function is to absorb (soak up) water from the soil.
Each cell has a long, thin extension that allows water to move easily
from the soil into the cell.
12
cell wall nucleus
cell membrane
cytoplasm
large vacuole
with cell sap
A root hair cell
Palisade cells are found in the leaves of plants. Their function is to make
FT
food by photosynthesis.
They have a lot of chloroplasts containing chlorophyll.
The chlorophyll absorbs energy from sunlight, which is used to help the
plant make food.
cell wall
A
cell membrane
mitochondrion
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cytoplasm
chloroplast
D
nucleus
A palisade cell
Questions
3 Suggest why root hair cells do not contain chloroplasts.
4 Water moves through several parts of the root hair cell, as it goes
from the soil into the sap vacuole. List these parts, in order.
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1 Cells
Activity 1.3.2
Structure and function in plant cells
Make a table to summarise how the structures of the two kinds of specialised plant cell are
related to their functions.
Peer assessment
Exchange your table with a partner.
For each of these statements, rate your partner’s work.
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if you think they if they did it quite well, but it if they didn't do it all, or it
did it very well could be improved needs a lot of improvement.
• They made a neat table with ruled lines.

• They gave the columns in the table headings to make clear what each one shows.
• They headed the rows in the table with the names of the two kinds of plant cell.
• They wrote short, very clear descriptions of how the cell is specialised.
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• The table is very clear and you can understand it easily.
Summary checklist
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I can name three kinds of specialised animal cell, and two kinds of
specialised plant cell.
I can explain how the structure of each kind of specialised cell is
related to its function.
I can design and construct a table to summarise information.
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1.4 Cells, tissues and organs

• find out about tissues, organs and organ systems in living
organisms
• recognise and name human organs that are part of different
organ systems.
Getting started
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Draw an outline of a human body.
Sketch the position of each of these organs on the outline.
brain heart stomach intestine lungs
ciliated epithelium organ system tissue

A
lower epidermis organism upper epidermis
onion epidermis palisade layer
organ spongy layer
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1 Cells
Tissues
Living things, including animals and plants, are called organisms. There
are many different kinds of cell in an animal or a plant. Most of them
are specialised to carry out a particular activity. Usually, many cells of
the same kind are grouped together.
A group of similar cells, which all work together to carry out a
particular function, is called a tissue.
The diagrams show a tissue from a plant, and a tissue from an animal.
This is a diagram of a tissue from inside an onion. It is called an onion
epidermis. This tissue covers the surface of the layers inside the onion.
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This is a diagram of ciliated epithelium – the tissue that lines the tubes
leading down to our lungs. The cilia all wave together, like grass in the wind.
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cilia
nucleus
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Questions
1 What is the function of the ciliated epithelium tissue?
(Think about the function of a ciliated cell.)
2 The word ‘tissue’ has an everyday meaning and a different scientific
meaning. Write two sentences, one using the word ‘tissue’ with
its everyday meaning, and one using the word ‘tissue’ with its
scientific meaning.
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Organs and organ systems

This is part of a leaf, cut open. A leaf is a plant organ,
and contains several different kinds of tissue.
The bodies of plants and
animals contain many different
parts, called organs. For
upper epidermis
example, your organs include
your brain, heart and muscles. palisade layer
Plants’ organs include leaves,
roots and flowers.
Each organ is made up of
several different kinds of tissue, spongy layer
working together. For example,
your brain contains neurones,
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and also several other kinds of lower epidermis
cell. A plant root contains root
hair cells, and also several other
This is part of a leaf, cut open. A leaf is a plant organ, and contains several different
kinds of cell. kinds of tissue.
Organs also work together.
A set of organs that all
work together to carry out the same function is called an organ system.
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Activity 1.4.1
Organs and systems in humans
Your task is to find out the names and functions of the different organs that are part of one
system in the human body.
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Choose from: digestive system, circulatory system, respiratory system or skeletal system.
When you have found this information, decide how to display it. Perhaps you could make
a presentation, or a large drawing with labels and descriptions.
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Question
3 Copy and complete each sentence, using words from the list.
organism tissue organ organ system
A group of similar cells is called a ………………… .

An ………………… is a structure made of many different tissues.
An ………………… is a group of organs that carry out a particular
function.
An ………………… is a living thing. It may contain many different
organ systems, organs and tissues.
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1 Cells
Summary checklist
I can give examples of tissues and organs in animals and plants.
I can explain the meanings of the words tissue, organ and organ system.
Project: Cells discovery timeline

This project is about how scientific knowledge
gradually develops over time. You are going to
work in a group to do research, and then use
your findings to help to make a timeline.
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Science never stays still. When one scientist makes a
new discovery, this suggests new questions that other
scientists can investigate.
You are going to help to produce a timeline. The timeline
will show how scientists gradually discovered that all living
things are made of cells.
The list below shows some of the important steps that occurred.
In your group, choose one of these steps to investigate. Make
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sure that you do not choose the same step as another group.
Help your group to find out more about this step. Then help This is the type of microscope
to produce an illustrated account of what happened. that Robert Hooke used.
Try to include an explanation of how the work of earlier
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scientists helped this step to take place.
1625 Galileo Galilei builds the first microscope.
1665 Robert Hooke looks at cork (from tree bark) through a microscope, and describes
little compartments that he calls cells.
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1670 Anton van Leeuwenhoek improves the microscope and is able to see living cells in
a drop of pond water.
1833 Robert Brown discovers the nucleus in plant cells
1838 Matthias Schleiden proposes that all plant tissues are made of cells. Theodor
Schwann proposes that is also true of animal cells.
1845 Carl Heinrich Braun proposes that cells are the basic unit of all life.
1855 Rudolf Virchow says that all cells only arise from other cells.
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1 Cells
Check your Progress

1.1 Different cells have different functions.
Name the cell that carries out each function.
Choose from the list.
red blood cell root hair cell palisade cell neurone ciliated cell
a Moves mucus up through the airways.

b Absorbs water from the soil.
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c Makes food by photosynthesis. [3]
1.2 The diagram shows an animal cell.
B
A
C
D
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a Name the parts labelled A, B, C and D. [4]
b Describe two ways you can tell that this is an animal cell and not a plant cell. [2]
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1.3 The diagram shows a plant cell.

A B C D E
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1 Cells
For each letter, A–E, write the name of the cell part and its function. Choose from
these lists:
Names:
mitochondrion cell membrane nucleus cell wall chloroplast
Functions:
holds the cell in shape
controls what goes in and out of the cell
where photosynthesis takes place
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where energy is released from nutrients
controls the activities of the cell [5]
1.4 The diagram shows a specialised cell from the human body.
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a What is the name of this cell? [1]
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b What is the function of this cell? [1]
c Describe how the cell is adapted to carry out its function. [1]
d Name the system in the human body that this cell is part of. [1]
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1.5 These sentences are about the way that cells are grouped together in complex
organisms.
Copy and complete each sentence. Choose from the list.
cell tissue organ organ system
a In a complex organism such as human or a plant, similar cells are grouped

together to form a ……………….. .
b The stomach is an example of an ……………….. .
c The heart and blood vessels are all part of the same ……………….. . [3]
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Science
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WORKBOOK 7
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Contents
Contents
1 Cells
1.1 Plant cells 1
1.2 Animal cells 5
1.3 Specialised cells 7
1.4 Cells, tissues and organs 11
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2 Materials and their structure
2.1 Solids, liquids and gases 16
2.2 Changes of state 21
2.3 Explaining changes of state 26
2.4 The water cycle 30
2.5 Atoms, elements and the Periodic Table 32
Compounds and formulae 34
2.6
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2.7 Compounds and mixtures 38
3 Forces and energy

3.1 Gravity, weight and mass 42
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3.2 Formation of the Solar System 49
3.3 Movement in space 53
3.4 Tides 56
3.5 Energy 60
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3.6 Changes in energy 64

3.7 Where does energy go? 67
4 Grouping and identifying organisms

4.1 Characteristics of living organisms 71
4.2 Viruses 75
4.3 What is a species? 77
4.4 Using keys 82
4.5 Writing keys 87
iii
Contents
5 Properties of materials
5.1 Metals and non-metals 90
5.2 Comparing metals and non-metals 93
5.3 Metal mixtures 98
5.4 Using the properties of materials to separate mixtures 100
5.5 Acids and alkalis 105
5.6 Indicators and the pH scale 107
6 Earth physics
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6.1 Sound waves 111
6.2 Reflections of sound 114
6.3 The structure of the Earth 120
6.4 Changes in the Earth 122
6.5 Solar and lunar eclipses 124
7 Microorganisms in the environment

7.1 Microorganisms
A 127
7.2 Food chains and webs 131
7.3 Microorganisms and decay 135
7.4 Microorganisms in food webs 142
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8 Changes to materials
8.1 Simple chemical reactions 144
8.2 Neutralisation 149
8.3 Investigating acids and alkalis 154
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8.4 Detecting chemical reactions 162
9 Electricity
9.1 Flow of electricity 165
9.2 Electrical circuits 167
9.3 Measuring the flow of current 169
9.4 Conductors and insulators 171
9.5 Adding or removing components 173
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1 Cells
1.1 Plant cells
Exercise 1.1A Structure of a plant cell
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Focus
This exercise will help you to learn the names of the parts of a plant cell.
Complete the labels on the plant cell.
Use these words.
cell wall cell membrane cytoplasm mitochondrion

nucleus sap vacuole chloroplast
A
...................................... ......................................
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...................................... ......................................
......................................
D
......................................
......................................
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1 Cells
Exercise 1.1B Drawing and labelling

a plant cell
Practice
In this exercise, you will practise making and labelling a clear,
simple diagram.
Marcus makes a drawing of a plant cell.
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Marcus’s teacher gives him a list of three things he needs to do,
to improve his drawing.
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• Make sure each label line touches
the structu re it is labelling
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• Take care to get the shapes and

proportions correct
• Do not shade or colour you r drawing.
2
1.1 Plant cells
1 Write down two more ways that Marcus can improve his labels.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
2 In the space below, draw and label a better diagram of the same
plant cell.
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1 Cells
Exercise 1.1C Different plant cells

Challenge
In this exercise, you will practise making comparisons.
You will also think about why plant cells are not all the same.
The diagrams show two plant cells.
1.1C.1: Plant cell A.
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Describe three differences between Plant cell A and Plant cell B.
The first difference has been started for you.
1.1C.2: Plant cell B.
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First difference: Plant cell A has ……………………………...….…
but Plant cell B …………………………………………..………….
…………………………………………………………………………...
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Second difference:
…………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………...
D
Third difference:
…………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………...
2 Suggest which cell comes from a leaf.
Explain your suggestion.
…………………………………………………………………………...
…………………………………………………………………………...
4
1.2 Animal cells
1.2 Animal cells

Exercise 1.2 How to use a microscope
Some of the things that biologists study are very small. Answering these
questions will help you to become confident in using a microscope to see
very small things.
Focus
1 The diagram shows a microscope.
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A
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Label the parts of the microscope. Use all of the words in this list.
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stage eyepiece mirror high-power objective lens

medium-power objective lens low-power objective lens
coarse focusing knob fine focusing knob
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1 Cells
Practice
2 Zara is using a microscope to look at some animal cells on a slide.
She knows that there are animal cells on the slide but when she
looks through the microscope, she cannot see any cells.
List three reasons why Zara cannot see any cells.
First reason: …………………………………………………………
Second reason: ………………………………………………………
Third reason: …………………………………………………………
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Challenge
3 Write some advice to Zara, to help her to see the cells on her slide.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
A
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
D
…………………………………………………………………………
6

Exercise 1.3 How cells are specialised
for their functions
This exercise will help you to explain how cells are specialised for their
functions. For Question 3a you will need to think hard about designing a
table that is easy for everyone to understand. It is a good idea to try out
several ideas on rough paper first.
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Focus
1 The diagram shows a red blood cell.
A
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Complete the sentences.
Choose words from the list.
You can use each word once, more than once or not at all.
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capillaries cytoplasm food haemoglobin oxygen
a Red blood cells contain a substance called
………………………… This helps them to carry
………………………… around the body.

b Red blood cells are smaller than most cells. This helps
them to squeeze through the small blood vessels called
………………………………………………………………………
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1 Cells
Practice
2 The diagram shows a specialised cell.
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a Name this cell.
……………………………………………………………………
b Explain how you can tell that this is a plant cell and not an
animal cell.
A
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
c Describe the function of this cell.

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………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
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d Explain how this cell is adapted for its function.
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………………………
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Challenge
3 The diagrams show two specialised cells.
a
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Design and draw a table that you can use to compare the
A
structures of these two cells.
Then complete your table.
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1 Cells
b In your own words, explain how the structure of each cell is

adapted for its function.
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
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………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………
A
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Exercise 1.4A Identifying cells, tissues,
organs and organ systems
Focus
This exercise will help you to remember the meanings of the words ‘cell’,
‘tissue’, ‘organ’ and ‘organ system’.
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Draw a line from each word to the correct diagram.
Words Diagrams
cell
A
tissue
R
D
organ
organ system
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1 Cells
Exercise 1.4B Human organ systems

Practice
If you studied Cambridge Science before Stage 7, you will have learnt
about some of the organ systems in the human body. This will help
you to complete the table. If you cannot fill in the third column
from memory, look up the organ systems on the internet or in the library.
The table below is about four organ systems in the human body. These are:
respiratory system nervous system
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circulatory system digestive system
Complete the table by:
• writing the name of the organ system in the second column
• writing at least two organs in the third column.
Function Organ system Some organs in the system

A
transporting substances
around the body
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breaking down food and
absorbing it into the blood
D
taking oxygen into the

body and getting rid of
carbon dioxide
helping different parts of

the body to communicate
with one another
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Exercise 1.4C Sting cells in Hydra

Challenge
In this challenging task, you will practise finding relevant information
in text and diagrams. You will then apply this information, and your
knowledge of cells, tissues and organs, to answer questions.
Hydra is a tiny animal that lives in freshwater ponds. It has tentacles that
it uses to catch even smaller animals, which it pushes into its mouth. The
mouth opens into a cavity where digestion takes place.
The body of Hydra is made up of two layers of cells. The diagram shows
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what Hydra would look like if you cut one in two, from top to bottom,
and looked at it through a microscope.
tentacle
mouth
sting cell
A
outer layer of cells
inner layer of cells

R
digestive cavity
D
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1 Cells
Hydra has some specialised cells, called sting cells, to help it to catch its food.
These cells contain tiny coiled threads. When a prey animal touches
the trigger on the sting cell, the thread shoots out and wraps around
the prey. Some of these threads may have poisonous
chemicals on them, which kill the prey.
thread after firing
The diagram shows a sting cell before and after
it has been triggered.
trigger
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coiled thread
cell membrane
cytoplasm
nucleus
A
1 For each of these parts of Hydra, decide whether it is a cell, a tissue
or an organ.
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a inner layer of cells …………………………………………………
b outer layer of cells ………………………………………………
c sting cell …………………………………………………………

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d tentacle ……………………………………………………………
2 In humans, there are several different organs that make up the
digestive system.
Does Hydra have a digestive system? Explain your answer.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
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3 List three features of a sting cell that you would expect to find in
most animal cells.
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
4 Explain how you can tell from the diagram that the sting cell is an
animal cell and not a plant cell.
…………………………………………………………………………
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…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
5 A sting cell is a specialised cell. In your own words, explain how a
sting cell is adapted for its function.
…………………………………………………………………………
A
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
R
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
D
…………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………
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Science
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TEACHER’S RESOURCE 7
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Second edition Digital Access
Contents
Contents
Acknowledgements 4
Introduction 5
About the authors 6
How to use this series 8
How to use this Teacher’s Resource 10
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About the curriculum framework 12
About the assessment 13
Approaches to teaching and learning 13
Setting up for success 15
Teaching notes
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1 Cells 1
2 States of matter 18
3 Forces and energy 43
4 Grouping and identifying organisms 72
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5 Properties of materials 91
6 Earth physics 110
7 Microorganisms in the environment 130
8 Changes to materials 148
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9 Electricity 164
Glossary and index 184
3
1 CELLS
1 Cells
Unit plan
Topic Learning Learning content Resources
hours
1.1 Plant cells 2.5-4 Structure of plant cells; Learner’s Book: Questions 1–2
functions of their different
parts; strengths and Think like a scientist: Making a model of a plant cell
limitations of models; Think like a scientist: Looking at plant cells through
using a microscope.
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a microscope
Workbook: Exercise 1.1A, Structure of a plant cell
Exercise 1.1B, Drawing and labelling a plant cell
Exercise 1.1C, Different plant cells
Teacher’s Resource: Worksheet 1.1A, Plant cell
structure and function
Worksheet 1.1B, Plant cell structure and function
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Worksheet 1.1C, Plant cell structure and function
Template 1: Assessment sheet for Think like a
scientist: Looking at plant cells through a microscope
1.2 Animal 2.5-4 Structure of animal cells; Learner’s Book: Questions 1–2
cells comparison of plant
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and animal cells; further Think like a scientist: Looking at animal cells through
consideration of use of a microscope
models; further practice Activity: Building up pictures of plant and animal cells
in using a microscope.
Workbook: Exercise 1.2 (stepped), How to use a
microscope
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Teacher’s Resource: Worksheet 1.2A, Comparing

plant and animal cells
Worksheet 1.2B, Comparing plant and animal cells
Worksheet 1.2C, Comparing plant and animal cells:
1.3 2-3 Concept of relationship Learner’s Book: Questions 1–4
Specialised between structure and
cells Activity: Structure and function in animal cells
function; examples of
specialised plant and Activity: Structure and function in plant cells
animal cells.
Workbook: Exercise 1.3 (stepped), How cells are
specialised for their functions
Teacher’s Resource: Worksheet 1.3, Specialised cells
1
CAMBRIDGE LOWER SECONDARY SCIENCE 7: TEACHER’S RESOURCE
Topic Learning Learning content Resources

hours
1.4 Cells, 2-3 Hierarchical organisation Learner’s Book: Questions 1–2
tissues and of cells, tissues, organs
organs and organ systems. Activity: Organs and systems in humans
Workbook: Exercise1.4A, Identifying cells, tissues,
organs and organ systems
Exercise 1.4B, Human organ systems
Exercise 1.4C, Sting cells in Hydra
Teacher’s Resource: Worksheet 1.4A, Human organs
and systems
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Worksheet 1.4B, Human organs and systems
Worksheet 1.4C, Human organs and systems
Template 2: Outline chart for Activity: Organs and
systems in humans
Cross-unit Check Cells discovery timeline. Language development worksheets
resources your
1.1 Scientific meanings of words
progress
1.2 Cell structure and function (comprehension exercise)
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BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE
• This is likely to be the first time that learners have • Using a microscope is not a requirement of the
studied animal and plant cells, although learners curriculum framework, but it is a very useful skill
will have heard about cells and will have some for learners to develop. Making their own slide,
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awareness of them. The diagrams in the Learner’s and using a microscope to look at the cells on
Book show all of the parts of a cell that learners the slide, can help to make cells more ‘real’ for
are required to know. Making a model of a cell will learners. It also gives good practice in working
help learners to translate these two-dimensional safely and using ‘real’ scientific apparatus.
drawings into a three-dimensional representation. • Note that microorganisms as single celled
Note that only the outline functions of each of the organisms are included in Unit 7.
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cell parts are needed at this stage.
TEACHING SKILLS FOCUS
Working in groups involved, which can bring to light misconceptions and

Many activities in this unit, such as making a model of increase their engagement and understanding.
a cell, benefit from being undertaken as group work. You may like to allocate a specific role to each learner
Expecting learners to work together to complete within a group – for example, collecting materials,
a task encourages them to talk about the issues time-keeping, writing answers, doing the experiment,
2
1 CELLS
CONTINUED
writing results, checking that everything has been allow the learners to allocate the roles within their
completed and reporting back. These roles will vary own group. This encourages them to take charge
according to what the task is. You can allocate these of their own learning experience. You may need
roles yourself when learners are first experiencing to ensure that each learner takes on different roles
group work. Once they are confident in group work, in different activities and does not avoid taking on
you can tell the class what the roles are and then particular tasks.
CROSS-CURRICULAR LINKS
English: learners will need to use suitable language to make comparisons between animal and plant cells.
For example, plant cells have a cell wall but animal cells do not. Both plant and animal cells have cell
membranes. Plant cells are more regular in shape than animal cells.
Topic 1.1 Plant cells

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Curriculum reference
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Learning intentions Success criteria
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7Bs.01 Understand that all • Begin to learn about cells. • State that all living organisms are
organisms are made of cells and made of cells.
microorganisms are typically • Find out about the parts of a
single celled (part). plant cell, and what they do. • Identify the structures listed above
from photographs and diagrams.
• Make a model of a plant
cell. • State the function of each structure.
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7Bs.02 Identify and describe the • Use a microscope to look • Contribute to making a model of
functions of cell structures (limited at plant cells. a plant cell.
to cell membrane, cytoplasm,
nucleus, cell wall, chloroplast, • Make a statement about how
mitochondria and sap vacuole). well the model represents a real
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plant cell.
7TWSm.01 Describe the • Make an assessment of the
strengths and limitations of a success of the group‘s own model
model. in comparison with others.
7TWSc.05 Carry out practical • Make a temporary slide of plant
work safely. cells.
• Use a microscope to see plant cells.
3
LANGUAGE SUPPORT
Learners will use the following words: mitochondrion (plural: mitochondria): a

cell: the smallest unit from which all living things structure inside the cell where energy is released
are made; cells always have a cell membrane and from food
cytoplasm, and usually a nucleus magnify: to make something look bigger
cell wall: the outer layer of a plant cell, made from Note that the word ‘structure’ can be used
cellulose; it gives support to the cell, but does not to mean an object (e.g. a chloroplast) and a
control what enters or leaves it (note that fungi description of the form of an object (e.g. the
and bacteria also have cell walls, but these are not shape of a cell and its different parts). In the
made of cellulose) Learner’s Book, the word ‘part’ has been used
cellulose: the material that the cell wall is made for the different structures within a cell, to avoid
from confusion.
cell membrane: a very thin layer surrounding every There are many new terms in this topic. Make sure
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cell, which controls what enters and leaves the cell; you are familiar with the terms before you teach
in a plant cell, the cell membrane is pressed tightly the topic, and make sure you demonstrate the
against the cell wall and so cannot be seen as a terms orally and in writing whenever possible when
separate structure teaching this topic. It is important to encourage
the learners to say the words themselves. The
cytoplasm: the material that fills a cell; it is a gel
three activities described in the Main Teaching
made of many substances, including proteins,
Ideas for this topic provide opportunities for
dissolved in water
learners to practise using the key words orally and
nucleus: a structure found in most cells, surrounded in writing.
by a membrane, in which chromosomes are found;
Learners may be familiar with the key word `cell’
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information held on the chromosomes controls the
from everyday speech. The Getting Started
activities of the cell
activity described in the Starter Ideas for this topic
sap vacuole: a structure that is often, but not explores how to introduce the scientific meaning of
always, present in plant cells; it contains a liquid the word ‘cell’.
called cell sap
You can make a set of flash cards for learners to
chloroplast: a structure found in some plant use to match the new terms learnt in this topic
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cells which looks green because it contains with their meanings. Write the word on one side
chlorophyll; chloroplasts are the site of of the card and its meaning on the other side. Get
photosynthesis learners to test one another. More detail on this
chlorophyll: a green pigment that absorbs energy idea is provided in the Naming the parts of a plant
from light; this energy drives the reactions of cell activity described in the Plenary Ideas for this
photosynthesis topic.
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Common misconceptions
Misconception How to identify How to overcome
Learners may confuse the cell wall Look at answers to Question 2. Making a model of a plant cell,
and cell membrane. using cling film pressed against the
inner surface of a cardboard box,
will help learners to understand
the relationship between these two
structures.
4
1 CELLS

Learners may not remember Look for placement of these parts Making a model of a plant cell, with
that chloroplasts, nucleus and when making a model cell. Some these structures placed correctly,
mitochondria are within the learners may place them within the will help learners to remember this
cytoplasm of a cell. vacuole or in the cell wall. point.
Starter ideas This is a good activity for helping learners to

recognise parts of a plant cell, encouraging use
1 Getting started (10 min) of the new terms for the parts of a plant cell, and
Resources: Learner’s Book. giving confidence in pronouncing these words.
Description: Ask learners to work with a partner to Differentiation ideas: A more confident learner
think about answers to the three questions. There is could be asked to read a piece of information aloud.
no need to write down their answers. Then, ask some You could then ask a learner who needs more
support to read the same information aloud.
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of the pairs to give their suggested answers orally.
Use their ideas to uncover any wrong preconceptions Explain that it is a good idea to hear the words at
about cells, which you can address later in the lesson. least twice to help everyone to know what the words
sound like, and to understand the information.
2 Meaning of the word ‘cell‘ (10 min) Assessment ideas: Check that learners are confident
Description: Organise learners into groups or pairs. in pronouncing the names of the parts of a plant cell.
Ask each group to think of as many meanings as they
can for the word ‘cell’. They may be able to think of:
2 The parts and functions of a plant cell:
• a very small room, such as a prison cell
Pelmanism (15–20 min)
• a battery
Learning intention: To consolidate understanding of
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• a tiny part of a plant of animal. the structure of a plant cell.
You could also ask learners to think of another word Resources: For each group, seven identical cards
that sounds the same, but means something different, with the name of a plant cell part on one side and
i.e. sell. seven more identical cards with a short description
Give learners three or four minutes, and then ask for of the functions on one side.
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ideas. Make small drawings on the board, for example Description: Organise learners into groups of four
of a prison cell, a cell in a torch (flashlight) and a plant or five. One person in the group shuffles the cards
cell, with their names written next to them. Explain that, and then places them down in two rows of seven on
today, they will be learning about the third kind of cell. the bench, face down.
One learner then chooses two cards and places them
Main teaching ideas face up. If the two cards are a matching name and
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1 The parts of a plant cell (10–15 min) function (which is unlikely!), this learner takes the two
Learning intention: To be able to identify and name cards and keeps them. The same learner then takes
the different parts of a plant cell, and to outline another two cards. However, if the cards do not match,
their functions. they are placed back down in their original positions,
face down again, and the next learner takes a turn.
Resources: Learner’s Book Topic 1.1, diagram of
a labelled plant cell from a leaf. If possible, show a This continues, with all learners in the group taking
large copy of this diagram on the board or screen. turns. As the game continues, it becomes a test of
memory of the placement of the cards, as well as a
Description: Ask learners to look at the diagram test of knowing which function belongs with which
and the labels. Talk about each labelled part in turn, structure. The winner is the person with most cards
pronouncing the words clearly. at the end of the game.
If learners are sufficiently confident, ask one learner Differentiation ideas: This task works well
to read the information about the cell wall. As they with learners of all abilities. Differentiation is by
read, you can indicate the cell wall on the diagram. outcome. Learners who need more support are
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likely to end up with fewer cards than those who model to a chosen display area, for example to a
have a strong understanding. To avoid some learners bench or tables along one wall. One person from
feeling disappointed, you could consider putting each group should stay with their model to explain
learners of similar ability in the same group. it. The rest of the class then does a ‘gallery walk’,
Assessment ideas: Move around the room and with the learners visiting each model in turn and
listen to groups as they work, listening for strengths asking the ‘owner’ to explain it.
and weaknesses of different learners in matching Finally, ask all learners to sit down. Discuss their models
parts to functions. with them. You could ask learners to answer Think like
a scientist questions 1 and 2, or you could address these
3 Think like a scientist: Making a model of issues through questioning. You could ask:
a plant cell (20–30 min) • Which did you think was the best model? Why do
Learning intention: To consolidate understanding you think that?
of the functions of the different parts of a plant
• When you saw other groups’ models, did that
cell; to be able to make a model that is a fairly good
make you want to change your model? If so, how
representation of some of the parts of a plant cell,
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would you change it? Why?
and their relationship with one another; to recognise
some of the limitations of this model. • Do you think any of the models are really perfect
representations of a plant cell? Why do you think
Resources: Provide the following materials as a
that?
selection on a bench, from which each group can
choose what they would like to use: • Did this activity help you to understand the
structure of a plant cell any better than you did
• transparent boxes, e.g. food boxes
before? If so, how did it help you?
• cardboard boxes of various sizes
If you, or the learners, would like to see instructions
• small and large, sealable plastic bags filled with water for making one kind of model plant cell, visit the
•
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green peas or green beads BBC Bitesize website and search for ‘Components of
• cling film (transparent food wrap) a plant cell’. There is a slideshow with step-by-
step instructions for making a model. It is strongly
recommended that you do not show this to learners
• purple grapes until they have made their own models.
• green grapes Practical guidance: This can be a messy activity,
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• coloured Plasticine or another modelling material. so it is best done in a laboratory, or in a room where
Description: Organise learners into groups of three surfaces and the floor can easily be cleaned.
or four. Tell each group that they are going to make Differentiation ideas: This is best done as a group
a model of a plant cell. Explain that there is no activity. In a mixed-ability group, learners of all
one solution to this problem – you expect that each abilities should be able to contribute in some way. If
group will make a different model, using a different you move around the groups as they work, you can
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selection of materials. ask some learners questions such as:

Show them the materials available. Then ask each • What part of the cell is being built now?
group to spend five minutes discussing how they will • Why did your group choose the box/grapes/peas
make their model. to represent that part?
Ask one member from each group to come and • Which part are you going to add next?
collect the materials they need. Explain that, if they
change their minds as they work on the model, Assessment ideas: Assess how well the models
then that is OK – they can come and collect other of plant cells match the structure of a real cell.
materials if they decide to do so. Ask learners to explain their models, and use their
explanations to assess how well they understand
Allow about 15 minutes for the groups to make their the structure of a plant cell. Use their answers
models. If they require longer, try to give them more time. to Think like a scientist questions 1 and 2 to
When all groups have completed their models, or assess their understanding that the model has
during the next lesson, ask each group to take their limitations.
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1 CELLS
Plenary ideas Tell learners that they will find out whether they are
right in the next lesson.
1 Naming the parts of a plant cell (5 min) Assessment ideas: Check that learners appreciate
Description: Draw, or project, an unlabelled image that plants look green because some of their cells
of a plant cell on the board. Ask one learner to contain chloroplasts, which are green.
name a part of the cell. Ask another learner to
Reflection ideas: Ask learners, ‘Which activity
come and label this part of the cell on the board.
that you did today gave you the most help in
Repeat for each part of the plant cell.
understanding the structure of a plant cell? Why
Assessment ideas: Use learners’ answers to check do you think that activity was especially helpful?’
their ability to recognise and name the parts of a
plant cell. Homework ideas
Check that learners can pronounce and spell the 1 Workbook exercises 1.1A, 1.1B, 1.1C.
names correctly.
2 Learners could make a set of flashcards to use for
revision, with the name of a part of a plant cell on
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2 Looking ahead (5 min) one side and its function on the other side.
Description: Ask learners the following questions:
Topic worksheets
• Do you think all living things are made of cells?
• Worksheet 1.1A, Plant cell structure and function
• Do you think animals are made of cells? (Focus)
• Are you an animal? • Worksheet 1.1B, Plant cell structure and function
• Are you green? (Practice)
• Can you suggest one thing that some plant cells • Worksheet 1.1C, Plant cell structure and function
have that animal cells probably do not have? (Challenge)
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Topic 1.2 Animal cells
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Curriculum reference Learning intentions Success criteria
7Bs.04 Describe the similarities • Find out how animal cells • Draw and label an animal cell,
and differences between the differ from plant cells. seen using a microscope.
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structures of plant and animal

cells. • Look at animal cells using a • Describe possible changes to a
microscope. model of a plant cell to make it
7TWSc.05 Carry out practical into a model of an animal cell.
work safely.
• Identify photographs of cells
as plant cells or animal cells.
• Make a temporary slide of

animal cells.
• Use a microscope to see
animal cells.
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LANGUAGE SUPPORT
Learners will use the following word: The Think like a Scientist: Looking at animal
stain: a coloured substance or dye that is used to cells through a microscope activity described in
colour cells; often, the stain will colour different the Main teaching ideas for this topic provides
parts of the cell different colours, making it easier opportunities for learners to use the key word.
to pick out these parts when viewing the cells
through a microscope
Confusion about cell walls and cell Ask learners to tell you differences Question 2, where learners are
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membranes may continue here. between plant and animal cells. asked how they could change
Listen for incorrect statements such their model of a plant cell into
as plant cells have a cell wall but a model of an animal cell, can
animal cells have a cell membrane. help learners to understand that
the cell membrane they included
in their plant cell model stays in
place, but the cell wall would be
removed.
Learners may forget that not all As learners answer question Remind learners of the onion cells
plant cells have chloroplasts. 1, listen or look for incorrect they looked at in Topic 1.1. These
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statements such as the cell doesn’t did not have chloroplasts.
have chloroplasts, so it must be an
animal cell.
Learners may show chloroplasts Complete the activity Building If the error arises, use questioning
and mitochondria in the wrong part pictures of animal and plant cells. to help learners to see what they
of a plant cell, for example within have done wrong. For example,
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the cell wall or the sap vacuole. What is this part of the cell?
(Chloroplast.) What is this part
of the cell? (Cell wall.) Do plant
cells have chloroplasts in their cell
walls? (No.) So where should the
chloroplasts go? (In the cytoplasm.)
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Starter ideas Then ask learners to work in pairs to think of a way

of remembering what each of these names refers to.
1 Getting started (5–10 min) Allow no more than three to five minutes and then
Resources: Show a large, unlabelled diagram of ask for their ideas.
a plant cell, such as a drawing on the board or a
projected image. 2 Using a model to consolidate knowledge
Description: Ask learners to think of five parts of of the parts of a plant cell (5 min)
a plant cell that begin with the letter C. Build up Resources: One of the models made by learners in
a list on the board. For each part, ask a learner to Topic 1.1.
come and point to the part of the cell that is being Description: Show learners one of the models made
named. in Topic 1.1. You may like to explain that you have
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1 CELLS
not necessarily chosen this model because it is the Description: Demonstrate to learners how to
‘best’ model. Point to one part of the model and put animal cells onto the slide (see the practical
ask: What part of the cell does this represent? When guidance.) Demonstrate how to put a few drops of
the correct answer has been given, ask a learner to methylene blue solution onto the cells and cover it
come and write that name on the board. Repeat with a cover slip.
with the other parts of the model.
Ask learners, in their groups, to make their own
slide of animal cells, stain it, and then look at it
Main teaching ideas under a microscope, following the guidance in the
Learner’s Book.
1 Discussing differences between animal Practical guidance: Methylene blue stain can be
cells and plant cells (5 min) bought from normal biological suppliers.
Learning intention: To begin to identify differences Check local regulations about the use of animal
between the structure of a plant cell and an animal cell. cells. If allowed, learners can easily and safely
Resources: Learner’s Book Topic 1.2, diagram of an obtain cells from the inner surface of their cheeks.
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animal cell. Demonstrate how to very gently rub a soft cotton
Description: Ask learners to look at the diagram of bud over the inner surface of the mouth. The moist
an animal cell. State that four parts are labelled on bud can then be rubbed onto the slide, where a few
the animal cell. Do plant cells have all of these four cells will be deposited.
parts? Explain that these are similarities between In some countries, learners may not be allowed to
the cells. (The labelled parts on the animal cell use cheek cells from their own mouths. If so, you
are cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondrion and cell could supply a sheep trachea (obtained from a
membrane.) butcher) and rub the cotton bud very gently on the
Ask what differences there are between a plant cell inside of the trachea to pick up cells.
and an animal cell. Build up a list on the board.
A Safety: There is a very small risk of pathogens
(Plant cells also have a cell wall, a sap vacuole and being transferred from one learner to another
sometimes chloroplasts.) through contact with cheek cells. Ensure that all
Differentiation ideas: Learners who need more equipment used is put into a bucket of Lysol, or
support could be asked to look at a picture of a another disinfectant, at the end of the practical,
plant cell at the same time as the picture of an and is thoroughly cleaned before reuse.
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animal cell. Although the danger is very slight, be aware that
Learners who would benefit from a little more microscope slides and cover slips are made of glass,
challenge could be asked not to look at a plant cell so breakages could lead to cuts.
diagram, but to answer your questions from memory. Differentiation ideas: All learners should be able to
Assessment ideas: Listen to learners’ suggestions do this activity, but some will need much more help
about similarities and differences to assess how well than others in order to achieve success.
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learners remember the structure of a plant cell. You could work directly with any learners who
are having difficulty in making the slide, or seeing
2 Think like a scientist: Looking at animal anything through the microscope, to help them
cells through a microscope (20–25 min) to make a good slide and to be able to focus on
the cells.
Learning intention: To be able to make a temporary slide
of animal cells; to develop skills in using a microscope Learners who are immediately successful, and who
to look at cells; to use a stain to colour cells. are able to see the cells clearly, could be provided
Resources: Per group: a microscope, a microscope with a purchased slide of a stained blood film, and
slide, cover slip, cotton bud, some methylene asked to identify and draw some of the cells that
blue stain, a dropper pipette, source of animal they can see.
cells, e.g. their own cheek lining (see the practical Assessment ideas: Look at the slides that the
guidance). learners produce to judge how careful and
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successful they have been in handling slides and more ‘difficult’, for example red blood cells (which
cover slips, and adding stain to the cell sample. do not have a nucleus).
Look at the slides down the microscope to check Assessment ideas: Use learners’ answers to
that learners have used the microscope successfully assess how well they understand the differences
and have managed to focus on cells. in structure between plant and animal cells, and
Look at the labelled drawings they make to judge how well they can recognise these structures in
whether they have genuinely managed to see and unfamiliar images.
draw cells (rather than copying a drawing of an
animal cell from elsewhere) and are able to identify Plenary ideas
its parts.
1 Remembering differences between plant
cells and animal cells (5 min)
3 Identifying cells as plant or animal cells
Description: Ask learners to address the Reflection
(10–15 min) questions in the Learner’s Book. Ask them to think
Learning intention: To be able to apply about these questions in silence for two or three
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knowledge of animal and plant cells to minutes.
unfamiliar images.
Then ask some learners to share their ideas with
Resources: Good quality images of plant and the class.
animal cells; there are three in the Learner’s Book
and you may like to find more online. 2 Question loop (5–10 min)
Description: Ask learners to look at each image and Resources: A set of cards, each with a question
decide whether it shows plant cells or animal cells. about plant and animal cells, together with an
In each case, they should give a reason for their answer to a different question.
decision. Description: Give out a card to each learner, pair or
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This could be done individually, in small groups, group. Ask one learner to read out their question.
or as a whole-class activity in which you lead The learner with the card with the correct answer to
discussions to determine an answer. If it is that question reads out the answer, and then reads
done individually, it could be done as a written out their own question.
exercise. Assessment ideas: Listen for learners giving
The answers given will depend on the images that the incorrect answer to a question. If an incorrect
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you supply. In general, plant cells can be identified answer is given, ask: Do the rest of you think that is
because they have a cell wall, whereas animal cells the correct answer? Why is that answer not correct?
do not. Note that the absence of chloroplasts does Who thinks they have the correct answer?
not indicate that a cell is an animal cell. However,
the presence of chloroplasts does mean that it is a
plant cell.
Homework ideas
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1 Worksheets 1.2A, 1.2B or 1.2C.

Differentiation ideas: All learners can attempt this
activity. If done as a class discussion, you will need 2 Workbook exercise 1.2.
to ensure that less confident learners are encouraged
to give answers.
Topic worksheets
If done individually, differentiation will be by
outcome. Some learners may make incorrect • Worksheet 1.2A, Comparing plant and animal cells
judgements or have difficulty in explaining their (Focus)
reasons. You should provide support and feedback • Worksheet 1.2B, Comparing plant and animal cells
to help them with this. (Practice)
For learners who need a further challenge, you • Worksheet 1.2C, Comparing plant and animal cells
could provide extra images, including some that are (Challenge)
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1 CELLS
Topic 1.3 Specialised cells

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7Bs.03 Explain how the structures Explain how structures of these Construct and complete
of some specialised cells are related specialised cells help them to carry tables summarising the
to their functions (including red out their functions. functions and specialised
blood cells, neurones, ciliated cells, structures of five types of cell.
root hair cells and palisade cells).
7TWSa.05 Present and interpret

observations and measurements
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appropriately
LANGUAGE SUPPORT
Learners will use the following words: like oars, which causes fluid to move along the
function: the job that something does or the role tube
that it has cilia: tiny, hair-like structures that extend from the
specialised: (of a cell) with a structure that increases surface of some cells
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its ability to carry out its function mucus: a sticky substance that helps to trap dust
red blood cell: the most common type of cell particles and bacteria in the respiratory passages
in blood; human red blood cells are circular or to lubricate surfaces, e.g. in the lining of the
with a depression in each side (biconcave); they digestive system
contain no nucleus to make more space for root hair cell: one of hundreds of cells found
haemoglobin on the outer surface of roots, close to the tip,
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haemoglobin: a protein that combines reversibly which increase the surface area of the root and,
with oxygen; it takes up oxygen when this is in a therefore, speed up the absorption of water and
high concentration, e.g. at the lungs, and releases mineral ions
oxygen when this is in a low concentration, e.g. in a palisade cell: a cell found just beneath the
respiring tissue upper surface of a leaf, specialised to carry out
pigment: a coloured substance, such as photosynthesis
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haemoglobin Many of the key words in this topic may be unfamiliar

capillary: the smallest type of blood vessel; to learners. Much of this topic will deal with different
capillaries supply blood to all tissues in the body specialised cells. It would be helpful for learners to
focus on the vocabulary for these cells.
neurone: sometimes known as a nerve cell; a cell
that is specialised to transmit electrical impulses You could display the key vocabulary on the
(action potentials) from one part of the body to board, on posters in the classroom or on smaller
another posters on the tables. It will be helpful if you
display pictures that show the meaning of each
axon: a long extension in a neurone
word, to reinforce the meaning for learners.
dendrite: a short extension in a neurone When learners find it hard to remember a word,
ciliated cell: a cell found in the lining of the encourage them to look for the word on the
trachea and oviduct; the cilia move in unison, display.
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Learners often think that red blood When discussing the functions of Look at the entries in the table in
cells carry ‘food‘. red blood cells. the activity and provide feedback
and support if necessary.
An unusual, but regularly seen, When discussing the function of Look at the entries in the table in
misconception is that neurones neurones. the activity and provide feedback
move through the body to transmit and support if necessary.
electrical impulses.
Starter ideas as What is the function of a red blood cell? (It

transports oxygen.) What differences can you see
1 Getting started (10 min) between a red blood cell and the animal cell in
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Description: In pairs, ask learners to think of ways of Topic 1.2? (They do not have a nucleus; they are
completing the sentence starters in the Learner’s Book. red because they contain haemoglobin; they are a
different shape.) Why are red blood cells different?
Ask each pair to read out one of their sentences. Then
(To help them to carry out their function of
ask: Has anyone thought of a different way of completing
transporting oxygen.) We say that red blood cells
that sentence? Continue through each sentence.
are adapted for this function. What does adapted
Determine whether learners remember the parts of mean? (They have a structure that helps them to
cell. They will be building on this understanding carry out their function.)
throughout the lesson as they discuss specialised
Repeat this questioning process, using the
cells.
diagram of a neurone and finally the diagram
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of a ciliated cell.
2 Red blood cells (5 min)
Resources: Images or video clips of red blood cells. Differentiation ideas: All learners should be involved
in this activity. Ensure that everyone contributes by
Description: Show learners the photographs and directing questions to some who are not confident with
videos. Tell them these are red blood cells. Ask: Do their answers, as well as to those who are very confident.
these cells look like the animal cells you have learnt
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If a learner gives a wrong answer, give encouragement
about so far? How are they different? Does anyone and pass the question on to someone else.
know what job red blood cells do?
Assessment ideas: Answers to oral questions
Use this activity to lead into the first main teaching will provide information about how well learners
idea below. understand the adaptations of these cells and
whether they can use the words specialised, function
Main teaching ideas
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and adapted correctly.

1 Starting to think about specialised cells
(15 min) 2 Summarising information about
Learning intention: To begin to appreciate that specialised animal cells (15 min)
there are different kinds of animal cells, with Learning intention: To consolidate understanding
different functions; begin to use the words function, of the adaptations of red blood cells, neurones and
specialised and adapted. ciliated cells for their functions.
Resources: Learner’s Book Topic 1.3, text and Resources: Outline table in the Learner’s Book;
annotated diagrams of a red blood cell, a neurone rough paper for planning; large sheet of paper to
and a ciliated cell from the Learner’s Book. display the final table.
Description: Ask learners to look at the diagram Description: In groups, ask learners to carry out the
and text describing a red blood cell. Ask Structure and function in animal cells activity, as
questions to elicit their understanding, such described in the Learner’s Book.
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1 CELLS
Differentiation ideas: If learners work in groups, Plenary ideas

ensure those who are less confident play a role.
If individual learners or groups need more
1 Interviews (5 min)
support, provide an outline table with more Description: Ask learners to sit in pairs. One learner
entries already filled in or with statements for interviews the other about specialised cells.
them to complete. Assessment ideas: Move around and listen to
Assessment ideas: Use the completed tables the questions the interviewer is asking and the
to determine how well learners understand the responses they are getting.
functions and adaptations of each of these three 2 Bingo (5–10 min)
types of specialised cell.
Resources: For each pair of learners: a list of words
used in the lesson, plus a game board to write the
3 Summarising information about words into. The board is constructed with spaces for
specialised plant cells (20 min) each of the words, with some letters already in place.
For yourself: a set of questions. Each question has
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Learning intention: To learn about the adaptations
of root hair cells and palisade cells for their one of the words from the list as its answer.
functions. Description: Read out the first question. Learners
Resources: Diagrams of a root hair cell and a work silently to write the answer into the correct
palisade cell in the Learner’s Book. place on their game board. Continue with the other
questions until one pair has completed their board.
Description: Ask learners to work individually to
complete the Structure and function in plant cells Homework ideas
activity. They can use the experience of completing
the table in the animal cells activity to help them to 1 Workbook exercise 1.3.
construct their own table. 2 Learners could design a specialised cell for a particular
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Differentiation ideas: All learners will have had function – for example, a cell that can move very fast.
experience of constructing a table to summarise 3 Language development worksheet 1.1.
structure and function in animal cells, but some may
need support to know how to draw a similar table Topic worksheets
for plant cells. Template 1.3 is an outline table that
• Worksheet 1.3, Specialised cells (standard sheet for
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they could complete.
all learners)
Assessment ideas: When each learner has
completed a table, ask them to follow the peer • Worksheet 1.3 Specialised cells (additional help
assessment instructions. If desired, you could sheet for learners who require it)
modify Template 1.1 and provide that for learners to • Worksheet 1.3 Specialised cells (extension sheet for
fill in. Later, you can mark the tables yourself. learners who need a challenge)
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Topic 1.4 Cells, tissues and organs

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
7Bs.05 Understand that cells • Find out about tissues, Identify different structures as
can be grouped together to organs and organ systems in cells, tissues, organs or organ
form tissues, organs and organ living organisms. (Learner’s systems.
systems. Book and Workbook)
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CONTINUED
7TWSc.01 Sort, group and • Recognise and name human

classify phenomena, objects, organs that are part of different
materials and organisms through organ systems. (Learner’s Book
testing, observation, using and Workbook)
secondary information, and
making and using keys
LANGUAGE SUPPORT
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Learners may misuse the word ‘organism’. Modelling onion epidermis: the thin sheet of cells that covers
the correct use of the word orally and in writing will the inner surfaces of the layers in an onion
help reinforce the correct use for learners. You could upper epidermis: the layer of cells on the top
also include ‘organism’ in the Key Words plenary, surface of a leaf
described in the Plenary ideas for this topic.
palisade layer: the layer of tall photosynthetic cells
tissue: a group of similar cells working together to just below the upper epidermis of a leaf
perform a function, e.g. ciliated epithelium spongy layer: the layer of photosynthetic cells just
organ: several different tissues working together to below the palisade layer; there are large air spaces
perform a function, e.g. the stomach between the cells
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organ system: several different organs working lower epidermis: the layer of cells on the lower
together to perform a function , e.g. the digestive surface of a leaf
system ciliated epithelium: a tissue made of animal cells
organism: a complete living thing with cilia that wave in unison
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Misuse of the word ‘organism’. Learners may use the phrase ‘your Listen for this incorrect usage
organism’, meaning ‘your body’. as learners talk to each other or
answer questions and correct it.
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Starter ideas learners to come up and draw the position of an

organ on this outline.
1 Check your understanding activity If you have a three-dimensional model of the
(5–10 min) human body, with removable organs, use this to
Resources: A large outline of a human body. check the organ positions after the learners have
If available, a model of a human body with placed them all.
removable organs.
2 Organs in plants and animals (5–10 min)
Description: Learners can draw a body outline on
a sheet of paper and do this task in pairs – it is fun Resources: A complete plant (roots, stems, leaves
for a learner to lie on a big sheet of paper while and flowers).
another learner draws around them. Alternatively, Description: Bring all the learners to sit or stand
you could provide an outline on the board and ask around a desk. Sit with them and show them the
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1 CELLS
plant. Ask: Does anyone know what an organ is? if desired, computers and software to produce a
Do humans have organs? Can you name one? Use presentation.
answers and prompting to name some human Description: Allocate an organ system to each group
organs (brain, heart, etc.). or allow them to choose. Ask them to follow the
Then ask: Do plants have organs? Use questioning instructions for the Organs and systems in humans
and the plant to name leaf, flower, stem and root as activity.
organs in a plant. Differentiation ideas: Learners requiring more
support can be provided with a more structured
Main teaching ideas task – for example, an outline plan of what they
are to produce, and some guidance about which
1 Tissues (10–15 min)
reference material to refer to.
Learning intention: To know some examples of
plant tissues. Template 1.4 is an outline chart that you could
provide for learners to complete.
Resources: A box of tissues, an entire plant,
Learners requiring a challenge could be asked to
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diagrams of a plant tissue and part of a plant leaf
in the Learner’s Book. include information about some of the tissues in one
of the organs in the system they are working on.
Description: Ask learners: What is a tissue? Talk
about the tissues in the box. Then ask: Does anyone Assessment ideas: As groups work on their
know what a tissue is in biology? Talk about the presentations, move around and talk to groups and
onion epidermis that learners used when making individuals. Use this as an opportunity to find out
a slide of onion cells and tell them that this is an anything that they are unsure about and to answer
example of a tissue in biology. their questions quietly and individually.
Show learners the plant. Concentrate on the leaf. Use the completed presentations or annotated
Identify this as an organ and then ask: Can you name drawings to check that learners are using the terms
A organ and organ system correctly.
a kind of cell in the leaf? (Answer: palisade cell.) Tell
learners that there are a lot of palisade cells in a leaf
and that they all work together to make food for the 3 Human organs and systems (20–30 min)
plant. Look at the diagram of a section through a leaf
Learning intention: To increase confidence in using
and explain that all the palisade cells work together
the terms organ and organ system.
to make food and that the group of palisade cells
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is called palisade tissue. Ask the learners to look at Resources: Worksheets 1.4A, 1.4B and 1.4C.
the diagram and find three other tissues. Encourage Description: Ask learners to complete the task as
learners to practise saying their names aloud. described on their worksheet.
Ask learners to return to their places and answer Differentiation ideas: Show learners the three
questions 1 and 2 in their notebooks. worksheets. Ask them to select the one they would
Differentiation ideas: This is a whole-class session like to do. Be prepared to encourage a learner to try
D
working with the teacher. Check that everyone a harder worksheet if necessary or to do an easier
is engaged. Use questioning to encourage less one before attempting a more difficult one.
confident learners to contribute. Assessment ideas: Mark the completed worksheets
Assessment ideas: Look at the written answers to and share feedback with the learners.
questions 1 and 2.
2 Finding out about an organ system in

Plenary ideas
humans (30–45 min) 1 Triangle, square, circle (15–20 min)
Learning intention: To become familiar with the use of Description: Organise learners into pairs or groups.
the terms organ and organ system; to know and share Ask each pair or group to:
some information about some human organ systems. • draw a triangle and write one important thing
Resources: Reference material (at a suitable level for along each side that they have learnt in this
Stage 7 learners) about each of the chosen systems; topic
15
• draw a square and write one thing along each Description: A learner picks a strip of paper and
side that they feel confident about (i.e. things gives a description of the word or clues to help
that ‘square’ with what they know and others to guess the word.
understand) Ask learners: What can you do to help you
• draw a circle and write one thing inside it that to remember these words and their
they are not quite sure of (i.e. that are still meaning?
‘circling’ in their head). Assessment ideas: Use the learners’ descriptions
As this is the final topic in this unit, you could ask and the answers, to assess understanding of key
learners to either concentrate on this topic only or vocabulary.
on the whole unit.
When everyone has finished, ask each pair or group Homework ideas
to tell you about one of the things they have written.
When someone reads out a ‘circle’ statement, ask 1 Workbook exercise 1.4A, 1.4B or 1.4C.
others in the class if they can help out. 2 Learners could draw a spider diagram or mind map
FT
Assessment ideas: This is a valuable technique to show how all the things learnt in Unit 1 link
for bringing out any areas of the topic or unit that together.
learners are not confident about.
3 Language support sheet 2.
2 Key words (5–10 min)
Resources: Strips of paper, each with one of the key Topic worksheets
words from this lesson written on it.
• Worksheet 1.4A (Focus)
As this is the last lesson in this unit, you could
include key words from other topics as well as • Worksheet 1.4B (Practice)
this one. • Worksheet 1.4C (Challenge)
A
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1 CELLS
PROJECT GUIDANCE
7SIC.01: Discuss how scientific knowledge is earlier; how earlier work enabled them to do
developed through collective understanding and this
scrutiny over time. • how other people responded to the discovery;
7SIC.04: Describe how people develop and how the discovery was shared with other
use scientific understanding, as individuals and people.
through collaboration, e.g. through peer-review Depending on the abilities of the class or of
Learners will work in groups on one particular event individual groups, you may want to provide
during the development of the idea that all living more structure, perhaps in the form of specific
things are made of cells. Each group will then make questions related to a particular person. You could
a contribution to a timeline that outlines how this also provide a template for groups to complete.
idea developed over time. However, it is good for them to try to deal with this
Decide what you would like each group to open-ended task themselves if possible, making
FT
produce. This could be a poster on A3 or A4 their own decisions about how to structure their
paper, ready to display on the wall as part of work.
a timeline. Decide how to divide the class into Finally, allocate one or more of the steps listed in
groups. You may also like to allocate roles to each the Learner’s Book to each group.
member within the group. Find and select suitable Arrange the contributions from each group on
references for groups to use. These could include the wall, to produce a timeline. If time allows,
library books and relevant websites. you could ask each group to stand next to their
Explain to the whole class what the project is about poster and give a short description of what they
and how the groups will contribute to the final found out.
timeline. Tell the groups what they need to include
A Additional issues that could be discussed include:
in their poster (or other outcome). For example:
• Why do you think all of these people were
• where the person lived, how old they were men? Why did no women contribute to these
when they made the discovery, what else they discoveries? Would it be the same today?
did other than study cells
• Why do you think they were all Europeans?
• how they made their discovery; why they were Would it be the same today?
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able to make the discovery then and not any
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17

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We are working with Cambridge Assessment International Education towards endorsement of these titles.

Cambridge Lower Secondary

Mary Jones, Diane Fellowes-Freeman & Michael Smyth

Second edition Digital access

How to use this series

The Teacher’s Resource is the

The skills-focused, write-in Workbook provides further

Cambridge Lower Secondary

Second edition Digital access

Page Unit Science Thinking and working Science in Context

How to use this book

How to use this

of all these words in the Glossary

answering questions or completing tasks.

Think like a scientist

How to use this book

5 Young plants and animals get bigger. This is called ……………… .

with the opportunity to either assess your own Activity 1.1

work or another student’s work. Is aif car

At the end of each unit, there • cardboard boxes of various sizes

These questions look back at Check your Progress

insert new diagram of

cell cellulose cytoplasm mitochondria

cell membrane chlorophyll limitations nucleus

Parts of a plant cell

Diagram of a leaf cell

1.1 Plant cells

Think like a scientist

Think like a scientist

You will need:

4 Gently push the layer into the drop of water

1.1 Plant cells

if you think you did if you did it if you didn't do it all,

1.2 Animal cells

1.2 Animal cells

Parts of an animal cell

Think like a scientist

2 Rub the cotton bud on the surface of a

You will need:

1.2 Animal cells

• What have you done that helps you to remember the

1.3 Specialised cells

1.3 Specialised cells

Some specialised animal cells

One place in the body that contains ciliated cells is the

Other cells in this lining make a sticky substance called mucus.

red blood cell transports oxygen has haemoglobin in haemoglobin

Plants also contain specialised cells. Here are two examples.

1.3 Specialised cells

cell wall nucleus

A root hair cell

• They made a neat table with ruled lines.

1.4 Cells, tissues and organs

1.4 Cells, tissues and organs

ciliated epithelium organ system tissue

1.4 Cells, tissues and organs

Organs and organ systems

organism tissue organ organ system

A group of similar cells is called a ………………… .

Project: Cells discovery timeline