Faculty : Faculty of Engineering and Green Unit : UGEA1243

Technology Code
Course : Bachelor of Engineering (Honours) Unit Title : Circuit Theory
Electronic Engineering
Year/ : Y1 Lecturer : Yeap Kim Ho
Semester
Session : May 202

EXPERIMENT 1: CIRCUIT ANALYSIS (SIMULATIONS)

OBJECTIVES

1. To verify the mesh and nodal analysis techniques through simulations.

2. To apply a -Y conversion to a Wheatstone bridge to test the -Y conversion
equations.

MATERIALS NEEDED

Resistors: 3- 1.0 k, 330 

1- 1.2 k, 91 
2- 2.2 k, 3.3 k, 220 

Instruments: 1- Electronic Workbench

SUMMARY OF THEORY

Reducing a circuit by substituting equivalent parallel or series elements is a technique that

works in most but not all circuits. The branch, mesh and nodal analysis techniques are used to
solve complex networks with a single source or multiple sources that are neither in series nor
parallel.

The branch and mesh analysis techniques will lead to a set of simultaneous equations which
can be solved algebraically to determine the currents of the network while the nodal analysis
approach will provide the potential levels of nodes of the network with respect to some
reference.

There are certain network configurations where the resistors do not appear to be in series or
parallel. Under these conditions, it is necessary to convert the network from one form to
another. The two networks to be investigated in this experiment are the delta () and the wye
(Y). To convert a  to a Y (or vice versa), we use the following conversion equations:

Equivalence

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If RA = RB = RC,

If R1 = R2 = R3, R = 3RY

PROCEDURE

Part 1 Mesh Analysis

(a) Construct the network in Figure 1.

R3 +
- 3.3k V3 +
R1=1.2k V1 I1 - I2 V2 R2=2.2k
+ E2 12V -

E1
9V
Figure 1

(b) Using the indicated mesh current directions, apply mesh analysis to calculate the
mesh currents I1 and I2 of the network in Figure 1. Then, determine the current
through each resistor and record the calculated values. Show all your calculations in
the report.

(c) Measure the voltages V1, V2 and V3 and record the values in the report. Indicate with a
minus sign for any polarity that is opposite to that in Figure 1.

Calculate the currents IR1, IR2 and IR3 using the measured voltage and record them.
Make sure to include a minus sign if the current direction is opposite to that defined
by the polarity of the voltage across the resistor. Show your calculations neatly.

Determine the percentage differences for the calculated and measured currents. How
do the calculated and measured results compare?

Part 2 Nodal Analysis

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(a) Construct the network in Figure 2.

R1=1.2k R4=2.2k
Va

E1 R2 R3 E2
9V 3.3k 1.0k 12 V

Figure 2

(b) Determine Va using nodal analysis. Show all calculations neatly.

(c) Using Va obtained in part 2(b), calculate the currents IR1 and IR3 using the given
resistor values. Record the currents.

(d) Energize the network and measure the voltage Va. Compare with the result of part
2(b).

(e) Using the measured Va and resistor values, calculate the currents IR1 and IR3. Record
the current values.

(f) How do the calculated and measured results for IR1 and IR3 compare? Determine the
percentage differences for each calculated and measured current.

Part 3 Bridge Network

(a) Construct the network in Figure 3.

R1 R3
3.3k + V5 - 3.3k
R5=2.2k
E
12V I5
R2 R4
2.2k 1.2k

Figure 3

(b) Using any of the three techniques examined in this experiment, calculate the voltage
V5 and the current I5.

(c) Measure and record the voltage V5. Insert a minus sign if the polarity is different from
that indicated in Figure 3.

(d) Calculate the percentage difference between the two values of V5.

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(e) Calculate the current I5 using the measured values of V5 and resistor R5.How does the
measured value of I5 compare with the calculated value of part 3(b)? Determine the
percentage difference.

Part 4 -Y Conversions

(a) Construct the network of Figure 4.

+ R1 R2
220 Vab 91
a b
12V RC=1k
RB RA
- 1k 1k
Figure
c4

(b) Calculate the source current I and the voltage Vab using any method other than a -Y
conversion.

(c) Measure the current I and the voltage Vab. Compare to the results obtained in part 4(b).

(d) Calculate the equivalent Y for the  formed by the three 1 k resistors. Draw the
equivalent circuit with the  replaced by the Y. Insert the calculated values of the
resistors in your equivalent circuit.

(e) Using the equivalent circuit constructed in part 4(d), measure the source current I and
the voltage Vab. Are they approximately the same as those obtained in part 4(c)? Has
the conversion process been verified? Account for any major differences.

(f) Calculate the input resistance to the network of part 4(d).

(g) Disconnect the supply and measure the input resistance to the network of part 4(d).
Compare with the results of part 4(f).

(h) Determine the input resistance to the network of part 4(a) using RT = E/I and compare
with the results of part 4(g). Should they compare? Why?

(i) Calculate I using the result of part 4(f) and compare with the value measured in part
4(e).

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