METU / SFL Fall 2022

DBE
WHO 1 INTERMEDIATE GROUP
(Instructor’s Copy)
Objectives: Students will have gained awareness of and practiced capitalization, punctuation, subject-
verb agreement, fragments, run–on sentences and comma splices and parallelism.

WRITING SKILL INPUT

A sentence is a group of words that expresses a “complete thought,” and it almost always includes a
SUBJECT and a VERB.
A simple sentence has one subject + verb combination. The subject tells who or what. The verb usually
expresses the action (e.g. jump, work, think) of the sentence or a condition (e.g. is, was, seem, become).
Examples:
* Good students study hard.
subject verb
* Frank and Joe are very successful architects.
subject subject verb
* The films entertained and thrilled audiences everywhere.
subject verb verb
* Luke Skywalker and his friends battled evil and created strong friendships at the same time.
subject subject verb verb
There are different kinds of sentences. Some sentences are statements, while others are questions.
Sentences need capital letters and punctuation.
You should capitalize:
 the first word of a sentence
 the first-person singular pronoun (I)
 proper nouns (specific people, places, and organizations) (Kate, London, British Council, etc.)
 nationalities, languages, and religions (English, Spanish, Islam)
 days of the week and months of the year (Friday, September, etc.)
You should end a sentence with one of the following:
 a period/ full stop (.) (India is home to a diverse culture.)
 a question mark (?) (Is it true that the Pamplona Bull Run involves running in front of bulls?)
 an exclamation mark (!) (What a coincidence!)
COMMON MISTAKES WHEN FORMING SENTENCES
a. Subject-Verb Agreement
When writing a sentence, you should make sure that if the subject of the sentence is singular, it must
be followed by a singular verb. Similarly, a plural subject must be followed by a plural verb. Study the
underlined head nouns in the examples below.
Examples:
* One of John's brothers lives in Boston. (singular subject - singular verb)
* A number of students are absent today. (plural subject - plural verb)
* The number of employees in my company is approximately ten thousand. (singular subject –
singular verb)
* Learning about new cultures is exciting. (singular subject - singular verb)
Some nouns seem plural, but they are actually singular:
* Physics/Mathematics was my favourite subject in school (singular subject - singular verb)

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TASK 1. Underline the correct verb.
1. The professor and the student agrees / agree on that point.
2. Making cakes is / are Mrs. Reed's specialty.
3. Getting to know students from all over the world is/are one of the best parts of my job.
4. Why was / were Susan and Alex late for the meeting?
5. A number of factors needs / need to be considered.
6. Is / Are having the responsibility for taking care of pets good for your children?
7. One of the chief materials in bones and teeth is / are calcium.
8. The number of votes was / were twenty.
b. Fragments
Fragment means incomplete. A group of words without a subject or a verb is a fragment; not a sentence.
Examples:
* Competitors in the Argungu Fishing Festival only traditional fishing equipment. ( F)
Competitors in the Argungu Fishing Festival only use traditional fishing equipment. ()
* Daniel-Day Lewis is a great method actor lives in London. (F)
Daniel-Day Lewis is a great method actor who lives in London. ()
Sometimes writers may forget to write one part of a sentence. This also creates a fragment.
Examples:
* Because they are reserved. (F)
Introverts feel comfortable alone because they are reserved. ()
* When they feel bad. (F)
When they feel bad, introverts look inside themselves for energy. ()
* After the festival. (F)
After the festival, people prepare food for their dead relatives. ()
TASK 2. Read each group of words, and decide which ones are complete sentences and which ones are
not. Correct the incomplete sentences, and write them in the blanks.
e.g. () I covering the windows with wood. I am covering the windows with wood.
1. () In Kenya, wild animals and interesting scenery.
In Kenya, there are wild animals and interesting scenery.
2. () The decrease in poverty is a direct result of industrialization.
3._ () Cities are a universal symbol of civilization.
4._ () The best movie that I saw last year.
Matrix Resurrections was the best movie that I saw last year. / The best movie that I saw last
year was Matrix Resurrections.
5._ () Working during the morning and attending classes in the evening.
Working during the morning and attending classes in the evening is tiring.

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c. Run-on Sentences
When we join sentences together, it is important to use the correct punctuation or a linking word.
Sentences that run together without these are called run-on sentences. In order to avoid run-on
sentences, use either the correct punctuation, a coordinating conjunction (and, but, or, so, etc.), or a
transition (however, therefore, moreover, etc.).
Examples:
* My uncle is losing money on his business he refuses to sell it. (X)
* My uncle is losing money on his business, he refuses to sell it. (X)

* My uncle is losing money on his business. He refuses to sell it. ()

* My uncle is losing money on his business, but he refuses to sell it. ()

* My uncle is losing money on his business; however, he refuses to sell it. ()
d. Unparallel Structures
When you are listing items or ideas, each item in your sentence should have the same grammatical
pattern. This is called parallelism. It is an important element in writing, especially when you are listing
items or ideas. If, for example, you are writing a list, and the first item in your list is a noun, you have to
write the following items as nouns.
Notice how the rule of parallelism is followed in the second sentence in each of the following sets:
 Not parallel My English conversation class is made up of Mexicans, Italians, and some are from
Germany.
Parallel My English conversation class is made up of Mexicans, Italians, and Germans.
(three nouns)
 Not parallel Successful students attend lessons regularly, they do their homework, and practice
speaking English.
Parallel Successful students attend lessons regularly, do their homework, and practice
speaking English. (three verbs)
 Not parallel Which outdoor sports do people like watching or to take part in?
Parallel Which outdoor sports do people like watching or taking part in? (gerunds)
 Not parallel My parents were poor people but happy.
Parallel My parents were poor but happy (people). (two adjectives)

TASK 3. Connect the sentences so that the structures in each sentence are parallel. There is more than
one way to connect some of these sentences.
e.g. Julie is a good singer and dances beautifully.
Julie is a good singer and a beautiful dancer. OR Julie sings well and dances beautifully.
1. To swim and doing yoga are good for one’s health.
Swimming and doing yoga are good for one’s health.
2. She loves mountain biking and ride a horse.
She loves mountain biking and horse riding.
3. He wants to be a counsellor, a social worker, or teach English.
He wants to be a counsellor, a social worker, or an English teacher.
4. The students tried to finish their assignment in a quick way and accurately.
The students tried to finish their assignment quickly and accurately.

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TASK 4. Some of the sentences below are incorrect. Write:
* (Cap.) if there is a capitalization mistake. * (CS) if there is a comma splice.
* (P) if there is a punctuation mistake. * (//) if there is unparallelism.
* (Fr.) if there is a fragment. * (RO) if it is a run-on sentence.
* (S/V) if there is subject-verb disagreement.
Then write the correct forms in the spaces below. Put a tick () if the sentences are correct.
(Suggested answers)

Fr. 1. Last night, after I finished my homework.

Last night, after I finished my homework, I took a hot shower.
Cap. 2. One of the most famous entrepreneurs in the united states is mark zuckerberg.
One of the most famous entrepreneurs in the United States is Mark Zuckerberg.
// 3. Being active is an important part of staying healthy, keeping fit and weight loss.
Being active is an important part of staying healthy, keeping fit and losing weight .
RO _4. My roommate wants to win the Tour de France someday he spends hours riding his bicycle.
My roommate wants to win the Tour de France someday, so he spends hours riding his
bicycle.
P 5. Wait until you hear the bell
Wait until you hear the bell.
 6. English is not my native language.
CS 7. Some people prefer to work in an office, others prefer to work outdoors.
Some people prefer to work in an office, but others prefer to work outdoors.
S/V 8. A high fever and an upset stomach is symptoms of the disease.
A high fever and an upset stomach are symptoms of the disease.
// 9. Traveling to a country and to meet new people can be a wonderful experience.
Traveling to a country and meeting new people can be a wonderful experience.
Fr. 10. Strong forms of artificial intelligence have a kind of real intelligence and closer to human beings
than weak forms.
Strong forms of artificial intelligence have a kind of real intelligence and are closer to human
beings than weak forms.