TASK-2 CEW LAB

INTRODUCTION TO OPERATING SYSTEM:

OPERATING SYSTEM:

An Operating System is the interface between the computer hardware and the end-user.
Processing of data, running applications, file management and handling the memory is all
managed by the computer OS. Windows, Mac, Android etc. Are examples of Operating
systems which are generally used nowadays. All modern computing devices including
Laptops, Tablet, mobile phones, etc. comprise an Operating System which helps in the
smooth working of the device.

HISTORY OF THE OPERATING SYSTEM:

Initially, the computers made did not have an Operating system and to run each program a
different code was used. This had made the processing of data more complex and time taking.
In 1956, the first operating systems were developed by General Motors to run a single IBM
computer. It was in the 1960s that IBM had started installing OS in the devices they launched.
The first version of the UNIX operating system was launched in the 1960s and was written in
the programming language C. Later on, Microsoft came up with their OS on the request of
IBM. Today, all major computer devices have an operating system, each performing the same
functions but with slightly different features.

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FUNCTIONS OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

Given below are the various functions of an Operating System

1. It helps with memory management. It keeps a track of the files being saved in the Main
memory and the primary memory of the computer device
2. Whenever a computer is turned on, the Operating system automatically starts to work.
Thus, the booting and rebooting process of a computer device is also an important
function of the OS
3. It provides a user interface

4. Managing of basic peripheral devices is done by the operating system

5. Using the password protection option of an operating system, the data in the device can
be kept secure

6. It coordinates with the software and the user

7. OS helps in easy navigation and organisation of files and programs.

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8. Any kind of program which needs to be run through the system is done by the operating
system

9. If any kind of error or bug is found during the program is detected using the operating
system.

TYPES OF OPERATING SYSTEM:

1. Batch Operating System

• There is no direct communication between the computer and the OS

• There is an intermediate, the Operator, which needs to distribute the work into batches
and sort similar jobs

• Multiple users can use it

• Can easily manager a large amount of work

2. Real-Time Operating System

• It has a data processing system

• The processing time is very small between the user’s command and the output

• Used in fields where the response needs to be quick and rapid

3. Time-Sharing Operating System

• Multiple people at various terminals can use a program at the same time

• The main motive is to minimize the response time

4. Distributed Operating System

• When two or more systems are connected to each other and one can open files which are
not present in their system but in other devices connected in the network

• Its usage has now increased over the years

• They use multiple central processors to serve real-time applications

• Failure of one system does not affect the other systems connected in the network

5. Embedded Operating System

• These special Operating systems are built into larger systems

• They generally are limited to single specific functions like an ATM

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6. Network Operating System

• They have one main server which is connected to other client servers

• All the management of files, processing of data, access to sharing files, etc. are performed
over this small network

• It is also a secure operating system for working with multiple users

7. Mobile Operating System

• With the advancement in the field of technology, smartphones now are released with an
Operating system.

• They are designed in a manner that they can help a small device work efficiently

INSTALLATION OF WINDOWS AND LINUX OPERATING SYSTEMS:

Step 1: Requirements

• A desktop system/ laptop system

• A pen-drive
• An iso image file (Any version of windows)

Now, insert your pen-drive in any system. Copy all the files to any folder of the system.

MICROSOFT WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM:

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INSTALLATION:

1. Enter the windows + R key (Run command will be opened)

2. Enter “cmd” (Command Prompt window will be opened)
3. Enter the following commands:
o Diskpart o List
disk o Select disk X o
Clean o
Create partition
primary o Format fs =
ntfs quick o Active o
Assign o Exit
4. Extract the files in the iso image files, (It is done with the help of WINRAR or 7-ZIP, if
you are using windows 7)
5. Copy all the windows files from the extracted files to the pen-drive
6. Then simply eject the pen-drive.
7. Then find your system manufacturer to find the boot menu change key to boot up the
pendrive
8. Then select the pen-drive to boot, then enter the OS to install
9. Make sure you are not booting the pen-drive into UEFI mode 10. Your PC will be
rebooted several times to complete the changes

WINDOWS ACTIVATION:

Windows7:

• Download Windows Loader Activator

• Simply Run and Install the patch

Windows 8, 8.1,10:

• Download Kmspico Zip File from Google search

• Simply Extract and Run “autorun.exe” file to activate (or)
• Use online activation

Windows 11:
Step 1.1:

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Run Command Prompt app as administrator.

Click on the start button, search for “cmd” then run it with admin rights

Step 1.2:

Install KMS client key.

Use the command “slmgr / ipk kmsclientkey to install a license key

Step 1.3:

Set KMS server.

Use the command “slmgr/ skms kms8.msguides.com” to connect to my KMS server

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Step 1.4:

Activate your Windows. The last step to activate your Windows using the command
“slmgr/ato”

LINUX OPERATING SYSTEM:

1. Download the Linux OS from the source site o Kali.org for Kali Linux o Ubuntu.org
for Ubuntu Linux o Refer Google for any Linux OS
2. Download the Rufus application from the getintopc site or google
3. Install the application to any system
4. Insert the pen-drive to the same system
5. Make sure you are not having any important documents or files in your pen-drive
6. Open the rufus application
7. Select the pen-drive and select the ISO image file
8. No need to change anything and click start button
9. Eject the pen-drive
10. Insert into the system which you want to install the Linux OS
11. Simply change the boot device as shown in previous case
12. Select pen-drive to boot
13. Install the operating system by choosing correct disk
14. No need to activate any Linux OS

EVOLUTION OF WINDOWS OPERATING SYSTEM:

Microsoft Windows is a graphical operating system developed and published by Microsoft. It

provides a way to store files, run the software, play games, watch videos, and connect to the
Internet, etc. Windows has seen various significant versions since its first release in 1985.
More than 29 years after the fact, Windows looks altogether different yet by one way or
another acquainted with components that have to endure the trial of time, increments in

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processing power and most as of late a move from the console and mouse to the touchscreen.
Microsoft Windows was first presented on November 10, 1983. Several modifications of
Windows were released from that point onward, including the present rendition, Windows
11.

WINDOWS 1 • Released in November, 1985

• Windows 1.0 was not released until
November 1985. Windows 1.0 was to
contend with Apple’s operating system

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 • Windows 1.0 is not a total working
framework; rather, it extends MS-DOS.
Windows 1.0 doesn’t allow overlapping
windows

WINDOWS 2 • Released on December 9, 1987, and the

successor to Windows 1.0

• Windows 2.0 is a 16-bit Microsoft Windows

GUI-based operating environment that was

• It includes a few upgrades to the UI and

memory of the executives. Windows 2.03
changed the operating system from tiled
windows to overlapping windows.

• Windows 2.0 additionally presented

increasingly advanced console shortcuts and
could utilize extended memory

WINDOWS 3 • Windows 3.0 was released in May 1900

offering better icons, performance and
advanced graphics with 16 colours designed
for Intel 386 processors.

• This version is the first release that provides

the standard “look and feels” of Microsoft
Windows for many years to come. Windows
3.0 applications can run in protected mode,
which gives them access to several
megabytes of memory without the dedication
to take enthuse in the software virtual
memory scheme.

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 • Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to
the user interface

WINDOWS 95 • Windows 95, was released on August 24,

1995.

• While still remaining MS-DOS-based,

Windows 95 introduced support for local
32-bit applications, plug and play hardware,
pre-emptive multitasking, long record
names of up to 255 characters, and provided
expanded stability over its predecessors.

• Windows 95 introduced a redesigned with an

object-oriented user interface, replacing the
previous Program Manager with the Start
menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell.

WINDOWS 98 • Windows Driver Model, support for USB

composite devices, support for ACPI,
hibernation, and support for multi-monitor
configurations introduced by the release of
Windows 98 on June 25, 1998.

• Windows 98 also included integration with

Internet Explorer 4 through Active
Desktop and other aspects of the Windows
Desktop Update.

WINDOWS ME • On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released

Windows Me (Millennium

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 Edition), the last DOS-based version of
Windows.

• Windows Me incorporated visual interface

improvements had faster boot times than
previous versions expanded multimedia
functionality including
Windows Media Player 7, Windows
Movie Maker, and the Windows Image
Acquisition framework and its removal of
real mode DOS support

WINDOWS XP • The next significant version was released on

October 25, 2001.

• The Windows XP pointed to unify the

consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with
the architecture presented by Windows NT,
a change that Microsoft promised would
provide better execution over its DOS-based
predecessors.

• The two most common editions of

Windows are Windows Home and Windows
Professional.

WINDOWS VISTA • Windows Vista was released on November

30, 2006, for volume licensing and January
30, 2007, for consumers.

• It was accessible in various versions and has

been subject to some analysis, such as a
drop of performance, longer boot time,
criticism of new UAC, and stricter license
agreement. Vista’s server

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 counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was
released in mid-2008.

WINDOWS 7 • On July 22, 2009, Windows 7

• Windows 7 was intended to be a more
focused, incremental upgrade to the
Windows line, with the objective of being
compatible with applications and equipment
with which Windows Vista was at that point
perfect.

• Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a

redesigned Windows shell with an updated
taskbar, a home networking system called
Homegroup, and performance updates.

WINDOWS 8 • Windows 8, was released generally on

October 26, 2012.

• It features new programming and

technology that makes run faster than the
previous versions. It also has a more
streamlined look and feels. Windows 8
includes a tablet interface that uses large
tiles t, called Metro, which is compatible
with touch interactions.

• An update to Windows 8, called

Windows 8.1, was released on October 17,
2013, and includes features such as new live
tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and
many other revisions.

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 WINDOWS 10 • Windows 10 was released on July 29, 2015.

• One of the primary aims of Windows 10 is

to unify the Windows experience across
multiple devices, such as desktop computers,
tablets, and smartphones.

• Windows 10 includes online versions of

OneNote, Word, Excel and PowerPoint from
Microsoft Office.

• The most secure Windows ever, Windows

10 provides antivirus, firewall, ransomware,
and Internet protections, all built-in, at no
extra cost.

WINDOWS 11 • Windows 11 is the latest major release of

Microsoft's Windows NT operating system,
released in October 2021

• 7 new features include:

1. A new, more Mac-like interface
2. Integrated android apps
3. Widgets
4. Microsoft teams integration
5. Xbox tech for better gaming
6. Better virtual desktop support
7. Easier transition from monitor to laptop,
and better multitasking

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INTRODUCTION TO SOFTWARE:

In a computer system, the software is basically a set of instructions or commands that tells a
computer what to do. Or in other words, the software is a computer program that provides a
set of instructions to execute a user’s commands and tell the computer what to do. like
MSWord, MS-Excel, PowerPoint, etc. The chart below describes the types of software:

TYPES OF SOFTWARE:

• Application Software: It is a computer software package that performs a specific function

for a user, or in some cases, for another application. Database management programs,
graphics software, web browsers, word processors are few examples.
• System Software: These are designed to run a computer’s application programs and
hardware. It coordinates the activities and functions of the hardware and software. The OS
is the best example.
• Driver Software: Also known as device drivers, it is considered a type of system software.
Device drivers control the devices and peripherals connected to computer, enabling them
to perform specific tasks. Example, Special Game Controllers
• Middleware: The software that mediates between application and system software or
between two different kinds of application software. Example, Middleware enable
Microsoft windows to talk to Excel and Word

EXAMPLES:
MS OFFICE:
Microsoft Office is a suite of desktop productivity applications that is designed specifically to
be
used for office or business use. It is a proprietary product of Microsoft Corporation and was
first
released in 1990. Microsoft Office is available in 35 different languages and is supported by
Windows, Mac and most Linux variants. It mainly consists of Word, Excel, PowerPoint,
Access,
OneNote, Outlook and Publisher applications.

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VLC MEDIA PLAYER:
VLC is a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays
most multimedia files as well as DVDs, Audio CDs, VCDs, and various streaming protocols.
VLC is a free and open source cross-platform multimedia player and framework that plays
most multimedia files, and various streaming protocols.

WIN RAR:
WinRAR can compress files in the two most popular compression formats: RAR and ZIP.
Users can manually choose which type of format they want to com- press their files. WinRAR
can also decompress a large number of archive formats, including RAR, ZIP, 7ZIP, CAB,
ARJ, LZH, ACE, TAR, GZip, UUE, ISO, and BZIP2.

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OPEN OFFICE:
Open Office is an open source which means that the source code is public, and it can be
changed and customized by the public. Apache OpenOffice is the leading open-source office
software suite for word processing, spreadsheets, presentations, graphics, databases and more.
It is available in many languages and works on all common computers.

WEB BROWSER:
A web browser takes you anywhere on the internet. It retrieves information from other parts
of the web and displays it on your desktop or mobile device. The information is transferred
using the Hypertext Transfer Protocol, which defines how text, images and video are
transmitted on the web.

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SUBMITTED BY,
CHINTAPALLI BHARGAV PRAVEEN
VU21CSEN0100014
CSE

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