ICT Final Quarter Reviewer (normally open) terminal, depending

on whether the device should remain

Good luck Mouse Deer !! <33
normally on or off.
===============================
RELAY by A. Austria
• Between the remaining two pins (coil1
==================================
and coil2) is a coil that acts as an
Relay
electromagnet.
• It is a programmable electrical switch,
which can be controlled by Arduino or
• Normally (initial position), the COM
any micro-controller.
terminal is connected to the NC
terminal and the NO terminal is open.
• It is used to programmatically control
the on/off the devices, which use the
• When current flows through the coil,
high voltage and/or high current.
the electromagnet becomes
energized, causing the switch’s
• It is a bridge between Arduino and high
internal contact to move. The COM
voltage devices.
then connects to the NO terminal,
disconnecting from the NC terminal.
How do Relays work?
• At the core of a relay is an
• When the current stops flowing
electromagnet (a wire coil that
through the coil, the internal contact is
becomes a temporary magnet when
returned to its initial position, re-
electricity is passed through it).
connecting the NC terminal to the
A relay can be thought of as an electric lever:
COM and re-opening the NO terminal.
you turn it on with a relatively small
current, and it turns on another device
• To put it another way, the relay
with a much larger current.
functions as a single-pole-double-
throw switch (SPDT).
• Initially, both circuits are open, with
==================================
no current flowing through them.
One Channel Relay Module
Hardware Overview
• When a small current flows through
• The one-channel relay module is
the first circuit, the electromagnet is
designed to allow your Arduino to
energized, creating a magnetic field
control a single high-powered device.
around it. The energized
It has a relay with a maximum current
electromagnet attracts the second
rating of 10A at 250VAC or 30VDC.
circuit’s contact, closing the switch
and allowing a large current to flow.
LEDs
- The relay module contains two LEDs.
• When the current in the first circuit
- The power LED will light up when the
stops flowing, the contact returns to
module is powered on. The status LED will
its original position, reopening the
light up when the relay is activated.
second circuit.

Output Terminal Block

Relay Operation
- he high voltage terminals (NC,
• A relay typically has five pins, three of
COM, and NO) of the relay are broken out to
which are high voltage terminals (NC,
a screwterminal.
COM, and NO) that connect to the
- The device you want to control can be
device being controlled.
connected across them.

• The device is connected between the

COM (common) terminal and either
the NC (normally closed) or NO
Control Pin This resistance varies inversely with soil
- On the other side of the module, there is an moisture: [ More W - Low Resi / Less W - High Resis ]
input pin IN for controlling the relay. • The more water in the soil, the better the
- This pin is 5V logic compatible, so if you conductivity and the lower the resistance.
have a microcontroller like an Arduino, you
can drive a relay with any digital output pin. •The less water in the soil, the lower the
conductivity and thus the higher the resistance.
Module Power
- the module operates on 5 volts and draws The sensor produces an output voltage according
approximately 70 mA when the relay is to the resistance, which by measuring we can
activated. determine the soil moisture level.
==================================
-The module also includes a flyback diode Soil Moisture: Hardware Overview
that is connected in parallel with the relay A typical soil moisture sensor consists of two
coil to safely shunt current when the relay parts:
coil is de-energized. 1. Probe - fork-shaped probe with two
================================== exposed conductors that is inserted into
One Channel Relay Module the soil or wherever the moisture content is
Pinout to be measured. It acts as a variable resistor,
- IN– Connect to any Digital Pin with resistance varying according to soil
(Between 2-13) moisture.
- GND– Ground Pin
- VCC– Connect to5V Pin 2. Module - connects the probe to the
================================== Arduino board. The module generates an
Soil Moisture Sensor by A. Magnifico output voltage based on the resistance of
================================== the probe, which is available at an Analog
Soil Moisture Sensor Output (AO) pin.
- The Soil Moisture Sensor is used to
measure the volumetric water content of - The same signal is fed to an LM393 High
soil. Precision Comparator, which digitizes it
- With this system, plants can be watered and makes it available at a Digital Output
only when required, avoiding over- or (DO) pin. The module includes a
under-watering. potentiometer for adjusting the sensitivity
of the digital output (DO).
How does a Soil Moisture Sensor Work?
- You can use it to set a threshold, so that
when the soil moisture level exceeds the
threshold, the module outputs LOW
otherwise HIGH.

- This setup is very useful for triggering an

action when a certain threshold is reached.
The module also includes two LEDs. The
Power LED illuminates when the module
- The soil moisture sensor operates in a
is turned on, and the Status LED
straightforward manner.
illuminates when the soil moisture level
- The fork-shaped probe with two exposed
exceeds the threshold value.
conductors acts as a variable resistor
(similar to a potentiometer) whose
resistance varies with the soil’s moisture
content.
==================================
 2. Receiver which listens for reflected waves.
==================================
ULTRASONIC SENSOR
• Basically a SONAR which is used in submarines
for detecting underwater objects.

==================================

==================================
HOW THE HC - SR04 ULTRASONIC
SENSOR WORKS
•It emits an ultrasound at 40 000 Hz; which travels
================================== through the air and if there is an object or obstacle
ULTRASONIC SENSOR by A. Magnifico on its path It will bounce back to the module.
================================== (Considering the travel time and the speed of the sound
• The HC-SR04 is affordable and easy to use. you can calculate the distance.)

• The DISTANCE measuring sensor which has a

range from 2cm to 400cm (an inch to 13 feet)
==================================
•The sensor is composed of two ultrasonic
transducers. (Transmitter and Receiver)

1. Transmitter which outputs ultrasonic

sound pulses.
In order to generate the ultrasound we need to set TYPES OF STEPPER MOTOR
the Trig pin on a High State for 10 μs. That will 1. UNIPOLAR STEPPER
send out an 8 cycle ultrasonic burst which will MOTORS
travel at the speed of sound.

The Echo pins goes high right away after that 8

cycle ultrasonic burst is sent, and it starts listening
or waiting for that wave to be reflected from an
object.

•If there is no object or reflected pulse, the Echo pin

will time-out after 38ms and get back to low state.
- consists of two coils
(electrically)
•If we receive a reflected pulse, the Echo pin will go
- each coil has a center tap
down sooner than those 38ms.
so 3 connections on each
According to the amount of time the Echo pin was
coil. (results in six
HIGH, we can determine the distance the sound
connections )
wave traveled, thus the distance from the sensor to
- many unipolar stepper
the object. Distance = Speed x Time
motors have only five
connections as the two
•The time is the amount of time the Echo pin was
center taps are internally
HIGH, and the speed is the speed of sound which
connected.
is 340m/s, then divide it by 2 (because we are
measuring the duration the sound wave needs to
2. BIPOLAR STEPPER
travel to the object and bounce back.)
MOTORS

- consist of two coils of

================================== wire (electrically, actually
STEPPER MOTOR by K. Gomez split into several physical
================================== coils)
STEPPER MOTOR a.k.a STEP MOTOR - generally have four
- brushless, synchronous motor connections, two per coil.
- 2 8 B Y J - 4 8 Stepper Motor ==================================
- completes a full rotation into a number of STEPPER MOTOR PARTS
steps.
- DC motors that rotate in precise
increments or “steps”.
- Useful in accurate positioning
- do not rotate, they move one step at a time
HOW IT WORKS datasheet) for 8 step sequence it will be
11.25° (5.625*2=11.25).

StepperMotor
4-StepSequenceMethod
- when we energize or let current flow
through the coils, particular magnetic
fields are generated in the stator that either
attract or repel the rotor. By activating the

- coils, step by step, one after another in a

particular order, we can achieve continues
motion of rotor, but also, we can make it
stop at any position.

- the way you pulse these coils determines

how the motor operates.
- sequence of pulses –spinning direction of
the motor. ==================================
- frequency of the pulses– the speed of the Why do we need Driver modules
motor. forStepper motors?
- number of pulses–how far the motor will - Most stepper motors will operate only
turn. with the help of a driver module.
================================== - many types of driver module and the rating
Te c h n i c a l S p e c i f i c a t i o n of one will change based on the type of
motor used.
- The primary principle for all driver
modules will be to source/sink enough
current for the motor to operate.
- stepper motor driver: ULN2003 module
==================================
ULN2003 MODULE
- known for its high current and high
voltage capability,
- higher current gain than a single transistor
================================== - allows a microcontroller’s low voltage low
IMPORTANT INFO current output to drive a high current
- 5V stepper motor.
- It is a 4 phase stepper motor since it had - consists of an array of seven Darlington
four coils in it. transistor pairs, each of which can drive a
- gear ratio is given to be 1:64. load of up to 500mA and 50V. This board
- Complete rotation ONLY IF motor utilizes four of the seven pairs.
rotates 64 times - File > Examples > Stepper.
- Stride Angle: 5.625°/64.
- motor when operates in 8-step sequence
will move 5.625 degree for each step and it
will take 64 steps (5.625*64=360) to
complete one full rotation.
- In Arduino we will be operating the motor
in 4-step sequence so the stride angle will
be 11.25° since it is 5.625°(given in
 1. short pulse of 1 ms or less= 0
degrees (one extreme).
2. pulse duration of 1.5 ms=90
degrees (middle position).
3. pulse duration of 2 ms=180
degrees (other extreme).

- Pulses ranging from 1ms to 2ms will rotate

the servo to a position proportional to the
pulse width.

==================================
SERVO MOTOR by K. Gomez
==================================
- precisely control physical movement
- generally move to a position rather than
PINOUT
continuously rotating.
1. GND
- simple to connect and control because the
2. 5V
motor driver is built right into them.
3. CONTROL
- contain a small DC motor connected to
the output shaft through gears.
- We will be using an SG90 Micro Servo
- output shaft drives a servo horn and is also
Motor in our experiments. It operates on
linked to a potentiometer (pot).
4.8-6VDC (5V typical) and can rotate 180
degrees (90 in each direction).
SERVO MOTOR PARTS
- draws about 10mA when idle and 100mA
to 250mA when moving, so we can power
it with the Arduino’s 5-volt output.
- If your servo consumes more than 250mA,
consider using a separate power supply for
it.
- File > Examples > Servo.
- two sketches, Knob and Sweep.
==================================

S e r vo m e c h a n i s m

- can control the servo motor by sending a

series of pulses to it.
- expects a pulse every 20 milliseconds (i.e.,
the signal should be 50Hz).
- length of the pulse=position of the servo
motor.