CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION TO ANIMAL SCIENCE

CONTENT
 Historical perspective
 Definition of animal science, husbandry, domestication
 Animal contribution to livestock
 Animal science husbandry

Historical perspective
1. Humans began domesticating animals more than 10,000 years ago beginning with
dogs
2. Ruminants were the first food animals to be domesticated followed by swine
3. Horses and cattle were domesticated primarily for transportation

EARLY DOMESTICATION

 Humans began domesticating animals more than 10,000 years ago beginning with
dogs.
 Ruminants (cattle, sheep and gots) were the first food animals to be domesticated
followed by pig, possibly to dispose table scraps and waste products.
 Horses and Cattle were domesticated primarily for transportation and draft work
purposes.
 Earrrly people found animals that from large herd or flocks and eatt a wide
variety of feeds are easier to domesticate.

Domestication involves more than simply taming

Animals are considered to be domesticated when:

 Distinct purpose
 Humans control their breeding
 Survival depends their breeding
 Develop traits that are not found in the wild
Domestication allowed humans to
-contain animals with the right temperament
-humans control their breeding
-use animals for companionship,religious, and draft work purposes

Domesticated animals- their survival depends on human management

Wild- their traits such browsing their own food

Sheep: Domesticated 11,000-15000 years ago

-domesticated from southeast Europe and central/southwest Asia

Cattle: Domesticated 10,000-15,000 years ago

-Domesticated near the boundary of Europe and Asia and/or southwest Asia
 Horses: Domesticated approx. 5,000 years ago

-horses were domesticated from in eastern Europe and western Asia

-originally, horses were used for meat or milk, eventually became useful as
pack and draft

Pigs: Domesticated 5,000- 9,000 years ago

Pigs were domesticated in the middle east (Mesopotamia)

Goats
-was among the earliest animals to be domesticated around 6,000- 7,000 B.C. in
western Asia
-the goat could easily revert to its wild state

Chickens
-chicken were known in China more than 3,400 years ago

Turkeys
-the Turkey is only north American domestic animal and was domesticated in middle
North America

DOMESTICATION ACROSS THE GLOBE

Near east(fertile crescent) 10,000yrs ago
1
8,500yrs ago
2 South China
7,700yrs ago
3 North China
4,000yrs ago
4 Africa
South Central Andes 4,500yrs ago
5
Central Mexico 4,700yrs ago
6
Eastern United States 4,500yrs ago
7

SPECIES WHEN WHERE WHY

Dog 14yra OW companionship
Sheep 10.7yra OW Food,milk,clothes
Goat 9yra OW Food,clothes,milk
Pig 6yra OW Food and sport
Cattle 6.5yra OW religious
Chicken 5.5yra India Food,cockfights,religion
Horse 5yra OW Food& transport
Domestication
Terms:
-wild animal- not genetically altered by selective breeding

-exotic animal- wild animal not native to country ; example swine not from
Philippines

-Feral animal- a domestic animal that lives in the wild with no human distance

-breed- a population of domestic animals that individual may vary in genotype and
phenotype

Animal Husbandry- art working with farm animals

Animal science- scientific study of farm animals

Biology- study of life that seeks to provide an understanding of the natural world

FIELDS
1. Genetics
2. Embryology
3. Zoology
4. Botany
5. Agronomy
6. Anatomy
7. Physiology
8. Chemistry
9. Nutrition
10. Pathology
11. Parasitology
12. Entomology
13. Bacteriology
14. Economics
15. Computer science
16. Ethology
17. Ecology
18. Communications
19. Finance
20. Political science
21. Law
22. Engineering
23. Microbiology

Functions of livestock
-contributions to humans
 Food
 Clothing
 Power
 Recreation
 Research
 Food
-meat
-milk
-eggs

 Clothing
-wool
-leather
-hair
-fur

 Power
-Horse
-Mules
-Donkeys, Burrows
-Oxen

 Recreation
-pleasure horses
-livestock show competition
-rodeo

Animal Contributions to Society

Food
Mutton and Chevon are eaten by more people than any other meat
 Goats
 Ewes
 Cattle
 Mares
 Sows
 Llamas
 Camels
 Reindeer
 Yaks (provide milk)

Animal Contributions to Society

Clothing
-Wool , hair, hides, and pelts have commonly been used for clothing

Shelter
-hair and hides provide material for shelter.

Tools
-early man relied on bones and hides for tools
Utensils
- bladder, horns, catgut and dynamite are animal products that are commonly used

Personal items
-humans use animal products or by-products for jewelry and perfume

Power- transportation, draft work

War- transportation and power
Religion- some societies worship animals
Health- laboratory animals are commonly used for research

GENDER TERMS FOR LIVESTOCK

Swine:
Sow- female that has had offspring
Guilt- female that has never given birth
Boar - male with testicles
Barrow- castrated boar

Sheep:
Ewe- female
Ram- male with testicles
Weither- castrated ram

Horse:
Mare- female horse
Stallion- male with testicles
Gelding- castrated stallion

 After animals become domesticated, they become dependent on man

 Most cant survive in wild
 Cows produce 20,000 lbs milk/year
 Birds produce 250 eggs/year (20 in wild)
Meat- muscle tissue. Beef, pork, lamb, goat, poultry,
-most efficient way to get protein

Milk- inexpensive source of protein

-cheese, ice cream, yogurt

Eggs- pastries, mayonnaise, custards

Bones- buttons, glue, mineral supplement for livestock feed (Ca)

Fat- chemicals, salves, cream, dressings, lubricants, soap, food

Glands- medicines, food additives

Collagen- (connective tissue in joints) glue&gelatin

Intestinal & Stomach tissue- lunch meats, surgical sutures, strings for musical &
sports instruments (content=fertilizer)

Animal use for work

-cultivate land
-transportation
-control other animals
-assist physically & mentally handicapped

Rehabilitation of disabled

What is the future of animal science

Embryo transplant- can produce 20 calves from one cow per year
Cloning- using an animal cell to grow an identical duplicate animal
Animal Pharming- producing animals to produce drugs and chemicals

Terminology of animal science

Cow- a female bovine that has had offspring

Bull- a male bovine capable of reproducing
Heifer- a young female bovine that has had not offspring
Steer- a castrated male bovine
Calf- a young bovine (<less than 30 mo)
Calve- the act of giving birth to a calf
Wean- to remove a young animal from its mother
Colostrum- nutrient rich milk from the mother following birth
Lactation- the period when a female produces milk after a birth
Freshen- when a female produces milk prior to giving birth
Cull/ing- the act of removing unproductive animals from a group
Sow- a female hog that has given birth
Boar- a male hog capable of breeding
Piglets- very young porcine
Farrow- the act of giving birth to piglets
Litter- a group of piglets born at one time
Ewe- a female sheep that has lamed
Ram- a male sheep also known as buck
Ewe lamb- a young female ovine
Whether- a castrated male ovine
Lamb- a young ovine
Lambing- the act of giving birth to lambs
Dock- the act of removing the tail birth to lambs
Mutton- the meat of sheep animals
Shearing- the act of removing wool or mohair from an animal
Wool- natural fibre produced by ovines
Mohair- a less textured hair usually harvested from goats for fibre
Cashmere- a valuable hair from cashmere goats
Doe- a female goat that has reproduced, also called a nanny
Buck- a male goat capable of reproducing
Kid- a young caprine
Kidding- the act of giving birth to young caprine
Chevon- a goat grown for meat
Mare- an adult female horse
Stallion- a male horse capable of reproducing also called a stud
Gelding- a castrated male equine
Foal- a young equine
Colt- a young male equine
Filly- a young female equine
Draft- a horse produced for work
Hen- a female chicken
Rooster- a male chicken also known as a cock
Capon- a castrated male rooster
Clutch- a set of eggs being hatched
Molt- the act of losing feathers
Layers- poultry used to produced eggs
Fryers- poultry used for meat
Pedigree- tracking the ancestors of an animal
Breed- a variety of animal with specific traits
Breed Association- a group of producers that ensure breed traits
Commodity Group- a group of producers producing similar product

SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION

A. General terms

1. Parturition- act of giving birth

a. Calving- act of giving birth in cows
b. Farrowing- act of giving birth in sows
c. Kidding- act of giving birth in goats
d. Foaling- act of giving birth in mares
e. Lambing- act of giving birth in ewes

2. Gestation- pregnancy time from conception to birth

3. Conception- act of fertilization
4. Dam- female parent
5. Sire- male parent
6. Fertility- ability to produce fertilizable ova
7. Fecundity or prolificacy- ability to give birth to offspring frequently
8. Sterility- inability to produce normal young
9. Impotency- failure to copulate
10. Puberty- sexual maturity, as exhibited by first heat ovulation
11. Weanling- young animal, after separation from its dam
12. Weaning- the process of separating the young from its dam

B. Catlle- Bos taurus/ Bos indicus

1. Ox- ruminant number of the bovine family, or sometimes the male used for draft
purposes
2. Cattle- domesticated bovine animals
3. Bull- male breeding ox of any age
4. Cow- mature female ox, one that has given birth
5. Heifer- young female ox under three years of age, usually one that has not yet
givenm birth
6. Steer- male ox castrated before ssexual maturity
7. Stag- male ox castrated after sexual maturity
8. Calf- young ox either sex, under one year of age
9. Bull calf- young male calf under one year of age
10. Carabull- carabao bull, caraheifer, caracow, etc.
11. Bullock- usually a stag for draft purposes
12. Carabull- carabao bull
13. Caraheifer- young female carabao under three years of age usually one that has
not yet given birth
14. Caracow- mature female carabao, one that has given birth
15. Transmitting ability- the ability of an animal to pass on either good or bad traits
to its progeny
16. Proven sire- bull about whom one sufficient unselected information to indicate
his transmitting ability

C. Horse- Equus caballus

1. Stallion- mature male horse
-studhorse- use for breeding
2. Mare- mature female horse
-broodmare term for breeding
3. Colt- young male horse usually up to 3 yrs old
4. Filly- young female horse usually up to 3 yrs old
5. Foal- young horse of either sex below one year of age
6. Gelding- horse which was castrated while young
7. Yeld mare or Dry mare- one which hindi pa nagkaanak during breedinig season
8. Ridgling- stallion with only one testis or none in its scrotum
9. Equitition- horsemanship, the art riding horseback

D. SWINE Sus scrofa/ Sus domesticus/ Sus vitatus

1. Boar- male pig of any age

2. Sow- mature female pig, nanganak na
3. Gilt- young female pig under 1 year of age, hindi pa nanganganak
4. Shote- young pig of either sex, weighing appr. 60kgs
5. Barrow- male pig, castrated while young
6. Stag- a male pig castrated after sexual maturity
7. Weanling- young pigs separated from the sow
8. Suckling- young pigs from birth up to weaning
9. Litter- group of pigs born in one farrowing
10. Litter size- number of young pigs born in one farrowing

Sheep- Ovis aries & Goat- Capra hircus

1. Ram- male sheep

2. Ewe- female of any age
3. Lamb- young sheep of either sex <1 year
4. Wether sheep- male sheep which was castrated
5. Shearling- yearling sheep with two teeth
6. Fleece- wool covering the sheep
7. Billy goat or buck- male goat of any age
8. Pelt- wool and skin of a sheep
9. Doe- female goat of any age
10. Kid- young goat of either sex below one year of age
11. Wether goat- male goat castrated before the s econdary sex cjaracters have
develop

Meat and Meat products

1. Meat of different animals

beef- ox, 1 yr old and >
Veal- ox, < 1yr old
Venison- deer
Mutton- sheep, 1 yr >
Lamb- sheep, <1yr
Chevon- goat meat
Horsemeat- horse
Carabeef- carabao beef, caraveal
Game meat- game animals ( wild hunted)

Meat- properly dressed flesh

Slaughtering- from fasting through stunning, bleeding up to skinning and
evisceration
Butchering- cutting into retail cuts

G. Poultry:
Chicken- Gallus gallus domesticus
Duck Mallard- Anas platyrhynchos
Muscovy duck- Cairina moschata
Turkey- Meleagris gallopavo
Pigeon- Columbia livia
Quail- Coturnix coturnix
Geese- Cygnopsis cygnoides

Others
1. Rabbit- Oryctolagus cuniculus
2. Guinea pig- Cavia cobaya
3. Donkey- Equus asinus

Buffalo
-water buffalo- Bubalus bubalis
-river type- Bubalus carabanensis
Cattle
-European/exotic- Bos taurus
-Indian/humped- Bos indicus

Goat- Capra hircus

Sheep- Ovis aries
Horse- Equus caballus
Pig/Swine- Sus scrofa/ Sus domesticus/ Sus vitatus
Chicken- Gallus domesticus
Pigeon- Columbia livia
Duck
-Mallard- Anas platyrhynchos
-Muscovy- Cairina moschata
-Pekin- Anas platyrhynchos

Turkey- Meleagris gallopavo

Quail- Coturnix coturnix

BREED ASSOCIATION- group of producers that ensure breed traits

COMMODITY GROUP- group of producers producing a similar product

ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

Skeletal system
-made of bone and cartilage
-gives the animal structure and flexibility
-protects the organs of the animal
-joint use tendons and ligaments
-marrow in bones producers RBC’s

Vertebrae- joint together

Neck- cervical vertebrae

-atlas
-axis

Chest region- thoracic vertebrae

Loin region- lumbar vertebrae
Pelvic girdle- sacral vertebrae
Tail- coccygeal vertebrae

The vertical column

The skull consist of 30 separate bones

Regions: Frontal, Anterior, Posterior, Transverse, Superior, Inferior

Vertebrae: Cervical, Thoracic, Lumbar, Sacral, Coccygeal

Types of bones:
-long bones
-short bones
-irregular bones
-flat bones
-sesamoid bones

3 types of cartillages
-os rostri: pig snout
-os cardis: cow heart
-os penis: dog genital

Epiphysis-the end part of a long bone, initially growing separately from the shaft.

Compact bone-Compact bone (or cortical bone) forms the hard external layer of all
bones and surrounds the medullary cavity, or bone marrow.

3-4 months to complete maturity of bones

Joints- moveable
-sinovial joints ligaments
-sinovial fluid gliding movement
-ball and socket joints

Human=knee VS. Animal=stiffle

Ankle joints- between the tarsals and metatarsals is the Nock

In locomotion
Ditigraph- toe nails
Plantigirade- pusa or aso
Unguligrade- for horses

The bones present in the forelimbs are — scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (8),
metacarpals (5) and phalanges (14).

The humerus is a single bone present in the upper arm. Ulna and radius are two paired
bones. Ulna lies medially and radius lies laterally.

The bones present in hind limbs are — femur, patella, tibia, fibula, digits, tarsals and
metatarsals. The femur is the bone of the thigh. Patella is the kneecap of the limb.
Tibia is the largest weight bearing limb.

Note: Each limb is made up of 30 bones. The bones present in the forelimbs are —
scapula, humerus, radius, ulna, carpals (8), metacarpals (5) and phalanges (14). The
bones present in hind limbs are — femur, patella, tibia, fibula, digits, tarsals and
metatarsals.
Function of bone:
Homeostasis- generating body heat

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

Skin and related structures

-hair
-hooves
-horns
-claws
-skin related glands

Functions:
1. Prevents desiccation
2. Reduces threat of injury
3. Maintaining normal body heat
4. Excrets water, salt and organic wastes
5. Sensory infromation
6. Recieves vitamin D, store nutrients

3 layers of skin
 Epidermis
 Dermis
 Hypodermmis

Epidermis
Cell types:
Keratinocytes- produce keratin, waterproof protein
Melanocytes- produce melanin pigment
Merkell cells- sensory receptor cells that transmmit signals
Langehan cells- foound in stratum spinosum

Epidermal layers
1. Stratum germinativum- basal layer, deepest layer
2. Stratum spinosum- spiny layer, contains several layers of cells held together by
DESMOSOMES, dito makikita ang langerhans cells
3. Stratum granulosum- granular middle layer, composed of 2 or 4 layers of flattened
diamond shaped keratocytes that contain lamellated granules of glycolipids role is to
helpping waterproof the skin
4. Stratum lucidum- clear layer, found in very thick skin
5. Stratum corneum- horny outmost layer- composed of 20-30 rows of keratocytes\
remnants (sometimes called horny or cornified cells)

Epidermis of hairy skin

Usually consists of 3 epidermal layers rather than 5
The surface of hairy skin is covered in scale-like folds

Dermis - composed of dense irregular connective tissue

-collagen, elastic, and reticular fibre

2 layers of dermis
-papillary and reticular layer

Papillary- underneath the the epithelial layer of the epidermis. Composed of loose
connective tissue

Reticular layer- consists of dense irregular connective tissue

Hypodermis- composed ofaerolar tissue containing adipose, blood and lymphatic

vessels, and nerves. Contain special touch receptor- the pacinian corpuscle (sensitive
to heavier pressure than Meissner’s corpuscle)

Special features of the Integument

 Pigmentation
 Paw pads
 Planum nasale
 Ergots and chestnuts
 Cutaneous pouches in sheep

Pigmentation- result of presence or absence of melanin granules in the extension of

melanocytes

Planum nasale- top of nose in cats, baboy, aso at tupa

Planum nasolabiale, the muzzle of cow

Egrots and chestnuts- dark horny structures found on the legs off horses

Cutaneous pouches in sheep- infolding skin, infraorbital, interdigital, and inguinal

pouches. Contain fine hairs and numerous sebaceous and oil glands

Related structures of integumentary

Hair- functions in maintaining body temperature

-hair strands and follicles, anchors the hair
-types of hair

Glands of skin-
-sebaceous and sweat glands, located in the dermis
-tail glands
-anal sacs
-sebum, glyceridesnand free fatty acids

2 types of sweat glands

-eccrine sweat glands, empty onto surface of skin
-apocrine sweat glands, empty into hair follicles

Claws and dewclaws

-hoof
-horns

Arrector pili Muscle- small smooth muscle, attached to each hair follicle
Feathers- the lightnes and stiffness of keratine is also akey to bird flight.
5 types of feathers
a) Contour feather
b) Down feather
c) Pin/ Filoplumes feather
d) Plumules
e) Bristles

MUSCULAR SYSTEM

a. Provide movement for animal and support life

b. Keeps blood flowing and cells living
c. Helps with digestion of food
d. Provides a proteins source for humans
e. Voluntary and involuntary, smooth and striated , red and white

Musculoskeletal system
 Conjunction with the skeletal system
 Prominent and extensive anatomical feature of the body
 Contractility- contraction and loosen
 Contraction- process of becoming smaller or tighter

Muscle- bundle of muscle fibre

Voluntary movement- is under control of the animal, if other wise it is called
Involuntary movement such as heart and balunbalunan

Function
-pumping the blood throughout the body
-movement of limbs
-for respiration (Diaphgram)
-movement of nutrient material along the gastrointestinal
-transport of urine

Types
Striated- skeletal muscle, long unbranched, multinucleated
Smooth- visceral muscle
Cardiac- striated, involuntary, heart muscle

Rigor mortis- stiffening of muscle before the death

Necrospy- diagnosis
Disect- educational purposes
Postmortem- evaluate of the meat produced
Antemortem- selecting animals prior to slaughter
Life=muscle VS. Death=meat
Myo=muscle + genesis=beginning

4 phases of myogenesis
-embryonic
-feoatal
-neoatal
-adult
Pre-Natal myogenesis- Prenatal myogenesis can be divided into primary myogenesis
and secondary myogenesis. Primary myogenesis mainly occurs during the embryonic
stage, when primary muscle fibers arise; secondary myogenesis occurs during the
fetal stage, and leads to the formation of secondary muscle fibers

Factors affecting muscle fibre

A. Species- differences in the total number of muscle fibre
B. Sex- male exhibit the higher muscle fibre
C. Selection of breeding- genetic variability/ hereditability
D. Nutrition. Prenatal nutrition- adequate nutrition is essential for normal skeletal
muscle development
E. Physical exercise
F. Growth hormone- increses lean growth, decreases fat deposition

Androgenesis- estrogens= synthetic hormones

Abnormal growth
-recessive growth
-imperfection of embrogenesis
-heritable diseases

Mucle cells
-perymisium, the inner part of muscle
-epimysium, the outer part of muscle

ORGANISMAL CELL
Sarcoplasm
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Sarcolemma
Muscle fillament
-thin and thick
Sarcomere
Myofibrils
I-band, adjacent to the Z-line
A-band, the length of a myosin
M-line, the line at a centre of a sarcomere
Z-line, neighboring parallel lines
H-band, adjacent to the M-line
Generation of action potential-As the sodium ions rush back into the cell, their
positive charge changes potential inside the cell from negative to more positive
 Axon- passes signal(messages)
 Dendrites- collects signals
 Neuromuscular junction
 Muscle fibre

Releasing of Acetylcholen- the synaptic cleft and entry of action potential the muscle
fibre

Hydrolysis- ATP ADP + Pi ( adenosinetriphospate adenosindiphospate

+Phosporus ion)

Makikita natin na naexpoxed ang myosin, indication of muscle contraction.

Myosin- are a superfamily of motor proteins best known for their roles in muscle
contraction and in a wide range of other motility processes in eukaryotes.

Respiratory system
Consists of lungs and air ways
Provides necessary oxygen to bloodstream
Removes CO2 from the bloodstream
Heat regulation
Detoxification
Vocal
Rapid adjacent of acid-base balance
Nasal cavity- the entry of Oxygen and exit of CO2
-Rostral, vestibular region
-Middle, respiratory epithelium
-Caudal, olfactory epithelium

Glothis- cranial larynx/ superior larynx

-located of pharyngeal region
-opening of trachea, air passage

Pharynx- throat, passage of both air and food

Larynx- voice box
Trachea- is often called the windpipe.
Synnx- caudal larynx
Bronchus/bronchi- 2 region of air passage to lungs
Pulmonary vessel- blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of
your heart to your lungs.
Alveoli-Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles
Air sacs-They serve to increase respiratory efficiency by providing a large surface
area for gas exchange.

Avian have incomplete diaphragm, they do not exchange of gasses

Instead, the distinct characteristics of having 8 air sacs for ventilation, one reason for
them for flying

Cervical x1
Clavicular x1
Cranial x2
Caudal x2
Abdominal x2

Livestock air passage way

Upper tracts
-nostrills
-nasal cavity
-pharynx

Lower tracts
-larynx
-trachea
-bronchi
-alveoli- diffusion of co2 and oxygen from the blood
-pleura- connective tissue that envelope the lungs

Diffusion and transport of co2

Epiglottis- closes thw opening during swallowing
Tissue lining- mucus and cilia
Breathing- kanta ni areng taylor, moves in or out of the lungs
Inspiration- ko si crushiecakes, relaxed
Expiration- na load ko later, the diaphgram contract as the lungs domes up

What inspiration is when talking about breathing?

Inspiration allows air to flow into the lungs. The second phase is expiration.
Expiration involves gases leaving the lungs. During inspiration, the diaphragm and
intercostal muscles contract allowing air to enter the lungs.
What is IRV and ERV?
Inspiratory Reserve Volume(IRV)

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) 1. The maximum volume of air that can be
inhaled after normal inspiration is called inspiratory reserve volume. 1. The maximum
volume of air that can be forcefully exhaled after normal expiration is called
expiratory reserve volume.

Lung volume
-tidal breathing- relaxed, in at rest
-tidal volume, same amount of air inahale and exhale (example: 50%in=50%out
[30per minute])

Minute volume- normal breathing

Vital capacity- maximum level of inspiration

Digestive tracts of ruminants

Quick facts
 Ruminant stomachs have four compartments: the rumen, the reticulum, the
omasum and the abomasum.
 Rumen microbes ferment feed and produce volatile fatty acids, which is the
cow’s main energy source. Rumen microbes also produce B vitamins, vitamin K
and amino acids.
 In calves, the esophageal grooves allows milk to bypass the rumen and directly
enter the abomasum. Rumen development occurs following a change in diet and
microbial growth.

The cow's digestive tract consists of the following.

Mouth
Esophagus
A four-compartment stomach, which includes
The rumen (paunch)
The reticulum (“honeycomb”)
The omasum (“manyplies”)
The abomasum (“true stomach”)
Small intestine
Large intestine
Digestive system of avian animals

The digestive order is as follows: bill, mouth, tongue, pharynx, esophagus, crop,
proventriculus, gizzard, small intestine, caeca, rectum, cloaca.

Una, tutukain ng manok ang pagkain niya using Beak or bill, passing through the
mouth and tounge for food manipulation or swallowing, and then dadaan sa pharynx
in aid of swallowing the pagkain, The esophagus is the tube leading down from the
pharynx to the crop. The crop is like a “doggy bag” when the bird eats. Ang crop ay
nagsisilbing food storage ng kinain habang patuloy naman ang proventiculus sa pag-
excrete ng mga enzymes para matulungang mapadali trabaho ng Gizzard sa pag-giling
ng mga kinain.

Pagpapatuloy, ngayong nagiling na ang pagkain, dadaan ito sa small intestine kung
saan naka-locate ang pancreas for another enzymes excretion needed for food
breakdown as small intestines absorbed minerals and nutrients essential for growth.
Isa pa, may mga regions ang small intestines, ito ay ang mga jejunum and ileum.

Ang ceaca naman ay responsible in aiding of water transport, the caeca play a role in
the transport of water, sodium, potassium, and chloride, the dominant effect being that
of sodium transport. Also, caeca’s crucial role is microbial fermentation and
production of energy-rich short-chain fatty acids .

Sa large intestine naman, is where the last of the water reabsorption occurs. In the
cloaca, the digestive wastes mix with wastes from the urinary system (urates).
Chickens usually void fecal material as digestive waste with uric acid crystals on the
outer surface—that is, chickens do not urinate. HINDI SILA UMIISBO, GETS MO?!
DI KA NIYAN MAHAL
What is the future of animal science

Embryo transplant- can produce 20 calves from one cow per year.

Cloning- using an animal cell to grow an identical duplicate animal

Animal Pharming- producing animals to produce drugs and chemicals