Poetry- It is a form of literature that uses aesthetic and rhythmic qualities of language to evoke meanings.

It
is an art form that encompasses various styles, structures, and elements such as rhyme, meter, and
metaphors.
Poem- Is a specific work of poetry. It is the product or result of the art form.
Stanza- A set amount of lines in poetry grouped together by their length, meter or rhyme scheme.
Couplet- two – line stanza
Tercet- three – line stanza
Quatrain- four – line stanza
Cinquain- five – line stanza
Sestet- six – line stanza
Rhyme Scheme- The pattern of rhyme that comes at the end of each line or verse.
Meter- The pattern of stressed syllables and unstressed syllables.
Syllable- The single, unbroken sound of a spoken or written word.
TYPES OF POEM:
1. Haiku - originated in Japan, and it is a short and fun form
- three lines long, with the first line comprising of 5 syllables, the second line 7 syllables, and
the final line 5 syllable
- don’t have to rhyme and are usually written to evoke a particular mood or instance

2. Ode - believed to have come from ancient Greece. Ode is derived from the Greek word “aeidein” which
means “to sing or chant” and is usually perform with instrument
- They tend to serve as a tribute to a subject. It is a short lyric poems, which convey intense
emotions, and tend to follow traditional verse structure
3. Free Verse - It is a popular style of modern poetry, and there is a fair amount of freedom when it comes
to writing a poem like this.
- There are no rules, the poem can establish any rhythm and rhyme is entirely optional.
- It is often used in contemporary poetry
4. Lyric Poetry - A broad category of poetry that centers around feelings and emotions.
- They can use rhyming verse, or free form.
- Historically, intended to be sung and accompany musical instrumentation.
5. Sonnet - It is the most popular form of poetry. It was made famous by William Shakespare.
- They are 14 lines long. The quatrain has an ABCB rhyme scheme, the couplet has a
DDrhyme, and they are written in iambic pentameter.
- This typically center around the topic of love.
6. Blackout Poetry - Is a form of found poetry, wherein you take an existing text and cross out or black out
large portions of it.
- This form is great for experimentation as you can use books, magazines,
newspapers, anything you can think of.
7. Ballad - It came from Europe in the late Middle Ages and were initially passed down from one generation
to another.
- It is a form of narrative and often focuses on storytelling with music
- It follows the pattern of rhymed quatrains, which use a rhyme scheme of ABAB or ABCB.
8. Villanelle - It consist nineteen lines, in the form of five tercets and a closing quatrain, and they have a
specific rhyme scheme.
9. Elegy - Similar to Ode, yet these poems reflect on death and loss, and traditionally include a theme of
mourning.
10. Epic - The term “epic” was derived from the accomplishments, adventures, and bravado of these poems.
- It refers to very long poems which tell a story.
11. Limericks - These are short, comedic poems, which can be crude and are largely trivial in nature.

A figure of speech is a rhetorical device that achieves a special effect by using words in a distinctive way.
CATEGORIES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH:
1. Scheme - figures of speech that play with syntax, sound, and words
2. Tropes - figures of speech that deviate in some way from the literal meanings of words.
TYPES OF FIGURES OF SPEECH:
1. Alliteration - is the repeating of consonant sounds right next to each other
2. Antithesis - is a literary technique that places opposite things or ideas next to one another in order to draw
out their contrast.
3. Apostrophe - as a figure of speech is when a character addresses someone or something that isn’t present
or cannot respond.
4. Circumlocution - is the use of a purposely wordy description. You can think of it as talking in circles.
5. Epigram - is a clever and memorable statement. You will find epigrams in speeches, poetry, and at the
front of a book.
6. Euphemism - is a way to say something in an understated manner, often to avoid difficult topics—like
money, death, or sex.
7. Hyperbole - is a deliberate exaggeration that adds emphasis, urgency, or excitement to a statement.
8. Irony - use of words to convey the opposite of their literal meaning
9. Litotes - use a double negative to create a positive.
10. Metaphor - is the direct comparison of dissimilar things to create more vivid imagery or understanding.
11. Metonymy - is a literary device in which a word or object stands in for a closely related word or object
12. Onomatopoeia - is a word that sounds like what it means.
13. Oxymoron - is a phrase that uses two contradictory words to create a new meaning.
14. Paradox - is a statement that appears to contradict itself but contains some truth, theme, or humor.
15. Personification - is assigning human attributes to nonhuman things.
16. Pleonasm - is the use of more words than necessary to convey meaning.
17. Pun - is a form of wordplay that purposely substitutes words that sound similar but have different
meanings.
18. Simile - compares two dissimilar things using “like” or “as.”
19. Synecdoche - is when a smaller unit is used to signify a larger unit or vice versa.
20. Understatement - is the intentional downplaying of a situation.