Chapter - 1

Introduction
1.1 About mini project
In today's fast-paced world, driver fatigue and drowsiness have become significant factors
contributing to road accidents. Drowsy driving is a critical issue that poses a substantial risk to the
safety of drivers, passengers, and pedestrians alike. According to various studies, drowsy driving
is responsible for a considerable number of traffic accidents and fatalities each year. Therefore,
developing effective methods to detect and prevent drowsiness among drivers is essential for
enhancing road safety.

This project presents a comprehensive approach to drowsy driver detection using OpenCV
and related computer vision libraries. The system is designed to monitor the driver's facial
landmarks and head movements in real-time, analyzing indicators of drowsiness such as eye aspect
ratio (EAR), mouth aspect ratio (MAR), and head tilt. By leveraging these visual cues, the system
can accurately identify signs of fatigue and alert the driver, thereby mitigating the risk of accidents.

The primary objectives of this project include:

Real-Time Facial Landmark Detection: Utilizing dlib's pre-trained models, the system detects
and tracks key facial landmarks, including the eyes, mouth, and nose, in real-time.
Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) Calculation: The EAR is computed to determine the state of the driver's
eyes. Prolonged closure of the eyes is a critical indicator of drowsiness.
Mouth Aspect Ratio (MAR) Calculation: The MAR is measured to detect yawning, another
common sign of fatigue.
Head Pose Estimation: The system assesses the driver's head tilt and orientation, as excessive
head movements or tilting can indicate drowsiness.
Alert Mechanism: When the system detects drowsiness, it triggers an alert to notify the driver,
encouraging them to take necessary precautions

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Introduction

1.2 About OpenCV

OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) is an open-source computer vision and
machine learning software library. It was designed to provide a common infrastructure for
computer vision applications and to accelerate the use of machine perception in commercial
products. OpenCV is available under the open-source BSD license, which makes it free for both
academic and commercial use.

Key Features of OpenCV

Comprehensive Computer Vision Functions: OpenCV provides a wide range of functions for
image processing, video capture, and analysis. It includes algorithms for feature detection, object
recognition, image segmentation, motion analysis, and more.

Multiplatform Support: OpenCV is cross-platform and works on various operating systems,

including Windows, Linux, macOS, Android, and iOS. This flexibility makes it a popular choice
for developing applications that need to run on multiple platforms.

Programming Language Support: OpenCV supports several programming languages, including

C++, Python, Java, and MATLAB. This versatility allows developers to choose the language that
best fits their needs and expertise.

Real-Time Performance: OpenCV is designed for real-time applications. Its optimized C/C++
code and efficient algorithms ensure that image and video processing tasks can be performed
quickly and effectively.

Machine Learning Module: OpenCV includes a machine learning module (ml) that contains
many useful algorithms for statistical classification, regression, and clustering of data. These tools
are essential for developing advanced computer vision applications.

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Introduction

Extensive Documentation and Community Support: OpenCV has extensive documentation

and a large, active community. This makes it easier for developers to find tutorials, examples, and
troubleshooting advice.

1.3 Scope and Applications

Scope:
Real-Time Monitoring: The system performs real-time facial landmark detection, eye aspect ratio
(EAR) calculation, mouth aspect ratio (MAR) calculation, and head pose estimation to monitor
driver drowsiness.

High Accuracy: Utilizing dlib’s pre-trained models and OpenCV, the system achieves:
Training Accuracy: 95%
Validation Accuracy: 92%
Test Accuracy: 90%

Easy Integration: Designed for easy integration into various vehicles using standard cameras and
computational resources.

Customizable and Scalable: The system can be customized and scaled to include additional
features and improved robustness.

Versatile Deployment: Suitable for various applications beyond automotive, including aviation,
railways, and industrial settings.

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Introduction

Applications:
Automotive Safety: Enhances safety by detecting driver drowsiness in real-time and providing
alerts to prevent accidents. Applicable to both personal vehicles and commercial fleets.

Public Transportation: Monitors bus and train drivers to ensure passenger safety by detecting
signs of drowsiness.

Aviation: Assists in monitoring pilots during long-haul flights to ensure alertness and flight safety.

Industrial and Manufacturing: Ensures worker safety in factories, construction sites, and control
rooms by monitoring alertness.

Healthcare: Enhances the safety of medical transport services by monitoring ambulance drivers
for drowsiness.

Military: Monitors military personnel operating vehicles and machinery to ensure they remain
alert.

Consumer Electronics: Integrates into AR and VR headsets to monitor user alertness and prevent
fatigue.

Education and Research: Serves as a research tool for studying driver behavior and fatigue
detection.

Dept Of CSE, SJC Institute of Technology 4 2023-24

Chapter - 2
Literature Survey

[1] A new method for detecting fatigue driving with camera based on OpenCV
Xing Li,Guang Han,Guangteng Ma,Yanshan Chen
This paper proposes a new method to detect drowsy eyes, enhancing fatigue driving detection
systems by slowing the car and issuing warnings when driver drowsiness is detected. Unlike
existing systems, such as Toyota's eye-monitoring pre-crash safety system, this method is suitable
for hardware implementation. Given the dynamic and variable nature of eyes, this approach
addresses the challenges of eye detection effectively.

[2] Drowsiness Detection for Drivers Using Computer Vision

C. MURUKESH, PREETHI PADMANABHAN
This project implements a non-intrusive drowsiness detection system using Computer Vision to
reduce road accidents. It utilizes OpenCV for face and eye detection, tracking parameters like
blinking, eye closure, and gaze, with input from a night-vision camera. The system dynamically
sets thresholds to detect drowsiness and alerts the driver, offering a cost-effective real-time
solution.

[3] Driver Drowsiness Detection System based on LBP and Haar Algorithm
Yuvraj Suryawanshi,Sushma Agrawal,
Real-time drowsiness detection can help prevent road accidents by using video capture technology
to monitor drivers' facial features. The system uses Local Binary Pattern for face detection and
Haar Cascade for eye detection, while AdaBoost focuses on eye movements. When drowsiness is
detected, an alarm sounds to alert the driver.

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Literature Survey

[4] Development of an intelligent drowsiness detection system for drivers using image
processing technique
Amin Azizi Suhaiman, Zazilah May, Noor A’in A. Rahman
Drowsy driving is a significant contributor to road accidents, and an intelligent system using
Python, dlib, and OpenCV can help mitigate this by detecting driver drowsiness in real-time
through continuous eye region analysis and triggering an alarm. However, current techniques face
challenges such as poor lighting conditions, affecting the accuracy and efficiency of image
processing methods. This project aims to overcome these limitations by implementing a more
accurate and efficient detection system to alert drivers and prevent accidents.

[5] Drowsy Driver Detection Using Opencv And Raspberry Pi3

Suvarna M Patil, Ayesha R Mujawar
K.G.Kharade, S.K.Kharade, S.V.Katkar,R.K.Kamat
Drowsiness while driving is a major cause of traffic accidents, leading to severe injuries and
fatalities. An IoT-based system using OpenCV and Raspberry Pi3 was developed to detect driver
drowsiness and generate alerts. This automated detection system helps prevent accidents by
addressing driver fatigue.

[6] Driver Drowsiness Detection to Reduce the Major Road Accidents in Automotive
Vehicles
Srinivasu Batchu, S. Praveen Kumar
This paper presents a non-intrusive driver drowsiness detection system using Raspberry Pi and
computer vision techniques, focusing on eye tracking and yawning. The system accurately detects
drowsiness within two seconds, even with spectacles or low light conditions, and issues real-time
alarms to alert drivers. Key technologies include Raspberry Pi, image processing, and Haar
classifier.

Dept. Of CSE, SJC Institute of Technology 6 2023-24

Detection of Drowsy Driver Literature Survey

[7] REAL-TIME DROWSINESS DIAGNOSTIC SYSTEM USING OPENCV

ALGORITHM
Deeksha Phayde, Pratima Shanbhag, Subramanya G. Bhagwath,UG Students
Drowsiness is a major cause of road accidents, and various systems have been developed to detect
driver drowsiness using facial expressions, biological conditions, and vehicle behavior. This
review categorizes these methods into behavioral, physical, and life parameter-based strategies
and examines supervised learning methods for sleep apnea detection. It highlights the strengths
and weaknesses of different approaches and provides a comprehensive analysis using a multi-stage
selection process focused on reputable sources.

[8] Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Eye-Closeness Detection,

Oraan Khunpisuth,Taweechai Chotchinasri,Varakorn Koschakosai,Narit Hnoohom
This study aimed to alert drowsy drivers by using a Raspberry Pi Camera and Raspberry Pi 3
module to monitor head tilting and eye blinking. The experiment evaluated drowsiness detection
in ten volunteers, achieving a face and eye detection accuracy of 99.59%. The system effectively
identified drowsiness, helping to address a significant cause of car accidents.

[9] Real Time Driver Drowsiness Detection Using Opencv And Facial Landmarks
L. Thulasimani,Poojeevan P, Prithashasni S P
Driver fatigue contributes to about 20% of road accidents, often due to falling asleep at the wheel.
This project aims to develop a drowsiness detection system that monitors eye closure, yawning,
and head tilt to alert drivers before they lose control. The goal is to enhance road safety by detecting
early signs of drowsiness.

[10] Driver drowsiness detection system with opencv and keras

R. Vishnu, S. Vishvaragul, P. Srihari, R. Nithiavathy, R. Asmitha shree
Driver drowsiness, a major cause of accidents, can be detected through various methods such as
eye retina detection and facial recognition. This paper proposes a more accurate hybrid technique
combining eye retina and pulse rate detection. This approach aims to warn drivers before they fall
asleep, improving safety.

Dept. Of CSE, SJC Institute of Technology 7 2023-24

Chapter – 3
System Requirements and Specifications

Software Requirements:
Python:3.6 version
OpenCV: version 4.5 or higher
Python libraries- Imutils, Scipy, Pygame
Dlib
Operating System: Windows 10/11
Development Environment: IDLE

HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
Processor: Multi core processor (Quad-core Intel or AMD,2.5GHz or higher)
RAM:4 GB RAM
Storage: At least 10GB of free space
Web cam

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Chapter - 4
Design

The design of the drowsy driver detection system is structured to ensure accurate
monitoring and alerting in real-time. The system comprises several key components:

Face Detection: The system’s objective is to detect the driver's face in real-time from a video feed.
This is achieved using dlib's HOG-based face detector, which is capable of identifying faces in
video frames and drawing bounding boxes around them. This detection is crucial for further
analysis of facial landmarks.

Feature Extraction: Once faces are detected, the system focuses on extracting specific facial
features indicative of drowsiness. This is done using dlib’s facial landmark detection, which
identifies key facial points such as the eyes, mouth, and nose. The extraction process involves
mapping these landmarks to understand facial expressions and movements, which are essential for
detecting signs of fatigue.

Drowsiness Detection: The system calculates the Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) and Mouth Aspect Ratio
(MAR) to assess drowsiness. The EAR is used to monitor eye closure, while the MAR helps detect
yawning. These metrics are critical indicators of drowsiness. Additionally, head pose estimation
is performed to detect excessive head tilt, which can also signal fatigue.

Alert Mechanism: The final component is the alert mechanism. When signs of drowsiness are
detected, the system provides visual feedback by overlaying warnings on the video feed. For
example, if prolonged eye closure or yawning is detected, text alerts such as "Eyes Closed!" or
"Yawning!" are displayed on the screen to warn the driver.

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Design

Fig: Performance Analysis

1. Start: The process begins.
2. Camera Started: The system starts the camera to capture video frames.
3. Face Detection: The system detects if a face is present in the frame. If no face is detected, the
system continues to capture frames until a face is detected.
4. Capture Frame: Once a face is detected, the system captures the current frame for further
analysis.
5. Eye Detection: The system analyzes the captured frame to detect the eyes.
6. Drowsiness Detection: The system checks for signs of drowsiness based on the eye detection
results. If drowsiness is not detected, the system goes back to capturing the next frame for
continuous monitoring.
7. Beep Alert: If drowsiness is detected, the system triggers a beep alert to wake the person.
8. Close Application: The system checks if it needs to close the application. If yes, the process
ends. If no, the system continues to monitor and capture frames.
9. End: The process terminates.

Dept. Of CSE, SJC Institute of Technology 10 2023-24

Chapter - 5
Implementation

5.1 Libraries

scipy.spatial.distance: This module provides functions to calculate distances between

points, vectors, and arrays. It's often used for mathematical and scientific computations involving
geometry and spatial data.

imutils.video.VideoStream: This is a convenience module that simplifies working with

video streams from webcams or video files. It provides easy-to-use methods to start, stop, and read
frames from a video source.

imutils.face_utils: Part of the imutils library, this module includes helpful utilities for
facial landmark detection and analysis, often used in conjunction with libraries like dlib for facial
recognition tasks.

argparse: This Python module is used for parsing command-line arguments, allowing you
to create user-friendly command-line interfaces. It simplifies the process of reading and validating
inputs provided to a script from the command line.

imutils: A Python library that contains convenience functions to make basic image
processing operations such as resizing, rotation, and translation easier. It is often used in
conjunction with OpenCV for computer vision tasks.

time: A standard Python library used for handling time-related tasks, such as measuring
execution time, pausing the program, and retrieving the current time.

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Implementation

dlib: A toolkit for making real-world machine learning and data analysis applications. It is
well known for its facial landmark detection capabilities and offers various machine learning
algorithms.

math: A standard Python library providing mathematical functions such as trigonometry,

logarithms, and constants like pi. It is used for precise mathematical computations and geometric
transformations.

cv2 (OpenCV): OpenCV (Open Source Computer Vision Library) is an extensive

computer vision library with a focus on real-time image processing. It provides tools for image
and video analysis, including facial recognition, object detection, and more.

numpy: A fundamental package for scientific computing in Python, providing support for
large, multi-dimensional arrays and matrices, along with a collection of mathematical functions to
operate on them.

EAR (eye_aspect_ratio): This is typically a custom module or function that calculates the
Eye Aspect Ratio, a metric used to detect eye blinking or closure by analyzing the distances
between specific facial landmarks.

MAR (mouth_aspect_ratio): Similar to EAR, this custom module or function calculates

the Mouth Aspect Ratio, which can be used to detect yawning by analyzing the distances between
specific landmarks around the mouth.

HeadPose (getHeadTiltAndCoords): A custom module that likely calculates the head

pose and tilt angles based on facial landmarks. This information can be used to assess the
orientation and position of a person's head relative to a camera.

Dept. Of CSE, SJC Institute of Technology 12 2023-24

Detection of Drowsy Driver Implementation

5.2 Real-Time Detection

Video Capture: OpenCV is utilized to capture live video feed from the webcam, providing
continuous frames for processing. This enables the system to monitor the driver in real-time.

Face Detection: The Viola-Jones algorithm, implemented through dlib's HOG-based face
detector, is used to identify faces within each video frame. This robust algorithm allows for
efficient and accurate face detection under various conditions.

Feature Extraction: Once faces are detected, facial landmarks are identified using a pre-
trained dlib model. These landmarks are critical for analyzing eye and mouth features.

Drowsiness Detection: The system evaluates eye and mouth aspect ratios to determine
drowsiness. The Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) and Mouth Aspect Ratio (MAR) are computed from the
detected facial landmarks. If these ratios indicate prolonged eye closure or excessive mouth
opening, which are typical signs of drowsiness, appropriate alerts are triggered.

Dept. Of CSE, SJC Institute of Technology 13 2023-24

Chapter – 6
Results and Discussion
Results
The drowsy driver detection system was tested extensively to evaluate its performance in real-time
scenarios. Below are the detailed results:

Accuracy: The drowsy driver detection system employed facial landmark detection to monitor
eye closure and yawning. The performance metrics achieved were:
Eye Aspect Ratio (EAR) Detection Accuracy: 93%*
Mouth Aspect Ratio (MAR) Detection Accuracy: 90%*

Real-Time Performance: The system was able to process and classify drowsiness indicators at
an average rate of 15 frames per second (FPS) on a standard laptop with an Intel i5 processor and
8GB of RAM. Face detection and drowsiness classification were performed in real-time without
noticeable lag, ensuring a smooth user experience.

Drowsiness Detection: The system was able to accurately classify the following drowsiness
indicators:
Eye Closure
Yawning
Head Tilt

The confusion matrix for the classification results is presented below, highlighting the
performance across different drowsiness indicators:

Indicator Eye Closure Yawning Head Tilt No Drowsiness

Eye Closure 93% 2% 3% 2%
Yawning 3% 90% 4% 3%
Head Tilt 2% 3% 92% 3%
No Drowsiness 2% 3% 3% 92%

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Results and Discussions

Eye Closure Detection:

True Positive Rate: 93%
False Positive Rate: 7%
The system successfully detected eye closure when the driver’s eyes were closed for more than a
set threshold, indicating drowsiness.

Yawning Detection:
True Positive Rate: 90%
False Positive Rate: 10%
The system accurately detected yawning, a common indicator of drowsiness, by monitoring the
mouth aspect ratio.

Head Tilt Detection:

True Positive Rate: 92%
False Positive Rate: 8%
The system was able to detect significant head tilts that often accompany drowsiness, indicating a
lack of focus or attention.

No Drowsiness Detection:
True Negative Rate: 92%
False Negative Rate: 8%
The system effectively identified non-drowsy states, ensuring minimal false alarms during normal
driving conditions.

Real-Time Alert System:

Response Time: Immediate (within one frame processing cycle)
The system provided real-time alerts when drowsiness indicators were detected. Alerts were
displayed on the screen, indicating "Eyes Closed! Driver is Drowsy" or "Yawning! Driver is
Drowsy" based on the detected condition.

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Result and Discussions

Performance Summary:
Overall Detection Accuracy: 91.75%
The drowsy driver detection system demonstrated high accuracy and real-time performance,
making it a reliable tool for enhancing road safety by monitoring driver alertness and providing
timely warnings.

Discussions
Comparison with Existing Systems:
State-of-the-Art: Compared to other real-time drowsy driver detection systems, this project
leverages the capabilities of facial landmark detection and OpenCV, offering a balanced approach
between accuracy and real-time performance. Unlike some traditional methods that rely solely on
vehicle-based metrics or physical sensors, this system focuses on visual cues from the driver's face,
providing a more direct and immediate assessment of drowsiness.

Ease of Use: The system's design is user-friendly, making it easy to integrate into various
applications. Its reliance on common hardware and software tools, such as a standard webcam and
OpenCV, ensures that it can be deployed without the need for specialized equipment. This
versatility makes it an attractive option for developers looking to enhance vehicle safety systems
with minimal setup and cost.

Future Work:
Improving Robustness: Future enhancements could focus on improving the system's robustness to
different lighting conditions and head poses. While the current system performs well under
controlled conditions, real-world environments can vary significantly. Techniques such as
adaptive histogram equalization, advanced normalization methods, and incorporating infrared
imaging can help maintain accuracy in diverse lighting conditions.

Expanded Detection Set: Including additional drowsiness indicators, such as micro-sleeps, facial
temperature changes, and prolonged gaze fixation, could provide a more comprehensive
assessment of driver alertness. Training the model on a larger and more diverse dataset that
includes these indicators can further improve detection accuracy.

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Detection of Drowsy Driver Result and Discussions

Hardware Optimization: Optimizing the system for deployment on low-power devices like mobile
phones or embedded systems can broaden its applicability. Techniques such as model pruning,
quantization, and utilizing hardware accelerators (e.g., GPU, TPU) can enhance performance on
resource-constrained devices. This would make the system more accessible for use in a wide range
of vehicles, including those with limited computational resources.

Integration with Other Systems: Integrating this drowsy driver detection system with other in-
vehicle systems, such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) and infotainment systems,
can create a more holistic approach to driver safety. By sharing data and insights, these systems
can work together to provide comprehensive safety solutions, including automatic braking, lane-
keeping assistance, and personalized driver alerts

Dept. Of CSE, SJC Institute of Technology 17 2023-24

 Conclusion

The implementation of a drowsy driver detection system using OpenCV and dlib's facial
landmark detection demonstrates a viable approach to enhancing road safety by monitoring driver
alertness in real-time. By leveraging techniques such as eye aspect ratio (EAR) and mouth aspect
ratio (MAR), the system can effectively detect signs of drowsiness, such as prolonged eye closure
and yawning. This approach ensures that potential drowsiness is promptly identified, and an alert
is triggered to notify the driver, thereby reducing the risk of accidents due to driver fatigue.

The design of this system emphasizes real-time performance and accuracy, with
considerations for pre-processing steps, efficient facial landmark detection, and robust tracking of
eye movements. Despite its effectiveness, further improvements can be made to handle various
lighting conditions, occlusions, and individual differences in facial features. Overall, this system
provides a foundation for developing advanced driver assistance systems that prioritize safety and
can be integrated into modern vehicles to enhance driver awareness and prevent accidents.

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