CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 165

Mastering NCERT
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

TOPIC 1 ~ Origin of Life and Evolution of Life Forms

1 Evolutionary biology is
(a) the study of history of life forms on earth 9 Miller synthesised simple amino acids from one of the
(b) study of pedigrees of life forms on earth following mixtures in his experiment
(c) equivalent to demography (a) CH4 , NH3 , H2 and water vapours at 800ºC
(d) equivalent to anthropology (b) H2 , O2 , N2 and water vapours at 200ºC
2 According to one of the most widely accepted (c) H2 , O2 , C2 and water vapours at 2000ºC
theories, earth’s atmosphere before origin of life (d) CH4 , NH3 , O2 and water vapours at 500ºC
consisted of a mixture of 10 What did Miller obtained from his experiment?
(a) O3 , CH4 , O2 and H2 O (a) Amino acids (b) Organic compounds
(b) O3 , NH3 , CH4 and H2 O (c) Nitrogen bases (d) All of these
(c) H2 , CO2 , NH3 and CH4 11 On early earth, organic acids were produced by the
(d) CH4 , NH3 , H2 and H2 O vapours combination of H 2 with
3 Which theory arguments that life on earth came from (a) ammonia and methane (b) hydrogen
outer space through spores? (c) organic matter (d) sulphates and nitrates
(a) Theory of panspermia 12 The first non-cellular forms of life that originated
(b) Cosmozoic theory 3 billion years back was/were
(c) Spore theory (a) protein (b) polysaccharide
(d) More than one option are correct (c) RNA (d) All of these
4 For a long time, it was believed that life came out of 13 The first single cell-like structure initially appeared in
decaying and rotting matter like straw, mud, etc. This (a) air (b) mountain (c) ocean (d) soil
was the theory of 14 The sequence of origin of life may be
(a) catastrophism (b) spontaneous generation (a) Inorganic materials → Organic materials → Colloidal
(c) panspermia (d) chemogeny aggregate → Eobiont → Cell
5 Who discarded the theory of spontaneous generation (b) Organic materials → Inorganic materials → Colloidal
aggregate → Eobiont → Cell
once and for all?
(c) Inorganic materials → Organic materials → Eobiont
(a) Louis Pasteur (b) Francesco Redi
→ Cell → Colloidal aggregate
(c) Spallanzani (d) Aristotle
(d) Organic materials → Inorganic materials → Eobiont
6 Who showed that life did not evolve from killed yeast → Cell → Colloidal aggregate
in pre-sterilised flasks? 15 The given diagram represents Miller’s experiment.
(a) Oparin (b) Haldane Choose the correct combination of labelling for
(c) Louis Pasteur (d) Miller A, B, C and D.
7 Who proposed that the first form of life could have A
come from pre-existing non-living organic molecules
and it precedes chemical evolution?
Mixture
(a) SL Miller B of
(b) Oparin and Haldane gases
(c) Charles Darwin
(d) Alfred Wallace C
8 Experimental evidence of chemical evolution was
given by
(a) Miller (b) Haldane
(c) Oparin (d) All of these
D

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166 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)

(a) A–Electrodes, B –NH3 + H2 + H2 O + CH4 , 19 Theory of natural selection as the mechanism of

C–Condensor, D–U-trap evolution was given by
(b) A–Electrodes, B–NH4 + H2 + CO2 + CH3 ,
(a) Lamarck (b) Darwin
C–Vacuum pump, D–U-trap
(c) A–Electrodes, B–NH3 + H2 O, C–Condensor, (c) Alfred Wallace (d) JBS Haldane
D–Vacuum pump 20 Scientist who also came to the similar conclusions
(d) A–Electrodes, B–NH3 + H2 + H2 O + CH4 , around the same time of Charles Darwin was
C–Boiling water, D–Vaccum pump (a) Alfred Wallace
16 What was the name of the sail ship used by Charles (b) Hugo de Vries
Darwin during his sea voyage? (c) TH Morgan
(a) HMS Beagle (b) HSM Beagle (d) Oparin and Haldane
(c) HMS Eagle (d) HSM Eagle 21 Malay Archipelago is
17 According to Charles Darwin’s observations (a) a group of islands visited by Wallace
(a) existing life forms share similarities to the life forms (b) a research paper on evolution written by Wallace
that existed million of years ago
(c) a research paper on ecology written by Wallace
(b) life forms evolve gradually
(d) a group of organism studied by Wallace
(c) any population has built in variations which enable
them to survive in natural conditions 22 The conclusions drawn by Darwin and Wallace were
(d) All of the above (a) All existing life forms share similarities and common
18 According to Darwin, those who are better fit in an ancestors
environment, (b) The ancestors of existing life forms were present at
(a) leave more progeny than others different periods in the history of earth
(b) leave less progeny than others (c) The geological history of earth correlates with the
(c) are eradicated rapidly due to competition biological history of earth
(d) None of the above (d) All of the above

TOPIC 2 ~ Evidences of Evolution

23 Evidence that evolution of life forms has indeed taken 27 Embryological support for evolution given by Ernst
place on earth has come from Haeckel includes the
(a) fossil studies (palaeontological evidences) (a) presence of hair all over the body in adult human
(b) morphological and comparative anatomical studies (b) absence of tail bone and presence of wisdom tooth
(c) biochemical studies (c) absence of vestigial gill slits in human’s embryo
(d) All of the above (d) presence of row of vestigial gill slits in embryo of all
vertebrates
24 Fossils are the remains of
28 The similarity of bone structure in the forelimbs of
(a) hard parts of life forms found in rocks
many vertebrates is an example of NEET 2018
(b) light parts of life forms found in rocks (a) convergent evolution (b) analogy
(c) proteins and bones of life forms found in rocks (c) homology (d) adaptive radiation
(d) fats and proteins of life forms found in rocks
29 Which one of the following options gives one correct
25 A study of fossils in different sedimentary layers example each of convergent evolution and divergent
indicates evolution? CBSE-AIPMT 2012
(a) physiological period in which they existed
(b) geological period in which they existed Convergent evolution Divergent evolution
(c) conditions in which they were living (a) Eyes of Octopus and Bones of forelimbs of
mammals vertebrates
(d) All of the above
(b) Thorns of Bougainvillea and Wings of butterflies and
26 Fossils are useful in tendrils of Cucurbita birds
(a) studying extinct organisms (c) Bones of forelimbs of Wings of butterfly and birds
(b) studying history of organisms vertebrates
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) Thorns of Bougainvillea and Eyes of Octopus and
(d) None of the above tendrils of Cucurbita mammals

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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 167

30 In the animals, the same structures developed along (c) phylogenetic structures and represent divergent
the different directions due to the adaptations to evolution
different needs. This is called (d) homologous structures and represent convergent
evolution
(a) convergent evolution (b) divergent evolution
(c) disruptive evolution (d) directional evolution 38 The eyes of Octopus and eyes of cat show different
patterns of structure, yet they perform similar
31 Divergent evolution gives rise to function. This is an example of NEET 2013
(a) homologous organs (b) analogous organs (a) homologous organs that have evolved due to convergent
(c) Both (a) and (b) (d) None of these evolution
32 Among the following sets of examples for divergent (b) homologous organs that have evolved due to divergent
evolution, select the incorrect option. NEET 2018 evolution
(a) Brain of bat, man and cheetah (c) analogous organs that have evolved due to convergent
(b) Heart of bat, man and cheetah evolution
(c) Forelimbs of man, bat and cheetah (d) analogous organs that have evolved due to divergent
evolution
(d) Eye of Octopus, bat and man
39 The process by which organisms with different
33 What does presence of homologous organs in evolutionary history evolve similar phenotypic
different animals indicate? adaptations in response to a common environmental
(a) Different ancestry challenge, is called NEET 2013
(b) Common ancestry (a) natural selection
(c) Independent development (b) convergent evolution
(d) Dependent development (c) non-random evolution
34 Tendrils of Cucurbita and thorns of Bougainvillea are (d) adaptive radiation
examples of 40 Evolutionary convergence is the development of
(a) vestigial organs (b) analogous organs (a) common set of characters in closely related groups
(c) homologous organs (d) homoplasy (b) common set of characters in the group of different
35 Which of the following structures is homologous to ancestry
the wing of a bird? CBSE-AIPMT 2015 (c) random mating
(a) Wing of a moth (b) Hindlimb of rabbit (d) dissimilar characters in the closely related groups
(c) Flipper of whale (d) Dorsal fin of a shark 41 Biochemical similarities are based on study of
36 Diagram given below indicates (a) similarities in carbohydrates of organisms
(b) similarities in fat (fatty acid) of organisms
(c) similarities in protein and genes of organisms
(d) All of the above
42 Change of lighter coloured variety of peppered moths
(Biston betularia) to darker variety in the industrial
Man Cheetah Whale Bat
era occurred due to
(a) selection of darker variety for survival
(b) deletion of gene
(c) industrial carbon deposited on the wings
(d) translocation of gene
43 England in 1850s, i.e. before industrialisation set in, it
was observed that there were more white-winged
moths on trees than dark-winged or melanised moths.
However, in the collection carried out from the same
area, but after industrialisation, i.e. in 1920, there
(a) analogous organs (b) homologous organs
were more dark-winged moths in the same area, i.e.
(c) convergent evolution (d) All of these
the proportion was reversed.
37 The wings of a bird and the wings of an insect are Predict the possible reason for such change.
CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(a) Natural selection
(a) homologous structures and represent divergent
(b) Artificial selection
evolution
(c) Conditional selection
(b) analogous structures and represent convergent evolution
(d) Divergent selection

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168 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)

44 The peppered moth (Biston betularia), the 46 Industrial melanism is an example of

black-coloured form becomes dominant over the CBSE-AIPMT 2015
light-coloured form of moth in England during (a) neo Darwinism (b) natural selection
industrial revolution. This is an example of (c) mutation (d) neo Lamarckism
AIIMS 2018 47 Example of anthropogenic evolution is
(a) appearance of the darker-coloured individuals due to (a) selection of resistant microbes to pesticides
very poor sunlight (b) antibiotic resistant eukaryotic cells
(b) protective mimicry (c) Industrial melanism is Biston betularia
(c) inheritance of darker colour character acquired due to (d) All of the above
the darker environment 48 Evolution is
(d) natural selection whereby the darker forms were
(a) discontinuous process
selected
(b) stochastic process
45 Natural indicator of industrial pollution is (c) Both (a) and (b)
(a) algae (b) fungi (c) lichen (d) bacteria (d) non-essential process

TOPIC 3 ~ Adaptive Radiation

49 Development of different functional structures from a 55 When more than one adaptive radiation appeared to
common ancestral form is called have occurred in an isolated geographical area, it is
(a) differential evolution (b) adaptive radiation (a) convergent evolution
(c) non-adaptive radiation (d) regressive evolution (b) divergent evolution
50 The process by which different type of finches were (c) natural selection
evolved in Galapagos islands is a consequence of (d) genetic drift
(a) adaptive radiation 56 Identify what is indicated in the given diagram?
(b) geographic similarity
(c) geographic dissimilarity
(d) adaptive convergence
51 The original finches from which other finches arose
on Galapagos island were
(a) seed-eating (b) insectivorous
(c) vegetarian (d) carnivorous Common
Ancestor
52 Which one of the following aspects of evolution is
shown by Darwin’s finches?
(a) Biogeographic evidence
(b) Industrial melanism
(c) Biochemical evidence
(d) Embryological evidence
53 The diversity in the type of finches and adaptation to
different feeding habits on the Galapagos islands, as I. Recombination
observed by Darwin, provides an evidence of
(a) origin of species by natural selection II. Adaptive radiation
(b) intraspecific variation III. Ecological succession
(c) intraspecific competition IV. Different species of penguins by mutation
(d) interspecific competition
Choose the correct option.
54 Australian marsupials are the example of (a) Only I
(a) homologous radiation (b) Only III
(b) analogous radiation
(c) Only IV
(c) adaptive radiation
(d) convergent radiation (d) Only II

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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 169

57 Identify what the given diagram indicates? 60 Which of the following is not an examples of
Tasmanian wolf adaptive radiation?
(a) Wombat, numbat, flying phalanger
(b) Darwin’s finches
Australian
Koala bear Marsupials Marsupial rat (c) Different mammals in other parts of world
(d) Lemur and spotted cuscus

Kangaroo 61 In Australia, marsupials and placental mammals have

(a) Convergent evolution evolved to share many similar characteristics. This
(b) Divergent evolution type of evolution may be referred to as NEET 2019
(c) Recapitulation (a) adaptive radiation
(d) Parallel evolution (b) divergent evolution
58 The classical example of adaptive radiation in (c) cyclical evolution
development of new species is (d) convergent evolution
(a) Darwin’s finches 62 A population of a species invades a new area. Which
(b) marsupials of Australia of the following conditions will lead to adaptive
(c) locomotion in mammals radiation? NEET 2019
(d) All of the above (a) Area with large number of habitats having very low
59 Example of convergent evolution is food supply
(a) Darwin finches and marsupial mouse (b) Area with a single type of vacant habitat
(b) Placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf (c) Area with many types of vacant habitats
(c) Placental wolf and Darwin finches (d) Area with many habitats occupied by a large number of
(d) Tasmanian wolf and marsupial mole species

TOPIC 4 ~ Biological Evolution and its Mechanism

63 What is meant by the term ‘Darwin fitness’? 67 Which concept was not included in Charles Darwin’s
(a) Ability to survive and reproduce theory of natural selection?
(b) High aggressiveness (a) Survival of the fittest
(c) Healthy appearance (b) Struggle for existence
(c) Overproduction of offspring
(d) Physical strength
(d) Punctuated equilibrium
64 Survival of the fittest is possible due to the 68 What is the difference between natural selection and
(a) overproduction sexual selection?
(b) favourable variations (a) Sexual selection occurs during sexual intercourse
(c) environmental changes (b) Natural selection is a type of sexual selection
(d) inheritance of acquired characters (c) Sexual selection is an example of natural selection
(d) Sexual selection occurs within demes
65 Darwinian fitness can be estimated by
(a) how long different individual in a population survive 69 Which of the following situations would most likely
(b) number of offspring produced by different individuals
result in the highest rate of natural selection?
in population (a) Reproduction by asexual method
(b) Low mutation is an stable environment
(c) individual have a large size in population
(c) Little competition
(d) species recover after mass extinction
(d) Reproduction by sexual method
66 Which of the following are the two key concepts of 70 According to Darwin, the organic evolution is due to the
Darwinian theory of evolution? (a) intraspecific competition NEET 2013
(a) Genetic drift and mutation (b) interspecific competition
(b) Adaptive radiation and homology (c) competition within closely related species
(c) Mutation and natural selection (d) reduced feeding efficiency in one species due to the
(d) Branching descent and natural selection presence of interfering species

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170 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)

71 Which one of the following was not explained by 76 Which of the following differences between
Darwinism? Lamarckism and Darwinism is incorrect?
(a) Natural selection Lamarckism Darwinism
(b) Struggle for existence
(a) It does not consider struggle Struggle for existence is
(c) Arrival of the fittest for existence very important in this theory
(d) Origin of species
(b) Only useful variations are All the acquired characters
72 Which of the following factors was not taken into transferred to the next are inherited to the next
account by Darwin in his theory of natural selection? generation generation.
(a) Struggle for existence (c) Neglects survival of the Based on survival of the
(b) Discontinuous variations fittest fittest
(c) Parasites and predators as natural enemies (d) None of the above
(d) Survival of the fittest
77 Hugo de Vries put forth his idea of mutation by his
73 Lamarck’s theory of evolution is also known as work on
(a) theory of use and disuse of organs
(a) pea plant (b) Drosophila
(b) theory of genetic characters
(c) evening primrose (d) maize plant
(c) theory of spontaneous characters
(d) theory of impose characters 78 Who proposed the concept of saltation?
(a) Darwin (b) Mendel
74 Who proposed that long neck of giraffes evolved due
(c) de Vries (d) Thomas Malthus
to foraging of leaves on tall trees?
(a) Lamarck 79 What does the term ‘Saltation’ imply?
(b) Darwin (a) Excess of species at a given area
(c) Malthus (b) Reduced number of species due to saline environment
(d) Aristotle (c) Occurrence of variations gradually, step by step
(d) Single step large mutations
75 What was the Lamarck’s explanation for long necked
giraffes? 80 Variations caused by mutation, as proposed by Hugo
(a) Stretching of necks over many generations de Vries are NEET 2019
(a) random and directionless
(b) Short neck suddenly changed into long one
(b) small and directional
(c) Natural selection (c) small and directionless
(d) Mutation (d) random and directional

TOPIC 5 ~ Hardy-Weinberg Principle

81 Hardy-Weinberg principle is the 84 Hardy-Weinberg principle can be expressed as
(a) stable allele frequency in a population (a) p 2 − 2 pq − q 2 = 1
(b) genetic structure of an evolving population
(b) p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 ≥ 1
(c) varying allele frequency in a population
(d) phenotypic structure of a non-evolving population (c) p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 ≤ 1

82 Genetic equilibrium refers to the phenomenon in which (d) p 2 + 2 pq + q 2 = 1

(a) the trait remains constant in a population 85 A gene locus has two alleles A, a. If the frequency of
(b) the total genes remain constant in a population dominant allele A is 0.4, then what will be the
(c) the total genes keeps on varying in a population frequency of homozygous dominant, heterozygous
(d) traits keeps on varying in a population and homozygous recessive individuals in the
population? NEET 2019
83 Change in gene frequency of a population means
(a) 0.16(AA); 0.24(Aa); 0.36(aa)
(a) evolution is in progress
(b) Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium is not achieved (b) 0.16(AA); 0.48(Aa); 0.36(aa)
(c) there may be a selection, migration or mutation (c) 0.16(AA); 0.36(Aa); 0.48(aa)
(d) All of the above (d) 0.36(AA); 0.48(Aa); 0.16(aa)

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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 171

86 Which of the following conditions represents the 93 Name the type of natural selection depicted in the given
extent of evolutionary change in Hardy-Weinberg diagram (type I, type II and type III).
principle?
Type I Type II
(a) Value of ( p + q )2
Mean
(b) Difference between measured value and expected Mean
Conserved
value Conserved
(c) Sum of measured value and expected value Eliminated ed
at
(d) This principle cannot predict the extent of in
im
evolutionary change El
Mean
Mean
87 In Hardy-Weinberg equation, the frequency of Conserved
heterozygous individual is represented by by selection Eliminated
CBSE-AIPMT 2015 Eliminated
(a) p 2 (b) 2 pq
(c) pq (d) q 2
88 The tendency of population to remain in genetic
equilibrium may be disturbed by NEET 2013
(a) random mating
(b) lack of migration Type III
(c) lack of mutations Mean
(d) lack of random mating Conserved
89 Identify the phenomenon in which a new set of Eliminated
population is formed from the set of existing
population due to the random excessive change in
the allele frequency. Eliminated
Mean Mean
(a) Founder effect (b) Genetic drift
(c) Bottle-neck effect (d) All of these Cons-
erved
90 Genetic drift operates in CBSE-AIPMT 2015
(a) small isolated population
(b) large isolated population
(c) non-reproductive population
(d) slow reproductive population
91 ‘XX’ is a type of selection process in evolution
that promotes population changes in one particular
direction. ‘XX’ favours small or large sized Type I Type II Type III
individuals mean size of population changes. (a) Disruptive Directional Stabilising
Identify ‘XX’. (b) Directional Disruptive Stabilising
(a) Stabilising selection (c) Stabilising Directional Disruptive
(b) Directional selection (d) Stabilising Disruptive Directional
(c) Disruptive selection 94 Artificial selection to obtain cows yielding high milk
(d) None of the above output represents NEET 2017
92 ‘PP’ is a type of selection that favours both small (a) stabilising selection as it stabilises this character in the
sized and large-sized individuals. ‘PP’ eliminates population
most of the members with mean expression, so as (b) directional as it pushes the mean of the character in one
to produce two peaks in the distribution of the direction
tract that many leads to the development of two (c) disruptive as it splits the population into two, one yielding
different populations. Identify ‘PP’. higher output and the other lower output
(a) Disruptive selection (b) Stabilising selection (d) stabilising followed by disruptive as stabilises the
(c) Directional selection (d) None of these population of produce higher yielding cows

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172 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)

95 In a large randomly mating population, only one 96 Allopatric speciation occurs when
person in 10,000 is an albino. What will be the (a) genetically related populations inhabit widely separated
frequency of carrier person of albinism? geographical area
(b) genetically unrelated populations inhabit widely
(a) 1 in 100 separated geographical area
(b) 99 in 10,000 (c) genetically related populations inhabit the same
(c) 2 in 10,000 geographical area
(d) 1 in 50 (d) genetically unrelated populations inhabit the same
geographical area

TOPIC 6 ~ A Brief Account of Evolution

97 Choose the incorrect pair. 107 The most recent era in geological time scale is
(a) Invertebrates were formed and active – By 500 mya (a) Mesozoic (b) Cenozoic
(b) Seaweeds existed – Around 320 mya (c) Palaeozoic (d) Proterozoic
(c) First organisms that invaded land – Single-celled 108 The correct order of evolutionary scale is
animals
(a) Palaeozoic → Archaeozoic → Cenozoic
(d) Fish with stout and strong fins – Around 350 mya
(b) Archaeozoic → Palaeozoic → Proterozoic
98 Name the animal that evolved into the first probable (c) Palaeozoic → Mesozoic → Cenozoic
amphibians and lived on both land and water. (d) Mesozoic → Archaeozoic → Proterozoic
(a) Whale (b) Coelacanth (lobefins)
109 First dinosaurs and first egg-laying mammals
(c) Amphioxus (d) Balanoglossus
originated in
99 There was no life in (a) Jurassic period (b) Triassic period
(a) Cenozoic era (b) Mesozoic era (c) Permian period (d) Cambrian period
(c) Palaeozoic era (d) Azoic era
110 Identify the geographical periods ( A, B , C ) in the
100 Which period in geological time scale is considered given diagram.
the golden era of fish?
Birds
(a) Mississippian (b) Silurian Lizards Tuataras
(c) Devonian (d) Jurassic Turtles
Snakes Crocodiles Mammals
101 Giant dinosaurs and reptiles predominated during the Quaternary 0
Jurassic period. This period was also marked for the
evolution of higher insects and angiosperms, conifers, ...C... 50
cycads, etc. Jurassic period belongs to which era? Dinosaurs
(a) Cenozoic (b) Palaeozoic (extinct)
Cretaceous 100
(c) Mesozoic (d) Proterozoic
102 During which period did the first seed plant appear?
...B... 150
(a) Silurian (b) Devonian
Therapsids
(c) Carboniferous (d) Cretaceous (extinct)
Triassic 200
103 The Cenozoic era is often designated as Thecodonts
(a) age of fish (b) age of reptiles (extinct)
...A... 250
(c) age of mammals (d) age of amphibians
Pelycosaurs
104 In which era Protozoa, sponge and algae originate? Sauropsids (extinct)
Carboniferous 300 Synapsids
(a) Cenozoic era (b) Azoic era
(c) Proterozoic era (d) Mesozoic era
350
105 Which of the following is an extinct animal? Early reptiles
(a) Protopterus (b) Equus (extinct)

(c) Archaeopteryx (d) Columba (a) A–Tertiary, B–Jurassic, C–Permian

106 Mesozoic era is called the age of (b) A–Tertiary, B–Permian, C–Jurassic
(a) fishes (b) amphibians (c) A–Permian, B–Jurassic, C–Tertiary
(c) reptiles (d) birds (d) A–Jurassic, B–Tertiary, C–Permian

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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 173

111 Choose the incorrectly matched pair. 113 In which epoch, only modern humans prevail?
(a) Reptiles — Thick-shelled eggs which do not dry up (a) Pleiostocene (b) Holocene (c) Pliocene (d) Miocene
(b) Tyrannosaurus rex — Fish like reptile 114 Which phenomena confined the pouched mammals to
(c) Dinosaurs — May be evolved into birds
Australia they survived because of lack of
(d) Continental drift — South America joined
North-America
competition from any other mammals?
(a) Continental origination
112 The first viviparous mammals whose fossils are (b) Continental shifting
small-sized were like (c) Continental drift
(a) shrews (b) monkeys (c) rats (d) lobefins (d) Continental evolution

TOPIC 7 ~ Origin and Evolution of Man

115 Choose the incorrect pair. 122 Who was more intelligent than modern man,
(a) Ramapithecus – Man-like cave-dweller, had prominent chin and appeared after
(b) Dryopithecus – Ape-like neanderthal man?
(c) Fossil of man-like bones were discovered (a) Erect man (b) Cro-Magnon man
– Ethopia and Tanzania (c) Hominid tool maker (d) First ape man
(d) Australopithecus – Probably lived in Western 123 What was the most significant trend in the evolution
Africa desert of modern man (Homo sapiens) from his ancestors?
116 First human like hominid is known as CBSE-AIPMT 2011, 12
(a) Neanderthal man (b) Homo habilis (a) Shortening of jaws (b) Binocular vision
(c) Dryopithecus (d) Homo erectus (c) Increasing brain capacity (d) Upright posture
117 Brain (cranial) capacity of Homo habilis was 124 Who used hides to protect their body and buried their
(a) 750-850 cc (b) 750-800 cc dead?
(c) 650-800 cc (d) 550-700 cc (a) Neanderthal man (b) Homo habilis
(c) Australopithecus (d) Dryopithecus
118 The fossil finding suggest that closest fossil to Homo
125 Homo sapiens most likely arose in
habilis was
(a) India (b) America (c) England (d) Africa
(a) Homo erectus (b) Homo sapiens
(c) Dryopithecus (d) Neanderthal man 126 Homo sapiens arose during
(a) ice age between 75000-10000 years ago
119 The extinct human who lived 10,00,00 to 40,000
(b) continental drift between 75000-10000 years ago
years ago, in Europe, Asia and parts of Africa, with
(c) continental drift between 75000-5000 years ago
short stature, heavy eyebrows, retreating fore heads,
(d) ice age between 50000-10000 years ago
large jaws with heavy teeth, stocky bodies, a
lumbering gait and stooped posture was 127 The chronological order of human evolution from
(a) Homo habilis CBSE-AIPMT 2012 early to the recent stages is
(b) Neanderthal human (a) Ramapithecus → Australopithecus → Homo habilis →
Homo erectus
(c) Cro-Magnon human (b) Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Homo habilis →
(d) Ramapithecus Homo erectus
120 Homo sapiens, neanderthalensis and Cro-Magnon (c) Pithecanthropus pekinensis → Homo habilis → Homo
man, probably originated from erectus
(d) Australopithecus → Ramapithecus → Pithecanthropus
(a) Homo erectus (b) Homo habilis
pekinensis → Homo erectus
(c) Ramapithecus (d) Proconsul
128 The diagram given here shows the skull of two
121 The difference between Homo sapiens and Homo different mammals. Choose the most appropriate
erectus was difference between A and B.
(a) Homo sapiens originated in Africa, while Homo erectus
originated in Asia
(b) Homo erectus were much smaller in size than Homo
sapiens A B
(c) Homo erectus stayed in Africa, while Homo sapiens did
not (a) Skull A has more teeth than skull B
(d) the size of the brain of Homo erectus was smaller than (b) Skull A has more brain capacity than skull B
that of Homo sapiens (c) Skull A is of a human and skull B is of an ape
(d) Skull A is of an ape and skull B is of human

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 NEET
SPECIAL TYPES QUESTIONS
I. Assertion and Reason Reason (R) Adaptive forms of a given trait tend to
become more common. Less adaptive ones becomes
■ Direction (Q. No. 129-143) In each of the following
less common or disappear.
questions, a statement of Assertion (A) is given followed
by corresponding statement of Reason(R). 136 Assertion (A) Whales and mammals share similarities
Of the statements, mark the correct answer as in the pattern of bones of forelimbs.
(a) If both A and R are true and R is the correct Reason (R) These organisms suggest occurrence of
explanation of A divergent evolution.
(b) If both A and R are true, but R is not the correct
explanation of A
137 Assertion (A) Analogous structures are different in
(c) If A is true, but R is false
appearance and have same function.
(d) If A is false, but R is true Reason (R) Divergent evolution leads to analogy.
129 Assertion (A) Theory of chemical evolution
138 Assertion (A) Lichens act as pollution indicators.
proposed that life came from pre-existing non-living Reason (R) These do not grow in areas that are polluted.
organic molecules. 139 Assertion (A) Lichens are symbiotic relationships of
Reason (R) Primitive earth conditions led to the algae and viruses.
production of organic molecules. Reason (R) These are sensitive to SO 2 levels in the air.
130 Assertion (A) The theory of special creation states 140 Assertion (A) Hugo de Vries said mutations cause
that God created life by his divine act of creation. speciation.
Reason (R) Louis Pasteur rejected the theory of Reason (R) Mutations are slow changes.
spontaneous generation. 141 Assertion (A) The introduction of new alleles into the
131 Assertion (A) Earth is about 15 billion years old. local gene pool by interbreeding of migrating
Reason (R) Life appeared 500 million back after the individuals with members of local population is called
formation of earth. gene migration.
Reason (R) If gene migration happens multiple times,
132 Assertion (A) Earliest organisms that appeared on it is called gene recombination.
the Earth were non-green and presumably
anaerobes. 142 Assertion (A) Sudden inheritable changes take place
in genome of an organism due to certain factors called
Reason (R) The first autotrophic organisms were the
mutations.
chemoautotrophs that never released oxygen.
Reason (R) Lamarck’s theory of evolution is popularly
133 Assertion (A) Microspheres were aggregates of called the theory of continuity of germplasm.
organic biomolecules surrounded by film of water
molecule. 143 Assertion (A) Among the primates, chimpanzee is the
closest relative of the present day humans.
Reason (R) Coacervates lack definite membrane,
Reason (R) The banding pattern in the autosome number
but do exhibit some life like characters.
3 and 6 of man and chimpanzee is remarkably similar.
134 Assertion (A) Ernst Haeckel supported the
embryological similarities as an evidence of II. Statement Based Questions
evolution.
144 Which of the following statements about orgin of life is
Reason (R) The embryos of all vertebrates including incorrect?
humans develop a row of vestigial gill slits which (a) The universe is almost 20 billion years old
are absent in adult vertebrates. (b) Big Bang theory explained that universe originated by a
135 Assertion (A) Natural selection is an outcome of the huge explosion
differences in survival and reproduction among (c) Present day galaxies are formed by the condensation of
individuals that show variations in one or more hydrogen and helium under gravitational pull
traits. (d) None of the above

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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 175

145 Identify the correct statement. IV. They could maintain an internal environment
(a) Earth was formed about 4.5 billion years ago absolutely.
(b) Early earth had no atmosphere Choose the correct option.
(c) The temperature of universe came down due to its (a) I and II (b) II and III
expansion (c) III and IV (d) I, II, III and IV
(d) All of the above
152 Which of the following statements stands in favour of
146 Which one of the following statements is true abiogenesis?
regarding the theory of natural selection? I. Spontaneous generation.
(a) It was the first theory of organic evolution II. Origin of viruses and microbes.
(b) It does explain information derived from fossils
III. Origin of life from living organisms.
(c) It has failed to explain the origin of variations
(d) It has succesfully explained concept of speciation IV. Origin of life from non-living matter.
The correct statement(s) is/are
147 Which of the following statements would Darwinism
(a) I and II (b) II and III
most likely disagree with?
(c) III and IV (d) Only IV
(a) Individuals within a population vary in the
characteristics they possess 153 Which of the following statements are the correct pair
(b) Evolution is best viewed as a purpose less and non- of homologous organs?
directional change over time I. Hands of man and wings of bat.
(c) Natural selection is the mechanism by which biological
II. Wings of bat and wings of cockroach.
evolution takes place
(d) The fossil record supports the view that biological III. Wings of bird and wings of butterfly.
evolution has occurred IV. Fins of fish and forelimbs of horse.
148 Identify the incorrect statement. V. Forearm of human and forelimbs of horse.
(a) In natural selection, heritable variations enable better Choose the correct option
survival (a) I and II (b) I and V (c) III and IV (d) IV and V
(b) Variations due to gene flow changes allele frequency in
future generation 154 Which of the following statements are correct?
(c) Gene flow occurs due to multiple gene migration I. Wings of insects and birds are homologous organ.
(d) None of the above II. Wings of bats and birds are homologous organ.
149 Which one of the following statements is/are correct III. Wings of insects and bats are analogous.
about Australopithecus? IV. Wings of insects and birds are analogous.
(a) They essentially ate fruits
Choose the correct option.
(b) They hunted with stone weapons
(a) I and II (b) I and III
(c) They were transitional stage between ape and humans
(c) I and IV (d) II, III and IV
(d) All of the above
155 Select the incorrect statements.
150 Which of the following is the correct sequence of
events in the origin of life? NEET 2016 I. Natural selection is essential for evolution.
I. Formation of protobionts. II. Natural selection does not include variations.
II. Synthesis of organic monomers. III. Concept of natural selection was given by Hugo de
Vries.
III. Synthesis of organic polymers.
IV. Mutation is a sudden inheritable change.
IV. Formation of DNA-based genetic systems.
V. Synthetic theory is also called Neo-Darwinism theory
Choose the correct option. of evolution.
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) I, III, II and IV
The correct combination is
(c) II, III, I and IV (d) II, III, IV and I
(a) I, II and III (b) II, III and IV
151 Which of the following statements are correct about (c) III, IV and V (d) II and III
the characteristics of protobionts, like microspheres as
envisaged in the abiogenic origin of life? 156 Which of the following statements are correct?
I. They were able to reproduce. I. Survival of the fittest is based upon the characteristics
that are inherited.
II. They could separate the combinations of molecules
from the surroundings. II. Darwin’s variations are small and directional.
III. They were partially isolated from the surroundings. III. The fitness is the end result of the ability to adapt.

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176 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)

IV. Genetic drift is operate in small populations. Choose the correct option.
V. Genetic drift operates in large populations. (a) I and II (b) II and III
VI. Presence of genetic drift upsets the Hardy-Weinberg (c) I and III (d) I and IV
equilibrium. 161 When a species gets separated geographically, it
Choose the correct option. evolves separately? Which of the following
(a) I, II, III and IV (b) IV, V, VI and II conditions would determine whether they are now
(c) I, II, III, V and VI (d) I, II, III, IV and VI different species?
157 True statements regarding the genetic drift is/are I. They fail to interbreed.
I. It mostly occurs in smaller populations. II. They failed to give fertile offspring.
II. Certain alleles can be lost forever because of genetic III. They have different coloured body.
drift. IV. They appear morphologically slightly different.
III. Founder effects and bottle neck effects are caused by Choose the correct combination from given options.
genetic drift. (a) I and II (b) II and III
IV. Mutations are primarily responsible for genetic drift. (c) III and IV (d) I and IV
The correct combination showing true statements is 162 Choose the correct statements with reference to
(a) Only I (b) III and IV organic evolution. AIIMS 2018
(c) II and IV (d) All except IV I. Flippers of whale and wings of bat exhibit analogy.
158 Which of the following statements regarding the II. Wings of butterfly and wings of bird exhibit
evolution of plants and animals are correct? homology.
I. Amphibians evolved into reptiles. III. Organs with dissimilar structure are called analogous
II. Fish with stout and strong fins could move on land and organs.
go back to water. This was about 350 million years ago. IV. Organs with similar structure and origin are called
III. Giant ferns fell to form coal deposits slowly. homologous organs.
IV. About 65 million years ago dinosaurs died out. (a) I and IV (b) I and III
(c) III and IV (d) II and IV
V. Archaeopteryx is the connecting link between birds
and reptiles. 163 Which of the following statements is correct
The correct combination is regarding the evolution of humans?
(a) I and II (b) III and IV I. The skull of adult chimpanzee is more like adult human
(c) V and I (d) I, II, III, IV and V skull than baby chimpanzee skull.
II. The skull of baby chimpanzee is more like adult human
159 Mark the correct statements.
than adult chimpanzee skull.
I. Karl Ernst von Baer noted that embryo never pass III. Dryopithecus is oldest human like fossil.
through adult stages of other animals and thus
IV. Dryopithecus was found in Miocene rock of Africa and
discarded Ernst Haeckel’s embryological support for
Europe.
evolution.
The correct option is
II. Homology in vertebrate brain indicates common
(a) I and II (b) I and III (c) I and IV (d) II, III and IV
ancestry.
III. Theory of acquired character was given by de Vries. 164 Consider the following statements.
IV. After industrialisation, the white moth population I. Darwin asserted that heritable variations and better
decreased due to predators. resource utilisation enable an individual to reproduce
efficiently.
The correct option is
II. Darwinian variations were small and directional select
(a) I, II and III (b) I, III and IV
(c) II, III and IV (d) I, II and IV the correct option.
(a) I is true, II is false (b) I is false, II is true
160 Choose the incorrect statements. (c) Both I and II are true (d) Both I and II are false
I. The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution can
165 In his theory of evolution, Lamarck explained
be seen in the phenomenon of natural selection.
I. Internal vital force.
II. The rate of appearance of new forms is not linked to the
evolution. II. Effect of environment on organisms.
III. Adaptive ability is a complete evolution. III. Inheritance of acquired characters.
IV. Mutations are random and directionless. IV. Use and disuse of organs.

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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 177

Choose the correct combination. 171 Consider the following statements.

(a) I and II (b) II and III I. Microbes are able to grow on new nutrient media due
(c) I, II and IV (d) I, II, III and IV to natural selection.
166 Which of the following phenomena support the II. Adaptive ability is inherited and has genetic basis.
Darwin’s concept of natural selection in organic Select the correct option.
evolution? (a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true, II is false
I. Development of transgenic animals. (c) Both I and II are false (d) I is false, II is true
II. Production of Dolly. 172 Natural selection
III. Increased prevalance of pesticides has led to pesticide I. tends to decrease the survival and reproduction of an
resistance in insects. organism.
IV. Industrial melanism. II. acts on organism phenotype.
Choose the correct statement. III. mechanism of evolution explained by Darwin.
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) III and IV (d) I and IV Which of the following statements are correct?
167 Lamarck’s concept of inheritance of acquired (a) I, II and III (b) I and II
characters was discarded by (c) II and III (d) I and III
I. Mendel’s laws of inheritance. 173 Evidence which favours the theory of acquired
II. Theory of natural selection. characters are
III. Mutational theory. I. the absence of limbs in snakes.
IV. Theory of continuity of germplasm. II. the presence of webbed toes in aquatic bird.
Choose the correct combination of the given options III. lack of pigments in cave dwelling animals.
to complete the given statement. IV. Darwin finches.
(a) I and II (b) II and III (c) I and IV (d) III and IV V. melanisation peppered moths.
168 Which of the following features are connected with Choose the correct option.
the modern theory of evolution? (a) I and II (b) II and III
I. Genetic and chromosomal mutation. (c) I, II and IV (d) I, II and III
II. Genetic recombination and natural selection. 174 Consider the following statements and choose the
III. Reproductive isolation. correct statements.
The correct combination is I. Gene mutations are directional changes in the bases of
(a) I and II (b) II and III sequences of genes.
(c) I and III (d) I, II and III II. Bottle neck effect is the fluctuation in population
169 Which of the following statements correctly defines density causing reshuffling of some of the genes in a
the phenomenon of genetic drift? gene pool in random fashion.
I. It is random change in gene allele frequency. III. Founder effect is called as Sewall Wright effect.
II. It occurs by chance. IV. Modern concept of evolution is also called synthetic
III. It is directional. theory of evolution.
IV. It causes elimination of certain alleles. (a) II and IV (b) I and III (c) I and II (d) III and IV
V. It causes fixation of alleles. 175 Consider the following statements.
The correct combination is I. Pre-historic cave art was developed earlier than
(a) I, II and III (b) III, IV and V agriculture.
(c) I, III and V (d) I, II, IV and V II. Human history of growth is proportional to decline of
civilisations.
170 Consider the following statements.
I. Evolution by natural selection have started when Select the correct option.
cellular forms of life with differences in metabolic (a) Both I and II are true (b) I is true, II is false
capability originated on earth. (c) Both I and II are false (d) I is false, II is true
II. The essence of Darwinian theory about evolution is 176 Consider the following statements.
natural selection. I. Fossils discovered in Ethiopia and Tanzania revealed
Select the correct option. hominid features. Reflecting that about 3-4 mya man
(a) I is true, II is false (b) Both I and II are true like primates walked in Eastern Africa.
(c) I is false, II is true (d) Both I and II are false II. Home erectus fossils were discovered in Java in 1891.

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178 Master The NCERT > Biology (Vol-II)

Select the correct option. Codes

(a) I is true, II is false (b) Both I and II are true A B C D
(c) I is false, II is true (d) Both I and II are false (a) 1 2 3 4
(b) 3 4 1 2
177 Find out the incorrect statements about Homo habilis. (c) 3 4 2 1
I. Also called able or skilful man. (d) 4 3 2 1
II. Also called tool maker. 181 Match the following columns.
III. Fossil discovered from East Africa.
IV. 500 cc was its cranial capacity. Column I Column II
V. Have teeth like modern man. A. Analogous organs 1. Ontogeny repeat phylogeny
VI. Lived nearly 2 million years ago. B. Miller and Urey 2. Experiment (chemical
The correct option is evolution)
(a) IV and V (b) Only IV C. Oparin and Haldane 3. Chemical evolution (theory)
(c) II, III and VI (d) I, II, III, IV and VI D. Human embryo have gill 4. Wings of bird and butterfly
178 Consider the following statements.
Codes
I. Australopithecus africanus had brain capacity about
A B C D
500 cc similar to that of ape.
(a) 4 3 1 2
II. Erect man or Homo erectus is skull was flatter than that (b) 4 2 3 1
of modern man. (c) 1 2 3 4
III. Cro-Magnon man had a slightly prognathous face. (d) 4 3 2 1
IV. Neanderthal man is regarded as most recent ancestor
182 Match the following columns.
of today’s man.
Choose the incorrect statements. Column I Column II
(a) III and IV (b) II and III (Terms) (Explanations)
(c) I and II (d) I and III A. Genetic drift 1. Change in the population’s allele
frequency due to chance alone

III. Matching Type Questions B. Natural selection 2. Difference in survival individuals

C. Gene flow 3. Immigration or emigration
179 Match the hominids with their correct brain size. changes the allele frequency
NEET 2019
D. Mutation 4. Source of the new alleles
Column I Column II
Codes
A. Homo habilis 1. 900 cc
A B C D A B C D
B. Homo neanderthalensis 2. 1350 cc (a) 1 2 3 4 (b) 1 2 4 3
C. Homo erectus 3. 650-800 cc (c) 1 4 2 3 (d) 4 2 1 3
D. Homo sapiens 4. 1400 cc 183 Match the following columns.
Column I Column II
Codes
A B C D A B C D A. Wallace 1. Natural selection
(a) 3 2 1 4 (b) 3 4 1 2 B. Malthus 2. Essay of population
(c) 4 3 1 2 (d) 3 1 4 2 C. Hardy-Weinberg law 3. Biston betularia
180 Match the following columns. D. Industrial melanism 4. p2 + 2 pq + q2 = 1
Column I Column II
Codes
A. Darwin 1. Inherited
A B C D
B. Genetic drift 2. Not inherited (a) 1 2 4 3
C. Mutation in germ cells 3. HMS Beagle (b) 1 2 3 4
(c) 1 3 4 2
D. Mutation in somatic cells 4. Founder effect
(d) 2 3 4 1

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CHAPTER 07 > Evolution 179

184 Match the following columns. Codes

A B C D
Column I Column II (a) 3 2 1 4
(Scientists) (Related to)
(b) 4 1 2 3
A. Darwin 1. Natural selection (c) 2 3 4 1
B. Lamarck 2. Inheritance of acquired character (d) 3 4 2 1
C. Pasteur 3. Swan-necked experiment 187 Match the Column I with Column II. Select the
correct option from the codes given below.
D. de Vries 4. Mutational theory of inheritance
Column I
Codes Column II
(Time periods in
(Related to)
A B C D geological time scale)
(a) 2 3 4 1
A. Mesozoic 1. First amphibians
(b) 1 3 4 2
(c) 1 2 3 4 B. Devonian 2. Proliferation of reptiles
(d) 1 2 4 3
C. Palaeocene 3. 160 million years
185 Match the following columns.
D. Permian 4. Radiation of primitive
Column I mammals
Column II
(Types of natural
(Explanations)
selection)
Codes
A. Stabilisation 1. More individuals acquire value
A B C D
selection other than mean character
value (a) 1 4 3 2
(b) 3 1 4 2
B. Directional 2. More individuals acquire mean
selection character value (c) 4 1 2 3
(d) 2 1 4 3
C. Disruption selection 3. More individuals acquire
peripheral character value at 188 Match the Column I with Column II. Select the
both ends of distribution curve correct option from the codes given below.
Codes Primates
Cranial Capacities
A B C (in cubic centimetres)
(a) 1 3 2 A. Chimpanzee and gorilla 1. 325-510 cc
(b) 3 2 1
(c) 2 1 3 B. Australopithecus 2. 500 cc
(d) 3 1 2 C. Homo habilis 3. 700 cc
186 Match the following columns. D. Java ape man 4. 800-1000 cc
Column I Column II
Codes
A. Ichthyosaurus 1. Caught in South Africa in 1938
A B C D
B. Coelacanth 2. Fell to form coal deposits (a) 4 3 2 1
C. Giant pteridophytes 3. Disappeared about 65 mya (b) 2 3 4 1
(c) 1 2 3 4
D. Dinosaurs 4. Fish-like reptiles in 200 mya
(d) 3 2 1 4

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