Intense Grammatical Lessons

Uncountable nouns can’t go with cardinal numbers.

Ex: I have three waters.

Compound nouns: consist 2 or more words combined together to create a single noun.
🍨
Ex: Raincoat | Self-esteem | Ice cream truck

Free morphemes can function as standalone or independent lexical units. Detachment of

other morphemes and additional morphemes’ absence.

Ex: dog book run happy

Bound morphemes (vice versa)

Ex: Unacceptable

Un: prefix | Accept: root word | Able: suffix

• Affixes: the beginning or the end, and change the original meaning (un, kind = unkind ≠
kind)

→ Prefixes: before

→ Suffixes: after

A derived noun derives from a verb form. By adding suffixes to it.

Ex: Late → Lateness

Derived nouns are formed by adding affixes to the root word.

Gradable adjectives used in comparison: 3 different categories.

1/ Superlative 2/ Comparative 3/ Special

the prettiest / the most salient / craziest

more cheerful / crazier

(best better worst worse)

Pronouns have overt gender contrast (H/S)

We pronounce the plural form of noun /iz/ after sibilants and fricatives. → False (only s z long
f fricatives)

Prepositions describe the sequences, spaces, and logic linkages between the statement’s
object and the remainder of the sentence.

Simple prepositions: in on
Double: within onto into upon (up on)

Compound | Phrasal | Participle (ing) touching | Detached | Disguised

Life Moon: female | Death Sun: male

The process in which the lexical meaning of the preposition is weakened is called
“grammaticizing of prepositions”.

More pleasant

The conversion is derivational process to form a noun whereby an item changes its word
class without the addition of affixes.

→ Inflectional: faster fasts fastest fasting fasted

Conjunctions I: For And Nor But Or Yet So

Subordinating C: Once Where While

Paired C: No sooner/Than Either/Or

Adverbial particle is an adverb used after a verb to show position, direction, movement

Ex: come back, back down, fall off

About

ㅎ Adjective: He’s about to call the police.

ㅎ Preposition: He writes about love and lust.

ㅎ Adverb: (number/quantity) Dinner is about six. About 3 years.

ㅎ: Adverbial particle: verb + adverb (position/direction) She has nothing to talk about.

Those scales are lengthy

Acoustics is a branch of physics that deals with the study of mechanical waves in gases,
liquids, and solids including topics such as vibration, sound.

Statistics is the discipline that concerns the collection, organization, analysis, interpretation,
and presentation of data.

Economics is the study of how people allocate scarce resources for production, distribution,
and consumption, both individually and collectively.

Adjectival modifiers

ㅎ Adjective: A small dog

ㅎ Adj phrase:

A small dog behind the gate

The bright lights on the house next door
The increasingly noisy car (adv + adj)

ㅎ Adj clause:

The small dog pulling on its lead (Ving)

The bright lights that hurt my eyes (that)
A loud car which could be heard for miles

Adj: The bright light.

Adj phrase: The staggeringly bright light.

Adj clause: The bright light leaving my life/that hurts my life.

Adverbial modifiers

ㅎ Adverb: The dog will run tomorrow/briskly

ㅎ Adv phrase: They are learning in the classroom.

She sings on the stage

He will be running under the bridge
They quietly whispered at the edge of the cave

ㅎ Adv clause: V1/Ving, etc They will learn before you come.

They quietly whispered until they heard a noise

Relative pronoun “That” is the oldest of relative pronouns referring both person and things.

Opinion Size Age Shape Color Origin Material Purpose

New: opinion French: origin Sports: purpose

A pair of new French sports shoes.

I spoke with him concerning our lessons.

→ Participial | about

The complexity of form and structure

Adjectives can be categorized into 3 types: short / long / special.

Adjective formation

ㅎ Adv + Present participle: rapidly changing | constantly evolving steadily improving

ㅎ Noun + Past participle: Heartbroken Love-struck Weather-beaten

ㅎ Adj + Noun + Past p: Cold-hearted | Hot-tempered | Narrow-minded

ㅎ Adv + Past p: carefully selected, well-organized, deeply rooted

ㅎ Adj + Adj | bright red, deep blue, luminous yellow

Noun formation

ㅎ Noun + Present p/Gerund | car racing window shopping

ㅎ Gerund + Noun | swimming pool | reading table | cooking utensils | living room | dining
room

ㅎ Adverb + Verb | input output high jump

ㅎ Present Participle + Noun | thrilling movie singing contest

1. Name 05 uses of impersonal pronoun. Give an example for each case (2 points)
Talk about weather: It is teeming down.
Temperature: It is boiling hot right now.
Price: It only costs me $5.
Time: It is currently 10 pm.
An idea: It is believed that women and men should tie the knot as soon as possible to
avoid bad luck.
Opinion (?): I find it quite annoying.
Position (?): It is behind the door.
3. What is the difference between interrogative pronouns and interrogative
adjectives. Give an example to illustrate (1.5 points)

Pronouns stand alone: What is your problem?

Adjectives stand with a noun: Which car do you like?

Compound nouns (1+1) are the nouns formed from 2 or more free (hot+dog → 1 hotdog
morphemes functioning as single nouns.

I live by myself | state

I buy it myself | possession

You don’t look yourself | emotion and state

It says that there’s a car accident. (Introductory subject)

I find it enthralling. (Object)

InN: Stand alone what is love

InAdj: Which one/car → stand with a noun

A good (o) large (s) old (a) rectangular (s) brown (c) Victorian (o) wooden (m) dressing table
(p) was on auction in London.

Phrase

A phrase is a group of words without finite verb, it functions as a part of speech and can’t
stand on its own.

ㅎ Noun | A noun phrase is a group of words including a noun and other modifiers that
provide additional information about that noun.

→ My lovely brown-eyed dog.

→ Two new Japanese cars.

ㅎ Adverbial | An adverbial phrase is a group of words that function as an adverb, add more
details to the sentence, and modify a verb, adjective or adverb itself.

→ I read this book in silence.

→ My dream is to sleep under the stars.

ㅎ Verb | A verb phrase is a group of words including a main verb, auxiliary verbs and other
modifiers that function syntactically as a verb.

→ You could have been killed by that man.

→ She should have listened to my advice.

ㅎ Adjective | An adjective phrase is a group of words that work together to describe a noun
or pronoun in a sentence, including one or more adjectives and other words such as adverbs
or prepositions.

→ I found an extremely lonely stray cat.

→ My bedroom has a staggeringly luminous star decoration.

ㅎ Prepositional | A prepositional is a group of words that contain a preposition and a noun,
pronoun, or noun phrase.

→ He is waiting for you at my childhood home.

→ The package is delivered at the front gate.

ㅎ Gerundial | A gerundial phrase is a group of words including a gerund - a verb when it

takes an ing form that acts as a noun, accompanied by modifiers and objects.

→ Eating a slice of cake is detrimental to your health.

→ Elucidating this subject briskly wasn’t easy for Sarah.

ㅎ Infinitive | An infinitive phrase is a group of words including an infinitive and modifiers

or complements that function as a single infinitive.

→ He wants to bury that necklace as soon as possible.

→ His plan is to hire an assassin.

ㅎ Appositive | An appositive phrase is a noun phrase that follows another noun phrase
and provides additional information about it. The two phrases are described as being in
apposition.

→ Her second novel, The Ghost Town, is ubiquitous among young readers.

→ My friend, Cardi Nicki C, sadly passed away last year.

ㅎ Absolute | An absolute phrase is a phrase that modifies an independent clause and always
has a noun and a participle.

→ Eyes closed, she started to remember her murky past.

→ Face reddening, he quickly ran away from her sudden kiss.

What can be the objects in English sentences? Give ONE example for each case. The objects
in English sentences can be:
a noun
a noun phrase + a noun clause
Ex: She gave me a book.
Ex: My brother bought two new Japanese cars yesterday. Ex: He said that the test
questions were quite easy for him.

FURTHER PRACTICE.pdf
PDF Document
87.0 KB

GRAMMAR MID TERM TEST 2- WITH ANSWER.pdf

PDF Document
210.0 KB

GRAMMAR MID TERM TEST 3- WITH ANSWER.pdf

PDF Document
275.0 KB

GRAMMAR MID TERM TEST 1- WITH ANSWER.pdf

PDF Document
213.0 KB

Focus on 1 and 5 since it’s theoretical question and analytical question.