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Statistics

Statistics is the study of the collection, analysis,

interpretation, presentation, and organization of data. In
other words, it is a mathematical discipline to collect,
summarize data. Also, we can say that statistics is a
branch of applied mathematics. However, there are two
important and basic ideas involved in statistics; they
are uncertainty and variation. The uncertainty and
variation in different ?elds can be determined only
through statistical analysis. These uncertainties are
basically determined by the probability that plays an
important role in statistics.

Table of Contents:

De?nitions
Examples
Basics of Statistics
What is Mathematical Statistics?
Types of Statistics
Formulas
Summary Statistics
Scope
Methods
Data in Statistics
Types of Data
Types of quantitative data
Representation of data
Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Anova Statistics
Degree of Freedom
Applications
FAQs

What is Statistics?
Statistics is simply de?ned as the study and
manipulation of data. As we have already discussed in
the introduction that statistics deals with the analysis
and computation of numerical data. Let us see more
de?nitions of statistics given by different authors here.

According to Merriam-Webster dictionary, statistics is

de?ned as “classi?ed facts representing the conditions
of a people in a state – especially the facts that can be
stated in numbers or any other tabular or classi?ed
arrangement”.

According to statistician Sir Arthur Lyon Bowley,

statistics is de?ned as “Numerical statements of facts in
any department of inquiry placed in relation to each
other”.

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Statistics Examples
Some of the real-life examples of statistics are:

To ?nd the mean of the marks obtained by each

student in the class whose strength is 50. The
average value here is the statistics of the marks
obtained.
Suppose you need to ?nd how many members are
employed in a city. Since the city is populated with
15 lakh people, hence we will take a survey here
for 1000 people (sample). Based on that, we will
create the data, which is the statistic.

Basics of Statistics
The basics of statistics include the measure of central
tendency and the measure of dispersion. The central
tendencies are mean, median and mode and dispersions
comprise variance and standard deviation.

Mean is the average of the observations. Median is the

central value when observations are arranged in order.
The mode determines the most frequent observations in
a data set.

Variation is the measure of spread out of the collection

of data. Standard deviation is the measure of the
dispersion of data from the mean. The square of
standard deviation is equal to the variance.

Mathematical Statistics
Mathematical statistics is the application of
Mathematics to Statistics, which was initially conceived
as the science of the state — the collection and analysis
of facts about a country: its economy, and, military,
population, and so forth.

Mathematical techniques used for different analytics

include mathematical analysis, linear algebra, stochastic
analysis, differential equation and measure-theoretic
probability theory.

Types of Statistics
Basically, there are two types of statistics.

Descriptive Statistics
Inferential Statistics

In the case of descriptive statistics, the data or collection

of data is described in summary. But in the case of
inferential stats, it is used to explain the descriptive one.
Both these types have been used on large scale.

Descriptive Statistics

The data is summarised and explained in descriptive

statistics. The summarization is done from a population
sample utilising several factors such as mean and
standard deviation. Descriptive statistics is a way of
organising, representing, and explaining a set of data
using charts, graphs, and summary measures.
Histograms, pie charts, bars, and scatter plots are
common ways to summarise data and present it in
tables or graphs. Descriptive statistics are just that:
descriptive. They don’t need to be normalised beyond the
data they collect.

Inferential Statistics

We attempt to interpret the meaning of descriptive

statistics using inferential statistics. We utilise inferential
statistics to convey the meaning of the collected data
after it has been collected, evaluated, and summarised.
The probability principle is used in inferential statistics to
determine if patterns found in a study sample may be
extrapolated to the wider population from which the
sample was drawn. Inferential statistics are used to test
hypotheses and study correlations between variables,
and they can also be used to predict population sizes.
Inferential statistics are used to derive conclusions and
inferences from samples, i.e. to create accurate
generalisations.

Statistics Formulas
The formulas that are commonly used in statistical
analysis are given in the table below.

Mean, ̄
Sample x ∑x
n

Mean, 
Population µ ∑x
N

Sample Standard Deviation, (s) √ ∑(x−

2
x̄)
n−1

Deviation, 
σ=√
Population
Standard σ (x−µ)2
N

∑(xi−x̄)2
s2 = n−1
s2
V ariance, 
Sample

2 ∑(xi–µ)2
σ = N
Population
V ariance, σ 2

Range, (R) Largest data

value –
smallest data
value

Summary Statistics
In Statistics, summary statistics are a part of descriptive
statistics (Which is one of the types of statistics), which
gives the list of information about sample data. We know
that statistics deals with the presentation of data visually
and quantitatively. Thus, summary statistics deals with
summarizing the statistical information. Summary
statistics generally deal with condensing the data in a
simpler form, so that the observer can understand the
information at a glance. Generally, statisticians try to
describe the observations by ?nding:

The measure of central tendency or mean of the

locations, such as arithmetic mean.
The measure of distribution shapes like skewness
or kurtosis.
The measure of dispersion such as the standard
mean absolute deviation.
The measure of statistical dependence such as
correlation coeacient.

Summary Statistics Table

The summary statistics table is the visual representation

of summarized statistical information about the data in
tabular form.

For example, the blood group of 20 students in the class

are O, A, B, AB, B, B, AB, O, A, B, B, AB, AB, O, O, B, A, AB, B,
A.

Blood Group No. of Students

O 4

A 4

B 7

AB 5

Total 20

Thus, the summary statistics table shows that 4

students in the class have O blood group, 4 students
have A blood group, 7 students in the class have B blood
group and 5 students in the class have AB blood
group. The summary statistics table is generally used to
represent the big data related to population,
unemployment, and the economy to be summarized
systematically to interpret the accurate result.

Scope of Statistics
Statistics is used in many sectors such as psychology,
geology, sociology, weather forecasting, probability and
much more. The goal of statistics is to gain
understanding from the data, it focuses on applications,
and hence, it is distinctively considered as a
mathematical science.

Methods in Statistics
The methods involve collecting, summarizing, analyzing,
and interpreting variable numerical data. Here some of
the methods are provided below.

Data collection
Data summarization
Statistical analysis

What is Data in Statistics?

Data is a collection of facts, such as numbers, words,
measurements, observations etc.

Types of Data
1. Qualitative data- it is descriptive data.
Example- She can run fast, He is thin.
2. Quantitative data- it is numerical information.
Example- An Octopus is an Eight legged
creature.

Types of quantitative data

1. Discrete data- has a particular ?xed value. It can
be counted
2. Continuous data- is not ?xed but has a range of
data. It can be measured.

Representation of Data
There are different ways to represent data such as
through graphs, charts or tables. The general
representation of statistical data are:

Bar Graph
Pie Chart
Line Graph
Pictograph
Histogram
Frequency Distribution

Bar Graph
A Bar Graph represents grouped data
with rectangular bars with lengths
proportional to the values that they
represent. The bars can be plotted
vertically or horizontally.

Pie Chart
A type of graph in which a circle is
divided into Sectors. Each of these
sectors represents a proportion of the
whole.

Line graph
The line chart is represented by a series
of data points connected with a straight
line.
The series of data points are called
‘markers.’

Pictograph
A pictorial symbol for a word or phrase,
i.e. showing data with the help of
pictures. Such as Apple, Banana &
Cherry can have different numbers, and
it is just a representation of data.

Histogram
A diagram is consisting of rectangles.
Whose area is proportional to the
frequency of a variable and whose
width is equal to the class interval.

Frequency Distribution
The frequency of a data value is often
represented by “f.” A frequency table is
constructed by arranging collected data
values in ascending order of magnitude
with their corresponding frequencies.

Measures of Central Tendency

In Mathematics, statistics are used to describe the
central tendencies of the grouped and ungrouped data.
The three measures of central tendency are:

Mean
Median
Mode

All three measures of central tendency are used to ?nd

the central value of the set of data.

Measures of Dispersion
In statistics, the dispersion measures help interpret data
variability, i.e. to understand how homogenous or
heterogeneous the data is. In simple words, it indicates
how squeezed or scattered the variable is. However,
there are two types of dispersion measures, absolute
and relative. They are tabulated as below:

Absolute measures of Relative measures of

dispersion dispersion

1. Co-eacient of
1. Range Range
2. Variance 2. Co-eacient of
3. Standard Variation
deviation 3. Co-eacient of
4. Quartiles and Standard
Quartile Deviation
deviation 4. Co-eacient of
5. Mean and Mean Quartile Deviation
deviation 5. Co-eacient of
Mean Deviation

Skewness in Statistics
Skewness, in statistics, is a measure of the asymmetry in
a probability distribution. It measures the deviation of the
curve of the normal distribution for a given set of data.

The value of skewed distribution could be positive or

negative or zero. Usually, the bell curve of normal
distribution has zero skewness.

ANOVA Statistics
ANOVA Stands for Analysis of Variance. It is a collection
of statistical models, used to measure the mean
difference for the given set of data.

Degrees of freedom
In statistical analysis, the degree of freedom is used for
the values that are free to change. The independent data
or information that can be moved while estimating a
parameter is the degree of freedom of information.

Applications of Statistics
Statistics have huge applications across various ?elds in
Mathematics as well as in real life. Some of the
applications of statistics are given below:

Applied statistics, theoretical statistics and

mathematical statistics
Machine learning and data mining
Statistics in society
Statistical computing
Statistics applied to the mathematics of the arts

Video Lesson
Grade 11 Statistics

1,947

Statistics Related Articles

Alternative
Absolute and Relative Error
Hypothesis

Box and Whisker

Assumed Mean Method
Plot

Categorical Data Cluster Analysis

Con?dence Interval Control Charts

Arithmetic Mean
Correlation and Regression
And Range

Data Collection And Measures of

Organization Of Data Dispersion

Frequency Distribution Table

Interpolation
Statistics

Interquartile Range Null Hypothesis

P-value Quartiles

Sample Statistic Sampling Error

Tests of Signi?cance Z-Score Table

Hope this detailed discussion and formulas on statistics

will help you to solve problems quickly and eaciently.
Learn more Maths concepts at BYJU’S with the help of
interactive videos.

Frequently Asked Questions on

Statistics
What exactly is statistics?
Statistics is a branch that deals with the study of the
collection, analysis, interpretation, organisation, and
presentation of data. Mathematically, statistics is
de?ned as the set of equations, which are used to
analyse things.

What are the two types of statistics?

The two different types of statistics used for analyzing
the data are:

Descriptive Statistics: It summarizes the data from

the sample using indexes
Inferential Statistics: It concludes from the data
which are subjected to the random variation

What is Summary Statistics?

Summary statistics is a type of descriptive statistics,
which is used to summarize the set of observations with
large information as simply as possible. Statisticians
used to describe the observation by ?nding the
measures of central tendency, statistical dispersion,
statistical dependence, and the shape of the distribution.

How is statistics applicable in Maths?

Statistics is a part of Applied Mathematics that uses
probability theory to generalize the collected sample
data. It helps to characterize the likelihood where the
generalizations of data are accurate. This is known as
statistical inference.

What is the purpose of statistics?

Statistics make us learn to utilize a restricted sample to
make accurate determinations about a more prominent
populace. The utilization of tables, diagrams, and graphs
assumes a crucial part in introducing the information
being utilized to reach these determinations.

What is the importance of Statistics

in real life?
Statistics encourages you to utilize legitimate strategies
to gather the information, utilize the right examinations,
and successfully present the outcomes. Measurement is
a signi?cant cycle behind how we make disclosures in
science, settle on choices dependent on information, and
make forecasts.

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Statistics

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4 Comments

john DECEMBER 26, 2019 AT 2:16 PM

helpful indeed

REPLY

Amil Mahajan NOVEMBER 7, 2020 AT 11:34 PM

Its 14 !

REPLY

Sai potdar NOVEMBER 10, 2020 AT 9:05 AM

14

REPLY

catherine DECEMBER 27, 2020 AT 12:13 AM

The content is fabulous,n very helpful thanks to the