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#3 Overview of Computer System

Overview of Computer System and arciteture

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12 views

#3 Overview of Computer System

Overview of Computer System and arciteture

Uploaded by

rasoulzadam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Introduction to Computer Engineering I

(ICE-I)

Overview of Computer System

Balkh University
Computer Science Faculty

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Contents

• Overview of Computer System


• Data Measurement
• General Design of Computer System
• Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)

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Overview of Computer System

- All physical parts of the computer (or everything that we can


touch) is known as Hardware.
- Computer hardware is usually paired with Software to
perform its function.
- Software gives intelligence to Hardware

Computer System = Hardware + Software

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Data Measurement

- Data inside the computer is represented in form of electrical


pulses, when high voltage is often denoted by 1 (or on) and low
voltage is denoted by 0 (or off).
- We are using binary number system, where 0 and 1 are often
referred to as binary digits.
- The abbreviation of "binary digit", bit, is accepted as a basic
unit when we measure amounts of information.
- A "bit" is a single switch in the computer, and represents the
smallest unit of data. Each bit has two states, on and off, the two
states of the bit are where we get the term binary ("bi" meaning
two).
- On is written as 1 and off is written as 0.

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Data Measurement

- A Byte is a set of 8 binary digits (Bits) in the basic form


of digital information storage, being composed of '0's or
'1's in any combination. For example a byte looks like
'01101011'.

8 bit = 1 Byte
1 Kilobyte = 1024 bytes
1 Megabyte = 1024 KB = 1024^2 bytes,
1 Gigabyte = 1024 MB = 1024^2 KB = 1024^3 bytes
1 Terabyte = 1024 GB = 1024^2 MB = 1024^3 KB = 1024^4 bytes

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General Design of Computer System

- All computers share the same basic architecture, whether it is a


multi-million dollar mainframe or a PC.
- All have memory, an I/O system, and arithmetic/logic unit, and
a control unit.
- This type of architecture is named Von Neumann architecture
after the mathematician who conceived of the design.

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General Design of Computer System

Memory:
- Computer Memory is the subsystem that serves as temporary
storage for all program instructions and data that are being
executed by the computer.
- It is typically called RAM (Random Access Memory).

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General Design of Computer System

Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU):


- This is the subsystem of CPU that performs all arithmetic
operations and comparisons for equality.
- In the Von Neumann design, ALU and the Control Unit are
separate components, but in modern systems they are
integrated into the processor or CPU.

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General Design of Computer System

Control Unit:
- The control unit has the responsibility of getting the instruction
and executing them.
- This is continuously until the last line of a program is done,
which is usually QUIT or STOP.

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General Design of Computer System

Input / Output (IO):


- This is the subsystem that allows the computer to interact with
other devices and communicate to the outside world.
- It also is responsible for program storage, such as hard drive
control.

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General Design of Computer System

An input device is used to bring data into the system. A


mouse is an example of an input device.
When you move the mouse or click it, you are telling to
computer what to do.

Some input devices are:


• Keyboard
• Mouse
• Microphone

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General Design of Computer System

An output device is used to send data out of the system. A


monitor is an example of output device. Monitors take the
information and display it for us.

Some output devices are:


• Monitor
• Printer
• Speaker

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)

- The motherboard (also sometimes called the mainboard or


system board or Printed Circuit board PCB) is the central circuit
board of the PC.

- It contains several important core components, including the


chipset (Processor), which controls many of the most essential
functions of the PC.

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)
Northbridge and Southbridge

The Northbridge controls data communication between


• CPU,
• RAM,
• VGA and Southbridge.

This chip is clearly larger in size


compared to the Southbridge,
and supports high speed
components.

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)
The Southbridge contains at least:
• PCI slot / controller
• Floppy / IDE/ hard disk controllers,
• Serial and parallel ports,
• USB support and power
management functions.

Nowadays these units often also


include interfaces for sound or
network controllers by Southbridge.

Motherboard manufacturers only


need to provide simple controllers,
which are much cheaper to
produce than complete PCI network
cards or sound cards.

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)
CPU Socket
- CPU socket is a place on the motherboard for placing your CPU on.
- The CPU is one of the most important elements of the personal
computer.
- Control unit directs and coordinates operations in computer.
- Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
performs arithmetic, comparison,
and logical operations.

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)
RAM (Random Access Memory)
- RAM is Electronic memory that stores instructions and data
temporary.
- Memory slots on motherboard hold memory modules.

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)
Expansion Slot
Expansion slot on the motherboard is a socket that can hold an
adapter card. Adapters are for enhancing our PC or provide
connections to external devices that are called peripheral devices.

- Expansion Slot Adapter’s Example:


Sound, video, USB, Parallel port, Serial port, NIC and WNIC adapter.

- Expansion Slots Examples:


Industry Standard Architecture (ISA).
Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI),
Advanced Graphics Port (AGP).

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)
Port and Connectors
Port is that part of a PC that connects external devices to the PC.

- Serial Port
A serial port is for transmitting one bit of data at a single time unit.
And it is for connecting slow-speed devices, such as monitor,
keyboard, and modem.

- Parallel Port
A Parallel port is for transmitting more than one bit data at a single
time. Therefore it is for connecting high‐speed devices such as
printer

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Computer Mainboard (Motherboard)

USB (Universal Serial Bus)


- USB is the solution for all PC users who want an instant or to
connect new hardware like scanners, digital speakers, digital
cameras, joysticks or a PC telephone to their computer.

- USB makes adding peripheral devices extremely easy. USB makes


the whole process automatic. It's like adding instant new
capabilities to your PC.

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