9

Science
Quarter 4- Week 3 - Module 3
IMPULSE AND MOMENTUM

AIRs - LM
 Discover

MOMENTUM
Momentum is another way of looking at how objects affect each others'
motion. Rather than looking at how forces change over the time of the interaction,
we can look at how objects are moving before they interact and then after they
interact.

If a bowling ball and a ping-pong ball are each moving with a velocity of
5 mph, you intuitively understand that it will require more effort to stop the bowling
ball than the ping pong ball because of the greater mass of the bowling ball.
Similarly, if you have two bowling balls, one moving at 5 mph and the other moving
at 10 mph, you know it will take more effort to stop the ball with the greater speed.
It is clear that both the mass and the velocity of a moving object contribute to what
is necessary to change the motion of the moving object. The product of the mass
and velocity of an object is called its momentum. Momentum is a vector quantity
that has the same direction as the velocity of the object and is represented by a
lowercase letter p. p=mv
The momentum of a 0.500 kg ball moving with a velocity of 15.0 m/s will be?
Solution:
p=mv
= (0.500 kg)(15.0 m/s)
= 7.50 kg⋅m/s
You should note that the units for momentum are kg·m/s.

According to Newton’s first law, the velocity of an object cannot change

unless a force is applied. If we wish to change the momentum of a body, we must
apply a force. The longer the force is applied, the greater the change in momentum.
A common misconception is that when two objects collide, the smaller object is hit
harder or experiences more force than the larger object.

The impulse is the quantity defined as the force multiplied by the time
it is applied. It is a vector quantity that has the same direction as the force. The
units for impulse are N·s but we know that Newtons are also kg·m/s2 and so N·s =
(kg·m/s2)(s) = kg·m/s. Impulse and momentum have the same units; when an
impulse is applied to an object, the momentum of the object changes and the change
of momentum is equal to the impulse.

Ft=Δmv

Example 1
A 0.15 kg ball is moving with a velocity of 35 m/s. Find the momentum of the ball.
p=mv

=(0.15 kg)(35 m/s)

=5.25 kg⋅m/s
Example 2

If a ball with mass 5.00 kg has a momentum of 5.25 kg⋅m/s, what is its velocity?

v=pm

=5.25 kg⋅m/s5.00 kg

=1.05 m/s

It should be clear from the equation relating impulse to change in

momentum, Ft=Δmv, that any amount of force would (eventually) bring a moving
object to rest. If the force is very small, it must be applied for a long time, but a
greater force can bring the object to rest in a shorter period of time.

If you jump off a porch and land on your feet with your knees locked in
the straight position, your motion would be brought to rest in a very short period of
time and thus the force would need to be very large – large enough, perhaps, to
damage your joints or bones.

Suppose that when you hit the ground, your velocity was 7.0 m/s and
that velocity was brought to rest in 0.05 seconds. If your mass is 100. kg, what force
was required to bring you to rest?

F=Δmvt
=(100. kg)(7.0 m/s)0.050 s
=14,000 N
If, on the other hand, when your feet first touched the ground, you
allowed your knees to flex so that the period of time over which your body was
brought to rest is increased, then the force on your body would be smaller and it
would be less likely that you would damage your legs.

Suppose that when you first touch the ground, you allow your knees to
bend and extend the stopping time to 0.50 seconds. What force would be required to
bring you to rest this time?

F=Δmvt

=(100. kg)(7.0 m/s)0.50 s

=1400 N

With the longer period of time for the force to act, the necessary force is reduced to
one-tenth of what was needed before.

Extending the period of time over which a force acts in order to lessen
the force is a common practice in design. Padding in shoes and seats allows the time
to increase. The front of automobiles are designed to crumple in an accident; this
increases the time the car takes to stop. Similarly, barrels of water or sand in front
of abutments on the highway and airbags serve to slow down the stoppage time.
These changes all serve to decrease the amount of force it takes to stop the
momentum in a car crash, which consequently saves lives.

Example 3
An 0.15 kg baseball is thrown horizontally at 40. m/s and after it is struck by a bat,
it is traveling at -40. m/s.

(a) What impulse did the bat deliver to the ball?

(b) If the contact time of the bat and bat was 0.00080 seconds, what was the average
force the bat exerted on the ball?
(c) Calculate the average acceleration of the ball during the time it was in contact
with the bat.

We can calculate the change in momentum and give the answer as impulse because
we know that the impulse is equal to the change in momentum.

(a) p=mΔv
=(0.15 kg)(−40. m/s−40. m/s)
=(0.15 kg)(−80. m/s)
=−12 kg⋅m/s

The minus sign indicates that the impulse was in the opposite direction of the original
throw.

(b) F=Δmvt
=−12 kg⋅m/s0.00080 s
=−15000 N
Again, the negative sign indicates the force was in the opposite direction of the
original throw.
(c) a=Fm
=−15000 N0.15 kg
=−100,000 m/s2
 Lesson
CONSERVATION OF MOMENTUM
2

Jumpstart
Conservation of Momentum
Read each clue and fill in the appropriate answer in the corresponding space. Do
NOT use spaces in your answer.

Discover
 Figure 3 The Skaters
Credit: User:Paolakorn/It.Wikipedia;Christopher Auyeung
Source: http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skateboard_1613.jpg ; CK-12 Foundation
License: CC BY 2.0; CC BY-NC 3.0
These skaters are racing each other at Newton’s Skate Park. The first skater
in line, the one on the left, is distracted by something he sees. He starts to slow
down without realizing it. The skater behind him isn’t paying attention and keeps
skating at the same speed.

Q: Can you guess what happens next?

A: Skater 2 runs into skater 1.

Conserving Momentum

When skater 2 runs into skater 1, he’s going faster than skater 1 so he has more
momentum. Momentum is a property of a moving object that makes it hard to stop.
It’s a product of the object’s mass and velocity. At the moment of the collision,
skater 2 transfers some of his momentum to skater 1, who shoots forward when
skater 2 runs into him. Whenever an action and reaction such as this occur,
momentum is transferred from one object to the other. However, the combined
momentum of the objects remains the same. In other words, momentum is
conserved. This is the law of conservation of momentum. Watch the video below to
learn more: https://youtu.be/2E9fY8H6O1g

Modeling Momentum

The Figure below shows how momentum is conserved in the two colliding skaters.
The total momentum is the same after the collision as it was before. However, after
the collision, skater 1 has more momentum and skater 2 has less momentum than
before.

Figure 4. How momentum is conserved in the two colliding skaters.

Credit: Laura Guerin;User:Paolakorn/It.Wikipedia;Christopher Auyeung
Source: CK-12 Foundation ; http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Skateboard_1613.jpg
License: CC BY-NC 3.0; CC BY 2.0
Q: What if two skaters have a head-on collision? Do you think momentum is conserved then?
A: As in all actions and reactions, momentum is also conserved in a head-on collision.

What is the principle of conservation of momentum?

In physics, the term conservation refers to something which doesn't change.
This means that the variable in an equation which represents a conserved quantity
is constant over time. It has the same value both before and after an event.
There are many conserved quantities in physics. They are often remarkably useful
for making predictions in what would otherwise be very complicated situations. In
mechanics, there are three fundamental quantities which are conserved. These
are momentum, energy, and angular momentum. Conservation of momentum is
mostly used for describing collisions between objects.
Just as with the other conservation principles, there is a catch: conservation of
momentum applies only to an isolated system of objects. In this case an isolated
system is one that is not acted on by force external to the system—i.e., there is
no external impulse. What this means in the practical example of a collision
between two objects is that we need to include both objects and anything else that
applies a force to any of the objects for any length of time in the system.

Why is momentum conserved?

Conservation of momentum is actually a direct consequence of Newton's third law.
Consider a collision between two objects, object A and object B. When the two
objects collide, there is a force on A due to B—FAB but because of Newton's
third law, there is an equal force in the opposite direction, on B due to A—FBA.

FAB=−FBA
The forces act between the objects when they are in contact. The length of time for
which the objects are in contact—tAB and tBA, depends on the specifics of the
situation. For example, it would be longer for two squishy balls than for two billiard
balls. However, the time must be equal for both balls.
tAB=tBA
Consequently, the impulse experienced by objects A and B must be equal in
magnitude and opposite in direction.
FAB⋅tAB=–FBA⋅tBA
If we recall that impulse is equivalent to change in momentum, it follows that the
change in momenta of the objects is equal but in the opposite directions. This can
be equivalently expressed as the sum of the change in momenta being zero.
mA⋅ΔvA= −mB⋅ΔvB
mA⋅ΔvA+mB⋅ΔvB=0
 Lesson
COLLISION
3

Jumpstart
All the pictures are the different types of collision. Identify the different
types of collision that illustrated by the picture. Choose your answer in the box.
ELASTIC COLLISION INELASTIC COLLISION
PERPECTLY INELASTIC COLLISION

1.____________________ 3.______________
SOURCE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/image SOURCE:https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_

2.___________________ 4._______________
SOURCE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_ SOURCE: https://ph.images.search.yahoo.com/search/images;_

Discover
As you go about your day-to-day activities, you probably witness
many collisions without really thinking about them. In some collisions,
two objects collide and stick together so that they travel together after the impact.
An example of this action is a collision between football players during a tackle, In
an isolated system, the two football players would both move together after the
collision with a momentum equal to the sum of their momenta (plural of
momentum) before the collision. In other collisions, such as a collision between a
tennis racket and a tennis ball, two objects collide and bounce so that they move
away with two different velocities. The total momentum remains constant in any
type of collision. However, the total kinetic energy is generally not conserved in a
collision because some kinetic energy is converted to internal energy when the
objects deform.
TYPES OF COLLISION
PERFECTLY INELASTIC COLLISIONS
Perfectly inelastic collisions can be analyzed in terms of momentum. When
two objects, such as the two football players, collide and move together as one
mass, the collision is called a perfectly inelastic collision. Likewise, if a meteorite
collides head on with Earth, it becomes buried in Earth and the collision is
perfectly inelastic. Perfectly inelastic collisions are easy to analyze in terms of
momentum because the objects become essentially one object after the collision.
The final mass is equal to the combined masses of the colliding objects. The
combination moves with a predictable velocity after the collision. Consider two cars
of masses m1 and m2 moving with initial velocities of v 1,i and v 2,i along a
straight line, as shown in Figure 3.2. The two cars stick together and move with
some common velocity, v f , along the same line of motion after the collision. The
total momentum of the two cars before the collision is equal to the total momentum
of the two cars after the collision.
Perfectly Inelastic Collision
m1 v 1,i + m2 v 2,i = (m1 + m2) v f
This simplified version of the equation for conservation of momentum is
useful in analyzing perfectly inelastic collisions. When using this equation, it is
important to pay attention to signs that indicate direction. In Figure 3.2, v1,i has a
positive value (m1 moving to the right), while v2,i has a negative value (m2 moving
to the left).
Sample Problem: A 1850 kg luxury sedan stopped at a traffic light is struck from
the rear by a compact car with a mass of 975 kg. The two cars become entangled as
a result of the collision. If the compact car was moving at a velocity of 22.0 m/s to
the north before the collision, what is the velocity of the entangled mass after the
collision?

ANALYZE
Given: m1 = 1850 kg
m2 = 975 kg
v 1,i = 0 m/s
v 2,i = 22.0 m/s to the north
Unknown: vf
=?
SOLVE
Use the equation for a perfectly inelastic collision.
m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i = (m1 + m2) vf

vf =m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i

m1 + m2

vf = (1850 kg)(0 m/s) + (975 kg)(22.0 m/s north)

1850 kg + 975 kg
vf = 7.59 m/s to the north
ELASTIC COLLISION
In an elastic collision, two objects collide and return to their original shapes
with no loss of total kinetic energy. After the collision, the two objects move
separately. In an elastic collision, both the total momentum and the total kinetic
energy are conserved.
Momentum and Kinetic Energy Are Conserved in an Elastic Collision

m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i = m1v 1,f + m2v 2,

1 /2 m1v1,i2 + 1/ 2 m2v2,i2 =1/ 2 m1v1,f2 + /1 2 m2v2,f
Remember that v is positive if an object moves to the right and negative if it moves
to the left.

Sample Problem: A 0.015 kg marble moving to the right at 0.225 m/s makes an
elastic head-on collision with a 0.030 kg shooter marble moving to the left at 0.180
m/s. After the collision, the smaller marble moves to the left at 0.315 m/s. Assume
that neither marble rotates before or after the collision and that both marbles are
moving on a frictionless surface. What is the velocity of the 0.030 kg marble after
the collision?
ANALYZE
Given:
m1 = 0.015 kg m2 = 0.030 kg
v 1,i = 0.225 m/s to the right, v1,i = +0.225 m/s
v 2,i = 0.180 m/s to the left, v2,i = −0.180 m/s
v 1,f = 0.315 m/s to the left, v1,f = −0.315 m/s
Unknown: v2,f = ?
PLAN
Choose an equation or situation:
Use the equation for the conservation of momentum to find the final
velocity of m2, the 0.030 kg marble.
m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i = m1v 1,f + m2v2,f
Rearrange the equation to isolate the final velocity of m2.
m2v2,f = m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i − m1v 1,f
v2,f = m1v 1,i + m2v 2,i –t m1v 1,f
m2

SOLVE
Substitute the values into the equation and solve: The rearranged
conservation-of-momentum equation will allow you to isolate and solve for
the final velocity.
v2,f = (0.015 kg)(0.225 m/s) + (0.030 kg)(−0.180 m/s) − (0.015 kg)(−0.315 m/s)
0.030 kg
v2,f = (3.4 × 10−3 kg•m/s) + (−5.4 × 10−3 kg•m/s) − (−4.7 × 10−3 kg•m/s)
0.030 kg
v2,f = 2.7 × 10 -3 kg•m/s
3.0 × 10 -2 kg
v2,f = 9.0 × 10 −2 m/s to the right

INELASTIC COLLISIONS
An inelastic collision is such a type of collision that takes place between two
objects in which some energy is lost. In the case of inelastic collision, momentum is
conserved but the kinetic energy is not conserved. Most of the collisions in daily life
are inelastic in nature.
Inelastic collision in two dimensions, conservation of momentum is applied
separately along each axis. Since Momentum is a vector equation and there is one
conservation of momentum equation per dimension. Similarly, there is only one
conservation of energy equation.
Most of the collision we see in our day to day life falls under inelastic collision.
Some of them are listed below.
Real World Examples Of Inelastic Collision
• The ball is dropped from a certain height and it is unable to rise to its
original height.
• When soft mudball is thrown against the wall, it will stick to the wall.
• The accident of two vehicles
• A car hitting a tree
In the case of inelastic collision, the kinetic energy is not conserved. The loss of
kinetic energy is due to internal friction. It may turn into vibrational energy of the
atoms, causing a heating effect and the bodies are deformed.
When two objects collide under inelastic condition, the final velocity with which the
object moves is given by.

V=(M1V1+M2V2)(M1+M2)
Where,
V= Final velocity
M1= mass of the first object in kgs
M2= mas of the second object in kgs
V1= initial velocity of the first object in m/s
V2= initial velocity of the second object in m/s

Sample Problem:Shankha is going by a slippery snowy hill. He has a mass of

20kg, and he is sliding the hill at a velocity of 5m/s. Shankha’s elder brother has a
mass of 30kg. His brother is moving slower with a velocity of 2m/s. Shankha
collides to his brother. Then both of them keep going down the hill as one unit.
Calculate the resulting velocity of Shankha.

Solution:
Given,
M1= 20kg V1= 5m/s
M2= 30kg V2= 2m/s
V=(20kg)×(5m/s)+(30kg)×(2m/s)(20kg+30kg)
=100kg.m/s+60kg.m/s50kg
=160kg.m/s50kg
=3.20m/s
Thus, after Shankha collides, the combined velocity of Shankha and his brother is
3.20m/s.