Digital Literacy

1
 Table of contents
1. Introduction of computers
2. Computer system
Central processing unit (CPU)
Secondary storage devices
Power and interface cables
Computer software

2
 Chapter1
Introduction ofcomputers

3
Definition of a computer

A computer is an electronic device that

accepts user input (data) and
transmissions it under influence of sets of
special instructions (Program) to produce
desired output (Information).

4
Data

They are new facts that are meaningless

to the user and cannot be used to make
decision e.g. numbers, letters etc.

5
Processing

Refers to the way data is manipulated to

turn into information e.g. arithmetic
operation, addition subtraction etc.

6
Information
Refers to data which has been processed.

7
Typical desktop personal computer
Computers come in
different sizes designs
but the most common
is a computer referred
to as a Personal
Computer (PC).
Personal computers
are mostly used in
offices, schools,
business premises and
at home.
8
Parts of a computer

System unit – this part houses the heart of the

computer and other devices called drives that
store, record and read data.
Peripheral devices – they are connected to system
unit using cables called data interface cables that
carry data and information to and from the devices.
9
Some of peripheral devices are

Keyboard – enables the user to enter

data and instructions in the computer by
pressing keys.
Mouse – enables user to issue
instructions to computer by controlling
the mouse pointer displayed on screen.
Monitor – enables the user to see
information (output).
10
Development of computers

Historical development of computers can

be traced back to the time human beings
were struggling to invent non electronic
tools that would simplify arithmetic such as
Abacus and Napier's bones.

11
Abacus
An Abacus was
Chinese counting
instrument which dates
back to 3000 BC. The
Abacas has bead-like
parts that move along
rods. Each bead
above the middle bar
stands for five units.
Each bead below
stands for one unit.
12
Analytical engine
The Analytical engine
was designed by English
mathematician, Charles
Babbage in 1832. The
engine is recognised as
the first real computer
and Babbage as the
father of computing. The
left picture depicts how
the analytical engine
would have looked like if
it was constructed. 13
1st generation computer (1940-1958)
These computers were
huge, expensive and
often broke down. They
were slow compared to
today’s computers, their
internal storage capacity
was limited. Cards were
used to enter data into
the computer. They
used vacuum tubes to
control internal
operations. They were
used for payroll
processing and bulling
e.g. IBM 650 and UNIAC.
14
Advantages and disadvantages of 1st generation

Advantages Disadvantages
Vacuum tubes They were too bulky.
technology made They were unreliable.
possible the advent Had limited memory.
of electronic digital
They generated a lot
computer.
of heat.
These computers Consumed a lot of
were the fastest power.
calculating device at
their time. 15
2nd generation computer (1958-1964)

They used transistors for internal

operations and magnetic card as a primary
storage medium. They had increased
storage capacity compared to first
generation. They had great reduction in
size and heat generation, increased speed
and reliability compared to first generation
e.g. IBM 1401, Honey Wall 200, CDC
1604 etc.
16
Advantages and disadvantages of 2nd generation

Advantages Disadvantages
They were smaller Require air
in size compared to conditioning to cool
first generation. them down.
They more reliable. Required frequent
They generated less maintenance.
heat. Commercial
They were less production was
prone to hardware difficult and costly.
failure. 17
3rd generation computers (1964-1970)

These computers used

integrated circuits,
increased storage
capacity more flexibility
with input/output smaller
size and better
performance of
microcomputers. It also
introduced software
industry operating
systems e.g. IBM System
360, Burroughs B5500
etc. 18
Advantages and disadvantages of 3rd generation

Advantages Disadvantages
Smaller in size.
More reliable. Highly sophisticated
Emitted less heat. technology required
for the manufacture of
Maintenance cost
integrated circuit.
was low because
hardware failure
were rare. They were costly
Required less
power. 19
4th generation computers (1970-1989)

These computers use

large scale integrated
circuit (LSIC). They have
large storage capacity
and work at a high
speed. Introduction of
microprocessor,
microcomputers and
supercomputers were
realized e.g. IBM 3033,
Burroughs B7700.
20
Advantages and disadvantages of 4th generation

Advantages
They are smaller in size because of high
component density.
Very reliable.
Generate neglible heat.
Much faster in computational.
They are not prone to hardware failure.
They are portable because of their small size.
Disadvantage
Highly sophisticated technology required for
manufacturer of LSI chips.
21
5th generation computers (1990-present)

This is generation is characterised by the

emerging of telecommunication with computer
technology. Scientists are working on this
generation to bring machines with genuine I.Q.
the ability to reason logically and with real
knowledge of the world. The anticipated
computer will have the following characteristics.
It is expected to do parallel processing.
It will be based on logical inference operations.
It’s expected to make use artificial intelligence.
22
Classification of computers
Physical size Functionality
Analog computers
Super computers Digital computers
Hybrid computers
Mainframe
Purpose
Mini computers General purpose
Special purpose
Micro computers Dedicated
23
Super computers (Physical size)

They are the fastest,

largest, most
expensive and
powerful computers.
Mainly used in
scientific research,
simulation, weapon,
analysis etc.

24
Mainframe (Physical size)

They are less

powerful and less
expensive than the
super computers. It
finds its application in
government agencies,
big companies e.g.
bank, hospital etc.

25
Mini computers (Physical size)

They are physically

smaller and cheaper
than mainframes.
They are used in
research institutions,
scientific laboratories
etc.

26
Micro computers (Physical size)
The smallest, cheapest
and least powerful type of
computers. It’s called a
microcomputer because
its CPU is called a
microprocessor. They are
used mainly in learning
institutions.

Types of micro computers

Desktop
Laptop
Palm top
27
Types of micro computer
(Desktop computer)
Desktop computer –
this is not portable.
It’s designed to be
placed on top of an
office desk.

28
Types of micro computer
(Laptop computer)
Laptop computer –
this is portable
briefcase. Designed
to be used by placing
it on the lap.

29
Types of micro computer
(Palm top computer)
This is small enough
to fit in the pocket and
can be held in the
palm when being
used.

30
Advantages and disadvantages of laptops
Advantages
They are portable.
Ruggedness – laptop computers are designed to withstand
most of the rigors of travel.
Display – active color screen show sharper, clearer images
which prevent eye strain.
Power – laptop batteries serve as built in uninterruptible
power supply.

Disadvantages
Performance – many laptops have slower clocks speed to
conserve power and also have similar memory capacity.
Expandility – laptops PCs limit your expansion options.
Connecting laptops have few ports and no growth potential.
Security – laptops PCs are easier to steal.
Display – laptops screens are limited to VGA resolution.
31
Analog computers (Functionality)
Analog computers –
they perform
arithmetic operations
and logical
comparisons by
measuring changes
in physical
magnitude e.g.
speed, temperature
etc.
32
Digital and hybrid computers (Functionality)

Digital computers – their

operations are based on
two states namely “on”
and “off” or “I” and “O”.

Hybrid computers – they

are computers which are
built with the
characteristics of both
analog and digital
computers.
33
Purpose
General purpose – they are designed to be
able to perform a variety of tasks.
Special purpose – they are designed to serve a
specific purpose e.g. robots used in industries,
mobile phone for communication only etc.
Dedicated – they are general purpose
computers that are committed to some
processing task e.g. dedicated to word
processor tasks only.
34
Computer laboratory

A computer laboratory is a room that has

been specially prepared to facilitate
installation of computers and to provide a
safe conducive environment for teaching
and learning of computer studies.

35
Safety precautions in computer laboratory

The computer lab, just like any other

laboratory, should be setup with safety
precautions in mind. Safely precautions
and practices can be divided into
measures that are meant to protect
computer and those that are meant to
protect the users.

36
Behaviour in the computer laboratory
Avoid smoking or exposing computers to dust. Smoke
and dust particles can damage computer components.
Avoid carrying food and beverage to computer room.
Food particles may damage computer components
while liquids may cause rusting and electrical shocks.
Avoid unnecessary movements because you may
accidentally knock down peripherals devices.
Follow the correct procedure for starting and shutting
down the computer.
Accidents which may occur should be reported
immediately.
If you are not sure of how to handle or operate any
piece of equipment in the laboratory please ask for
assistance.
37
Ventilation

There must be good air circulation in the

computer room to avoid suffocation and
overheating. Proper ventilation enables
the computer to cool hence avoid damage
to electronic part.

38
Lighting

Computer room should be well light to

avoid eyestrain that leads to headaches,
stress and fatigue. The user may adjust
the brightness of the computer monitor
until the eyes feel comfortable. Also
radiation filter screens may be fitted.

39
Protection against fire

Computer room should have gaseous fire

extinguisher like those filled with CO2.
Water based or powder extinguishers
should be avoided because they can
damage computer components.

40
Dust and dump control
The room should be fitted with special
curtains to reduce entry of dust particles.
Computers also should remain covered
with dust covers when not in use. Humidity
should be regulated in the computer room
to remain an optimum of 50%. Humidity
lower than this allows static electricity to
build up and cause damage to computer
components. High humidity of over 70%
may cause rusting of metallic parts.
41
Furniture
The table on which a
computer is placed must
be strong and wide
enough to hold the weight
and accommodate all
peripheral devices. The
user’s seat must be
comfortable and have a
straight back rest that
allows someone to sit
upright to avoid muscle
pains and aches.
42
Burglar proofing

To prevent unauthorized access to the

computer room the following control
should be implemented.
Fit strong metallic grills and locks on doors,
windows.
Do not welcome strangers to computer room.
Install security alarms at strategic access
points to alert security personal incase of
break in.
43
Stable power supply

Computers require a stable source of

power. Power from main supply is not
always stable and may damage computer
components. To protect the computer from
damage due to power instabilities, avoid
connecting it directly to mains supply.
Instead connect it to a special device
called Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
then connect the UPS to main supply.
44
Function of UPS
It regulates power
from an unstable
power source to the
required clean
stable voltage.

It temporarily
provides power to
computer incase of
a sudden power
failure.
45
Starting up (Booting)
It’s the process by which a computer loads
system files into the main memory.

Types of booting
Cold booting – the process of switching on a
computer that has been off completely by
pressing the power button.

Warm booting – this happens when the

computer, originally on, is forced to restart by
pressing the restart button on the system unit.
46
Shutting down a computer
It is important that the user
follows that e correct procedure
of shutting down a computer at
all time. If the procedure is not
followed, then loss of data,
damage of programs and
computer components may
occur

1. On the “Start” menu

2. Click “Shut Down” or “Turn Off
Computer”. (Shut down dialog
box is displayed)
3. Select “Shut Down” or “Turn
Parts of keyboard
Functions keys – F1 to F12.
Alphanumeric (Tying) keys – labelled A – Z, Caps lock,
Enter keys, Tab key, Spacebar, backspace etc.
Cursor movement (Navigation) & Editing keys – arrow keys,
Page up and Page down, Home and end keys, Edit keys,
Insert key, Delete
Special keys – Shift, Ctrl, Alt, Esc etc.
Numeric keys – 0 to 9, +, “, /, -

48
Using typing tutor
In order to increase your typing speed and
accuracy, typing software offers the lessons you
need to start from using one hand while typing to
becoming a proficient user.

49
Mouse techniques
Clicking – means pressing and releasing the left
mouse button once.
Double clicking – pressing the left button twice
in quick succession.
Right clicking – pressing the right hand side
mouse button once.
Drag and drop – the user drags an item from
one location on the screen to another.
Drag – press and hold down left button and the
move the mouse to the new location
Drop – release the button immediately after
dragging the item to the new location. 50
Introduction to computer
systems

Computer system refers to a collection of

components that are linked to process,
store and manage information.

76
Functional organisation of the elements

The computer system is organised into three

elements.
Hardware – consists of the mechanical,
electrical and electronic part of a computer.
Software – it is a set of computer programs that
guides the computer in each and every activity
that happens inside the computer during data
processing.
Live ware – refers to users who are computer
knowledge and hence can properly utilize the
computer hardware and software. 77
Input device
These are devices which accept data and pass
them into the computer.
Keying devices – keyboard use to type data
into the computer.
Pointing devices
Mouse
Track ball
Joy stick
Light pen
Scanning devices – they are devices that
capture data into the computer directly. 78
Types of keying devices 1
Flexible keyboard – is
a more portable
keyboard that can be
folded and packed in
to bag.

Ergonomic board – is
specially designed to
provide comfort and
alleviate wrist strain.
79
Types of keying devices 2
Keypad – is a miniature
keyboard used on
portable devices such
as PDAs, laptops and
mobile phones.

Braille keyboard – is a
keyboard designed for
use the blind. It
consists of key
identified by raised dots.
80
Mouse (Pointing device)
This is for enter data
or instructions by
controlling a pointer
on the screen.

81
Trackball (Pointing device)
Trackball – It uses a
sphere located on top
that is rotated by
hand to control cursor
movement.

82
Joy stick (Pointing device)
It looks like a car gear
lever which can be
moved sideways,
upwards, downward
to no space control
the position of cursor.

83
Light pen (Pointing device)
It is a hand held pen
like device that has a
light sensitive point.

84
Classification of scanners
Optical scanners – they capture data using
light.
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
Optical Bar Recognition
Optical Character/Image Scanner (OCR)

Magnetic scanners – they capture data

using magnetic technology.
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
Magnetic Stripe Recognition 85
Optical Mark Recognition (OMR)
(Optical scanner)
This scanner uses mark –
sensing to scan and
translate the locations of a
series of pen or pencil
marks into computer
understandable form used
in marking K.C.S.E. multiple
choice exam, questionnaire
etc.

Application of OMR
Multiple choice exam.
Market research
questionnaires.
Payroll data entry.
Traffic surveys. 86
Advantages and disadvantages of OMR

Advantages Disadvantages
Has low error rates. Mark readers are
relatively slow.
Conspicuous errors
are easily corrected. Verification of marked
data is difficult.
Data captured at
source, hence Not widely used in
minimising amount business.
of manual work.
87
Optical Bar Recognition (OBR)
(Optical scanner)
They scan and translate a
bar code into machine
understandable mode.
Used in supermarket,
wholesale shops etc.

Application of OBR
On labels and on
shelves for stocktaking.
Printed on shop goods
e.g. supermarkets.
In libraries. 88
Advantages and disadvantages of OBR
Advantages Disadvantages
Bar codes can only
Bar codes can be be read machines.
printed by normal Only numbers can be
printing methods. coded in this way.
They are relatively
The type of item or fixed, so they are
price does not have unsuitable for
to be repeatedly recording prices
written/typed. which can frequently
change. 89
Optical Character/Image Scanner (OCR)
(Optical scanner)
It is used to scan
characters and
images i.e. can be
used to scan real
objects.

Application of OCR
Used in billing

90
Advantages and disadvantages of OCR
Advantages Disadvantages
Data is captured at Optical readers are
source hence errors expensive.
are limited.
It’s an easier method OCR may require
to use. redesigning quite
Document design is frequently.
less complicated.
Characters can be Only certain font is
read by people. acceptable.
91
Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR)
(Magnetic scanner)

This scanner is able

to detect characters
written in special
magnetic ink. It is
used in banks to read
cheques, credit cards
etc.

Application of MICR
Banking industry for
cheques.
92
Advantages and disadvantages of MICR

Advantages Disadvantages
It’s fast, accurate
and automatic. MICR system is
limited to only 14
The code are both characters.
machine and human
readable. MICR system is
based on magnetism
Reduces forgery i.e. and can easily be
it’s difficult to forge. damaged.
93
Magnetic Stripe Recognition
(Magnetic scanner)
A magnetic stripe is a thin
magnetic tape, often
found at the back of a
plastic card e.g. ATM
card. The magnetic stripe
is used to recognise the
data in such cards.

Application of magnetic
stripes
On credit cards.
On bank cards.
As tags on clothes.
As a phone card.
94
Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic stripes

95
Speech recognition devices
This is a type of input method where
microphone is used to enter data in form of
spoken words into the computer.

Application area of speech recognition

Security and access control e.g. office security for
room access, house/car security.
Quality control and automatic in factories i.e.
speech input used to order robots.
Automated materials handling – in airports to direct
luggage to appropriate conveyor belt.
Voice activated toys and games. 96
Advantages and disadvantages of speech recognition
Advantages Disadvantages
No keyboards in Homophones – some
necessary i.e. very fast.
words sound the same.
Useful in situations
where Recognition is slow.
hands or eyes are Limited vocabularies.
busy handling
documents etc. Background noise can
disrupt the data entered.
People are moving
around, since Speaker variability i.e. the
wireless microphone speed, pitch, loudness,
can be used. pronunciation of
Can be used from individuals.
remote locations via the
telephone.
97
Types of other digital devices
(Touch screen and digital camera)
Touch screen – this
device recognises the
location of a contact
on the screen through
a built-in grid of
sensing lines and
sensors.
Digital camera – they
are used to take
electronic pictures of
an object.
98
Types of other digital device
(Digitizers)
It has graphic tablet
on which the user
writes on using a
device similar to a
pen (stylus). The
stylus moves on the
tablet and the drawing
is directly reflected on
the screen.
99
Types of other digital devices
(Interactive whiteboard)
An interactive whiteboard
also as a smartboard, is a
large interactive display
that connects to a
computer. The computer
display is projected onto
the board’s surface,
where users control the
computer and write using
a pen or finger. The
board is typically
mounted to a wall or on a
floor stand.
100
Selecting an input device

Factors to consider while selecting an input device

Cost
Volume
Reliability
Accuracy
Mode of operation
Appropriateness

101
Output device
Output devices are peripheral devices that
a computer uses to give out information
produces after processing.

Soft copy – refers to the intangible mainly

displayed on the screen to through devices
like speakers.
Hard copy – refers to tangible output
produced on papers e.g. by printers, potters
etc.
102
Examples of soft copy devices

Monitor (Visual Display Unit) VDU – it

displays information on its screen thus
helping the user monitor operations
carried out by the computer.

103
Types of monitors
Monochrome monitor
– it displays image
and text in only one
colour mostly black
and white.

Colour monitor – it
displays images and
text in multiple
colours. 104
Types of displays screen (CRT)
Characteristics
The screen of CRT is
curved slightly
outward.
They are not portable.
They consume a lot of
power.
They are cheap.
NB; CRT means
Cathode Ray Tubes105
Types of display screen
(flat panel displays)
Characteristics
The screen is flat.
They are portable.
Consume less power
Occupy less space.
Are expensive.
Providers high quality
output.

106
Example of flat panel displays 1
Liquid Crystal Display
(LCD) – they have
tiny liquid crystals that
reflect light falling on
them from
environment.
Thin Film Transistors
(TFT) – it provides
high quality output
(text and graphics). 107
Example of flat panel displays 2
Electro Luminescent
(EL) – they glow rise
to an
electroluminescent
display, images are
clearer than LCD.
Gas plasma – they
use gas that emits
light when electric
current is passed
through them.
108
Graphic adapter/video card

Graphic adapter it’s a piece of circuit

board that connects a monitor to a
computer and allows the computer to
show images and text on its screen.

109
Examples of graphic adapters
Monochrome Displays Adapter (MDA) – it
displays text only in one colour.
Hercules Graphic Card (HGC) – displays both
text and images in one colour.
Colour Graphic Adapter (CGA) – displays text
and images using up to 16 colours.
Enhanced Graphic Adapter (EGA) – displays
text and images using 16 colours.
Video Graphic Arrays (VGA) – offers 256 colours.
Super Video Graphic Array (SVGA) – offers over
256 colours. 110
Advantages and disadvantages of VDU

Advantages Disadvantages

The display of output Can lure computer

is almost operator into not
instantaneous. keeping hardcopy
records.
Minimises paperwork.
Screen might not
allow the viewing of
the full array of data.
111
Sound output
Sound output is in form of spoken words. Speakers
are used to output the sound form computers e.g.
music, warnings, videos etc.

Application of sound output

Learning aids e.g. computer aided learning.
Lifts – messages can be used in lifts to greet
visitors and tell them the floor they are in.
Emergency messages i.e. public address
systems, in cars when running out of petrol,
household e.g. vacuum ‘cleaners tub is
overloaded’.
Text to speech translation for blind. 112
Advantages of sound output
Advantages Disadvantages
No reading id
necessary. Not suitable for noisy
Useful in situations situations.
where you can’t look
or where you are Inappropriate for
busy. lengthy or permanent
Fast, natural output. information.
People grow fond of
“computer speak”.
113
Data projectors
They are used to output
from a computer onto a
plain white screen like a
wall or whiteboard. It is
a creative way of
presenting computer
output to an audience.
This technology is
gradually replacing the
traditional overhead
projectors.
114
Light Emitting Diodes

They are light emitting components that

display light when an electric current is
passed through them. It is used mainly for
warnings e.g. the red and green light
displayed by the system unit to help the
user know whether it is ON or OFF.

115
Hardcopy output devices

Hardcopy devices are devices that

produce output on paper in form of text or
graphics.

116
Example of hardcopy
Printers – produce a hard copy of
information on papers.
Plotters – it’s a type of hard copy output.
They are used mainly in the field of
engineering and architecture for producing
graphical output on paper.
Computer output on microform – the com
devices record computer output (image or
text) on to photographic film which can be
viewed later by special microfilm readers.117
Classification of printers
Printers are categorised as follows;
How they produce characters on paper.
Impact printers – they provide prints by printing
head element coming into actual contact with the
stationery through inked ribbon.
Non-impact printers – they provide prints by the
print head elements not coming into actual contact
with the stationery, but other means e.g. thermal.
The speed at which they print.
Character printers – they produce one character at
a time e.g. daisy wheel, dot matrix etc.
Line printers – they produce one line at a time e.g.
drum, chain etc.
Page printers – they produce an entire page at
once e.g. laser printer. 118
Differences between impact and non-impact

Impact Non-impact

Slow Faster

Use inked ribbons Use thermal or

electrostatic principles
Cheaper Costly

Noisy Quiet

Multiple copy production Multiple copy production

possible almost impossible 119
Types of impact printers 1
Dot matrix printer –
it’s an impact
character printer that
provides character
prints in terms of dots.
The printing head
element is made up of
a set of arranged
needles, which are
activated depending
on the character to be
formed for printing. 120
Types of impact printers 2
Daisy wheel printer – it
has a wheel petals on
which characters are
mounted. When printing,
the wheel rotates allowing
petals to hit a ribbon with
different character.
Golf ball printer – the
character images are
incorporated on the
surface of a gold ball like
print head, which is either
rotating or pivoted.
121
Types of impact printers 2
Drum printer – it provides
one whole line print at a
time. The characters are
incorporated on circular
bands that move round
the surface of the drum
surface.
Chain printer – it’s an
impact line printer that
incorporates engraved
characters printing slugs
at high constant speed
past printing positions.
122
Types of non-impact printers 1
Inkjet printer – this
printer forms
characters by
spraying ink form tiny
nozzles through an
electrical field that
arranges the charged
ink particies into
characters.
123
Types of non-impact printers 2
Thermal printer – it’s
non-impact character
printer that provides
character prints using
heat principles.
Electrostatic printer –
it’s a non-impact that
uses electrostatic
charges to form
characters in a line on
a special paper. 124
Types of non-impact printers 3
Laser printer – it
prints by passing a
laser beam back and
forth over a rotating
drum.

Photo printer – are

special purpose
printers designed to
print photos. 125
Selecting a printer
Factors to consider when selecting a printer
Initial cost and subsequent costs of
maintenance.
Volume of printing expected reports.
Nature of reports to be generated.
Range of capability for selected printers e.g.
multiple copier, print styles etc.
Interface with the computer system.
Speed.
Quality of prints. 126
Type of plotters
Flat bed plotters

Drum plotter

127
Computer output on microform (COM)

The com devices record computer output

(images or text) on to photographic film
which can be viewed later by special
microfilm readers.

Applications of COM
Libraries for book catalogues.
Local authorities to retain town plans, maps,
statistics etc.
Companies to store personal and customers
records. 128
Types of microform
Microfilm - the output
is usually on a roll of
film.

Microfiche – the
output is on a page of
film on which data
images are arranged
in a grid of patterns.
129
Advantages and disadvantages of COM
Advantages
Saves on stationery and space.
Faster than printing.
Non-bulky hence portable.
Contents on COM are not easily read using naked
eyes hence guaranteed security.
Have got larger life span compared to paper output.
Disadvantages
Are expensive.
Cause eye-strain.
Additional equipments needed to read to contents. 130
Introduction to the CPU

The Central Processing Unit (Processor) is

that part of the computer that decodes and
executes instructions.

138
Functional unites of CPU
Arithmetic Logic Unite (ALU)
– in this unit of CPU all the
arithmetic and logical
operational are carried out.
Control unit – this unit
coordinates all processing
activities in the CPU as well
as input, storage and output
operations.
Main memory (primary
storage) – this unit provides
storage location for data and
instructions accessed by the
control unit. 139
Functions of ALU, Control unit and main memory

ALU
Does all the mathematical computations in a
computer. Does all of the logic comparisons of values.
Control unit
Directs the flow of information into the CPU memory
and storage. Controls the instructions the CPU will
perform next.
Main memory
Holds data awaiting processing.
Holds data that has been processed awaiting to be
output.
Holds data been processed.
140
Types of memory (ROM)
Read Only Memory (ROM) –
this memory is used to store
programmed instructions and
data permanently or semi
permanently. Data and
instructions stored in ROM
are those required to remain
unchanged for a long time.

Characteristics
Can only be read but cannot
write on it.
It’s non-volatile.
Stores permanent instructions
from manufacturer. 141
Types of memory (RAM)
Random Access Memory
(RAM) – it’s called Random
Access Memory (RAM)
because its content can be
read directly regardless of
the sequence in which it
was stored.

Characteristics
Data can be read and
written in it.
It’s temporary, its contents
disappears when the
computer is switched off.
It’s contents is user defined.
142
Types of ROM
Mask Read Only Memory (MROM) – once contents
are written on it by the manufacturer, it cannot be
changed.
Programmable Read Only Memory (PROM) – this
allows the user to alter it only once after the content is
written on it.
Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EPROM)
– the contents stored in this memory can be erased by
exposing them to ultra violet light and then
reprogrammed for another use.
Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only
Memory (EAPROM) – this memory can be erased and
reprogrammed using electricity. 143
Types of RAM

Static RAM (SRAM) – it’s a very fast

memory and holds its content as long as
there is power.

Dynamic RAM (DRAM) – it holds its

contents for a short while even when the
power is on. To maintain its content it must
be refreshed severally per second.
144
Special purpose memories
Buffer – it’s a special purpose memory used
during input/output or processing to temporarily
hold data or instructions between
communicating elements.
Cache memory – it’s a very high speed type of
SRAM whose purpose is to allow the processor
to access data instructions more faster.
Register – they are temporarily storage locations
within CPU that holds one piece of data at a time.
145
Examples of registers
Accumulators – temporarily holds the results of
the last processing step of ALU.
Instruction registers – temporarily holds an
instruction before it’s interpreted into a form that
CPU can understand it.
Address registers – temporarily holds next piece
of data waiting to be processed.
Storage registers – temporarily holds a piece of
data that is on it’s way to and from the CPU and
main memory. 146
Functional organisation of CPU
The arithmetic logic
unit, control unit and
main memory are
linked through
electrical pathways
called buses. A bus is
an electrical path for
signal to flow from
one point to another
in a circuit.
147
Types of computer buses

Control bus – this is a pathway for all

timings and controlling functions sent by
the control unit to other parts of the system.
Address bus – this pathway is used to
locate the storage position in memory of
the data to be executed or an instruction to
be decoded.
Data bus – this is the pathway where the
actual data transfer takes place. 148
Types of processors and their clock speed

149
Secondarystorage devices

155
Introduction

These are storage devices that

compliment the primary memory. They are
used to store information for longer period.

156
Characteristics of secondary storage

Non-volatile storage – data stored in this

media is permanent unless erased by user

Mass storage – stores large volume of

data

Reusability – stored data can be erased

and the media reused to store fresh data
and programs 157
Classification of secondary storage

Removable storage devices – these

devices are not housed inside the system
unit hence can be used in another
computer e.g. floppy, flash disk, CD.

Fixed storage devices – these devices are

housed inside the computer system unit
e.g. hard disk.
158
Removable storage devices
Magnetic desks Optical disk – these
Floppy disks disks use laser beam
Zip disk to record data on
Jaz disk them. The laser ray
burns tiny holes into a
shiny surface to
Magnetic tapes record data.

159
Floppy disk
They are made of
small flexible round
disk coated with iron
oxide. They are used
to store information
for later use in the
same or different
computer, and can be
used to move
information from one
computer to another.
160
Zip disk
Zip disk – they
resemble floppy disk
but have high storage
capacity. They are
slightly larger and
thicker in size. Can
hold at least 250MB.
Mostly they come with
a separate portable
external zip disk.
161
Jaz disk

Jaz disk – they are

small portable of
about 1GB – 2GB.
They are used for
storing data that
require larger
capacity. They have
an external jaz drive.

162
Advantages and disadvantages of floppy disk

Advantages Disadvantages
Floppies are
They are very cheap. vulnerable i.e. short
life.
Small, lightweight and Time consuming if
convenient. access is needed to
many files over a
short period.
Exchangeable.
Easily damaged.
Storage area is
limited. 163
Magnetic tapes
This is ribbon of Mylar
(plastic – like) material
coated with a thin layer of
iron oxide. Magnetic tape
resembles the music
cassette. Tape is stored in
blocks separated by inter –
block gaps left for stopping
purposes. Tapes are
sequentially accessed. This
implies that if information is
at the end of the tape, the
computer will have to read
almost the entire tape which
is time consuming. 164
Advantages and disadvantages of magnetic tapes

Advantages Disadvantages

They are portable. Very slow in

Cheap. accessing of data.
Can be erased and Easily damaged i.e.
re-used. dust, heat, touching
Holds a lot of data in etc.
a compact space. The inter-block space
is wastage of storage
area.
165
Examples of optical storage disks
LS-120 super disk – this is a diskette that resembles the floppy disk
but uses optical technology instead of magnetic technology to read
data. It has greater storage capacity and greater speed of data
access than floppy disk.
Digital Versatile Disks (DVD’s) – also known as digital video disk.
They resemble compact disk but have higher storage capacity of up
to 17GB. They are suitable for recording motion pictures e.g. video
because they offer better sound and picture quality than CDs.
Compact disk (CD) – they hold larger quantities of data and
information. It holds as much as 700MB. Mostly used to store data
and information that require a lot of space e.g. video clips, software
etc.
Optical card – it resembles the magnetic ink character reader card but
uses an optical recordable stripe that stored using optical technology.
Photo CD – this CD is used to process photographic film or negatives
to produce and store high quality photographs on a CD-R.
166
Forms of compact disks
CD-ROM (Compact Disk-Read Only Memory) – in this
type of compact disks, when data is recorded on them,
one can neither change them, nor add anything on.
CD-R (Compact Disk-Recordable) – they are initially
blank, the user can record data on it. However once
the data has been written on it, one can only read but
no changing it.
CD-RW (Compact Disk Rewriteable) – with CD-RW
the user can record, erase and rewrite new information.
WORM (Write Once Read Many Times) – these are
discs that allow the user to record data on them once
but read them many times e.g. CD-ROMs and CD-Rs.
167
Advantages and disadvantages of CD-ROM

Advantages Disadvantages

It’s smaller, more Not possible to

portable and has change data written
lager storage on a CD-ROM.
compared to diskettes. Are expensive than
diskettes.
More secure as it Can’t erase the data
cannot be changed or stored.
attacked by viruses.
168
Advantages and disadvantages of optical storage

Advantages Disadvantages
Have massive capacity. Expensive.
Stores data permanently. Costly hardware and
Accessing of data is fast. software for reading.
Secured i.e. it’s hard to Break easily (it’s
copy. fragile).
High quality pictures and Very sensitive to
sound. things like dust, water,
Portable. heat, scratches which
easily damage them.
169
Flash disk
This is the most
current storage
device in the market.
It has a massive
storage area, more
reliable and portable.
It’s small in size and
can store over 600MB
of information.

170
Example of fixed storage devices
Hard disk (Winchester) –
they are made from
metal and are coated
with a thin film of
magnetic oxide. The
hard disk unit is made of
shiny, rigid magnetic
disks or platters that are
arranged vertically on a
common axis. They can
hold thousand of
programs and files. 171
Advantages and disadvantages of hard disk

Advantages Disadvantages
They can suffer a head
It’s cheap. crash resulting to loss
Very reliable. of data.
Does not deteriorate They are sensitive to
as quickly as floppy. things like dust,
More storage capacity. humidity, magnets
which can corrupt the
Accessing of data is data stored.
faster.
They are inflexible i.e.
cannot be changed. 172
Practical activity 1
Using a floppy disk provided by the
teacher:
1. Draw and label all the parts of a diskette.
2. Remove the protective plastic casing to
expose the disk platter.
a. How flexible is the platter?
b. What is the texture and colour of the surface? Is
it possible to see the tracks and sectors?
c. Assuming the tracks and sectors are visible,
draw a diagram to illustrate how they would look
like.
177
Powerandinterface cable

178
Port
It’s a socket on the system unit into which a
cable from an external peripheral device (e.g.
mouse keyboard etc) is plugged to facilitate
transfer of information between the device and
CPU.
Power cable
Serial cables and ports
Parallel cables and ports
Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables and ports
Interface cable
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
179
Power cable
They are used to
supply power to the
motherboard and
other internal devices
of a computer.

180
Serial cables and ports

They transmit data

between devices and
CPU one bit after
another. They are
slow but are reliable
than parallel cables.
Mainly used to
connect mouse.

181
Parallel cables and ports
They transmit
information
simultaneously using
a set of many
conductors. They are
faster than serial.
Used to connect
devices such as
printer.

182
Universal Serial Bus (USB) cables and ports

They transmit only 1

bit of information at a
time at a very high
speed than parallel.
Provides quality data
transmission over
long distance. It’s port
support devices like
digital cameras,
scanners, mouse etc.
183
Interface cable /
Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)
Interface cable – All peripheral devices
that make up a computer system are
connected to the motherboard inside the
system unit through the interface cables.

Small Computer System Interface (SCSI)

– they transmit data in parallel but are
faster than parallel cables. It’s port allows
connection of up 7 peripheral devices. 184
Personal system 2 (PS/2) interface

Originally, most
computers used the
5-pin DIN to connect
a keyboard to the
system unit but the
smaller 6-pin mini-
DIN also known as
PS/2 interface has
replaced this
technology.
185
Types of ports 1
Infra-red – used for wireless communication between the CPU and
device which is infrared – capable. Communication is over short
distance, and there should be no obstruction between the two
devices.
D-type ports – these ports have the shape of capital letter D. They
are two types namely the Nine-Pin (DB-9) and 25 pin-wide (DB-
25). The DB9 is a serial port into which cables such as mouse,
modem, serial printer etc can be plugged. The DB-25 port can be
used for both serial and parallel devices. When used to connect
serial it’s labelled COM1 or COM2 and only 10 of its pins are used.
For parallel it’s labeled LPT 1 or LPT 2.
Centronic ports – this is a parallel port that uses metal clips
mounted into cells in place of pins.
Audio ports – used for inputting and outputting sound into and out
of sound card.
LAN ports – used for connecting the computer to local are network.
Modem port – used for plugging an external modem into the
computer. 186
Types of ports 2 (Video port)
Video ports – used for
connecting the
monitor to the system
unit. It can be 9-pin D
or 15-pin D.

187
Ports on the backside of system unit

188
Standard symbols used to denote an interface

Symbol Port
Parallel
Serial
USB
SCSI
PS/2 for mouse
PS/2 for keyboard 189
Basic computer set-up and cabling

Having learnt about various devices and

how they function, it is important to
familiarise ourselves on how to set up a
computer.

Before carrying out the practical the

following should be observed.
Dismember all cables from the source of
power to prevent electrical shock.
Follow the teacher’s instructions strictly. 190
Tools and materials required
Screw drivers
Pliers
Motherboard
Manufacturers manual
Required peripheral devices
Dismantled system unit
Power and interface cables
191
Steps of computer set-up and cabling 1

1. Connecting basic
computer components.
2. Connecting devices to
motherboard –
indentifying connecting
points on the
motherboard. Carefully
identify the points on
the motherboard before
you start connecting the
computer ports.
192
Steps of computer set-up and cabling 2

3. Connecting the hard disk, floppy drive, CD-

ROM
a. Wear antistatic material to discharge any static
change on the body.
b. Check for a free drive bay to hold disk drive.
c. Slide the disk into its bay and screw it.
d. Connect the power supply cable to the device.
e. Connect the cable both to the drive then to
motherboard.
f. If installation is complete replace the system unit
cover. 193
Steps of computer set-up and cabling 3

4. Connecting other peripheral devices.

a. Identify its port and data cable or interface
cable.
b. Connect the data cables of all devices to
their respective ports.
c. Switch on the computer power source.
d. Successful boot means the computer was
properly setup.

194
 Review questions 1
1. Define the following terms:
A). Port B). Interface cable C). Power cable
2. What is the function of the power supply unit found in the
system unit.
3. Differentiate between parallel and serial interface cables.
4. Give two advantages of a USB interface cable.
5. Draw an illustration of:
A). Parallel cable B). USB port
6. What would happen if you bend the pins of a monitor port as
you try to connect the monitor interface cable to the system
unit?
7. Draw illustrations of various ports found at the back of the
system unit of the computer.
195
 Answer of review questions 1
1. A). Special socket for connecting
peripheral devices on the system unit.
B). Cable for data transmission.
C). Cable for power supply to devices.
2. To supply stable power to system unit
internal devices and the mother
board.
3. Parallel cables transmits several bits
simultaneously while serial transmits
one bit at a time.
4.
It is light, Offers fast transmission, Its
serial nature enable it to connect
devices a longer distance away, The
USB port can be used to connect
different peripheral devices due to its
common universal interface.
6.
196
No display or some colours will fail to
 Review questions 2
1. What are the safety precautions to be
observed before one starts installing devices
in the system unit?
2. In relation to cabling, give two reasons why a
printer may not print work sent from the
computer as expected?
3. Naliaka connected new multimedia speakers
to her computer and tried to play her favorite
music CD but no sound was heard. What
might have been the problem? 197
Answer of review questions 2
1. A). Disconnect all devices 2. A). Loose printer interface
from power source before cable.
attempting to work on them. B). Printer still off.
B). Do not work on any C). Printer not installed.
peripheral device without the 3. A). Volume control too low.
guidance of the teacher.
B). Loose or improper
C). Never work alone because connection to the sound card.
you may need help in case of
an emergency. C). Speakers not powered.
D). Discharge any static D). Multimedia not supported.
electricity that might have built E) absence of analog cable
up on your hands by touching connecting the optical drive to
an earthed metallic object and the motherboard or sound
then wearing an antistatic wrist card.
member.
198
 Revision questions
1. Write the following abbreviations in full:
A). CPU B). ALU C). CU
D). ROM E). RAM
2. Give examples of special purpose memories found in the CPU.
3. What do the following abbreviations in relation to storage capacity stand for:
A). KB B). MB C). GB
4. Describe various display video cards used in computers.
5. Differentiate between MICR and OCR scanners.
6. What is the market name given to the most recent types of processors?
7. Explain the internal mechanism of the hard disk in reference to disk platters
and the read/Write head.
8. Describe the structure of a hard disk in reference to cylinders, tracks and
sectors.
9. What are pixels? What role do they play in screen display?
10. Explain the steps you would follow to set up a new computer.
199
Answer of revision questions 1
1. A). Central Processing 4. MICR uses magnetic
Unit. technology to read
B). Arithmetic Logic magnetic characters while
Unit. OCR uses laser technology
to read characters.
C). Control Unit.
5. Pentium processors.
D). Read Only Memory.
6. The drive is made up of
E). Random Access
Memory. several disk platters that
2.
are mounted on a common
Cache and registers. axis with read/write heads
3. A). Kilobyte. on both sides of the
B). Megabyte platters. The heads move in
C). Gigabyte. and out as they write/read
4. data. The outer case is
MDA, HGA, EGA, VGA hard and metallic. 200
Answer of revision questions 2
8. The hard disk is divided into concentric circles called
tracks. Parallel tracks on several platters are called
cylinders. The tracks are further subdivided into sectors.
Several sectors can be grouped to form clusters.
9. Pixels (picture elements) are dots on the screen that form
characters and images. They determine the clarity of the
image.
10. (a). Gently and carefully connect the interface cable of
each device to the correct port and to the device.
(b). Connect the computer to the power source and switch
it on.
(c). Observe boot up information on the screen to see
whether Power On-Self Test (POST) displays any error
message. A successful boot means that the computer was
properly setup. 201
Practical activity 1
Using the universal
symbols in table right,
identify each port
located on the system
unit.

202
Computersoftware

203
Introduction

Software are programs or set of

instructions that enables a computer
system to operate.

204
Classification of software 1
According to purpose.

System software – it enables the user

communicate with the computer and its
various devices e.g. keyboard.

Application software – application

software are designed to help the user
accomplish specific tasks.
205
Classification of software 2
According to method of acquisition.
In-house developed program (Bespoke) –
these programs are designed to serve a
particular purpose for specific groups or
people e.g. in banks for managing their
operations, airlines for booking etc.
Standard software (off the shelf packages) –
these programs are developed by software
engineers, packaged and made available for
purchase through a vendor or directly from
developer e.g. Microsoft office.
206
Program under system software 1
Firmware – it’s a combination of both
hardware and software. It’s in form of a
chip which may be used to store programs.

Network software – it’s used to establish

communication between two or more
computers by linking them using a
communication channel e.g. cables to
create network, novel, Linux etc.

207
Program under system software 2

Operating system – it’s a set of programs

that control and supervise the hardware
resources of a computer during processing.
Examples of operating system include
Windows 95/98/2000/XP, Linux Macintosh,
MS-DOS etc.
Utility software – they are programs that
perform commonly used services that
make certain aspects of computing to go
on more smoothly. 208
Types of utility software
System level Calculator
Application utility Time
Program translator Backup utility
Setting editor Anti virus utility
Text editor Diagnostic utility
Sort editor Calendar utility
Etc.
209
Examples of application software
Word processor – for typing documents e.g.
MS-Word.
Database – for keeping records and files e.g.
MS-Excel.
Spreadsheet – for calculations e.g. MS-
Access.
Desk top publishing – designing publications
e.g. cards (Adobe PageMaker).
Computer Aided Design – for technical
drawing e.g. AutoCAD.
Graphics software – for designing and
manipulating graphics e.g. Photoshop 210
Advantages of standard software over in house software

They can easily be installed and run

Thoroughly test hence few errors
Readily available
Easily modified to meet specific user
needs
Less expensive

211
Disadvantages of standard software over in-house software

May not meet special needs.

They are not as efficient as user made
programs.
When changes occur extra costs is usually
needed from user.
Not all packages are compatible with all
computer system.

212
Criteria for selecting computer system (Specification)

Hardware considerations
Processor speed
Computer memory capacity
Upgrading and compatibility
User needs
Cost
Portability
Warranty
213
Criteria for selecting computer system (Specification)

Software considerations
User needs
Documentation
Authencity
User friendliness
Cost
Portability

214
OperatingSystem

215
Operating system (OS)
Operating system is a set
of programs that control
and supervise the
hardware resources of a
computer and provide
services to other system
software. Examples of
operating system
includes; Microsoft
Windows
95/98/2000/XP/Vista,
Unix, Linux, MS-DOS,
novel etc. 216
Functions of operating system (OS) 1

Resource control –
the OS allocates
computer resources
such as CPU time,
main memory,
secondary storage
and input/output for
use by application
program.

217
Functions of operating system (OS) 2

Job scheduling – the OS prepares,

schedules, controls and monitors tasks
submitted for execution to ensure the most
efficient processing.

Memory management – the OS ensures

that each program and the data it requires
are allocated adequate space in memory.
218
Functions of operating system (OS) 3

Error handling – OS provides the error

correction routines to ensure smooth
operations within CPU.
Interrupt handling – OS determines the
cause of the interrupt and transfer the
control to the most appropriate programs.
Input/output handling – the OS governs
input/output of data and their location,
storage and retrieval. 219
Functions of operating system (OS) 4

Communication control and management – the

operating system is responsible for managing
various communication devices and provide an
environment within which communication
protocol operate. The term protocol refers to the
rules that governs system come with network
management utilities that provide external
communication by connecting to a
communication systems using interface cable or
through wireless interface.
220
Types of operating system

Operating system can be classified

according to;

Number of users

Number of tasks

Interface
221
Number of users
Single user-operating system – this OS
allows only one user at a time to access a
computer e.g. MS-DOS, MS-Windows
95/98/2000.

Multi-user operating system – this OS

allows two or more users to access a
computer at the same time e.g. Windows
2000 server, Novel, Unix, Windows NT etc.
222
Number of tasks

Single tasking operating system – this OS

allows only one program to be executed at
a time e.g. MS-DOS.

Multi-tasking operating system

(multithreading) – this OS allows a single
CPU to execute more than one program at
a time e.g. Windows Vista, XP etc.
223
Interface (Command line)
Command line – the
user interacts with a
computer by typing a
command at the
prompt found on a
command line e.g.
MS-DOS.

224
Interface (Menu driven interface)

Menu driven interface

– this interface allows
the user to select
commands/options
from a list or menu
using keyboard or
pointing device such
as mouse. E.g. MS-
DOS version called
DOS editor).
225
Interface (Graphical User Interface)

Graphical User
Interface (GUI) – this
interface represents
commands as small
pictures on the screen
called icons e.g.
Microsoft Windows
95/98/2000/XP/Vista,
Linux etc
226
Selecting an operating system

Factors to consider when choosing an O.S.

Hardware configuration
Basic design of the computer
Applications intended for the computer
User friendliness
Cost
Availability in market

227
How Windows organise information

The OS organise information in terms of

files, folders and drives.
File – it’s a collection of related data or
information stored in one location.
Folder/directory – it’s a named storage are
where the user can store related files to
enable easy access.
Storage media – when creating a folder or
saving a file identify a storage location which
is more reliable e.g. floppy disk, compact disk,
hard disk etc. 228
Information organisation tree
C:\>

File 2

Folder 1 Folder 2 Folder 3

Subfolder 1 Subfolder 2 File 1

File 3 Subfolder 3 Subfolder 4

229
Types of files 1
System files – these
files contain
information that is
critical for the
operation of the
computer.

Application files –
these files hold
programs or
application files.
230
Function of files
Storage of data.

Organisation of information.

231
Folder/directory

It’s a named storage area where the user

can store related files to enable easy
access.

232
Storage media

When creating a folder or saving a file

identify a storage location which is more
reliable e.g. floppy disk, compact disk,
hard disk etc.

233
Types of files 2
Extension File type Description
.doc Data A Microsoft Word document file.
.txt Data A plain text created using note pad or DOS
editor.
.tif Data A graphic file created using applications
such as adobe photoshop.
.exe Application file The file that launches a particular
application, e.g. Windows.exe, PM701.exe,
etc
.bat System files File containing a series of commands
loaded during boot up.
.sys System files System files that perform fundamental
operations in a computer. 234
Drives
Storage location Drive Remarks

Floppy drive A and B If a computer has two floppy drives, one

will be assigned letter A the other B.
Hard disk C,D,E,F If a computer has 4 hard drives, they will
be assigned letters C-F.
Optical drives D,E,F,G If a computer has one hard disk and three
or more CD/DVD drives, they will take up
any number between D and Z.
Other removable D,E,…Z If a computer does not have and optical drive,
any removable drive attached to the computer
can take any letter between D and Z.
Network drive Logical Network drives takes D-Z depending on the
number of physical drives installed or attached.
235
Windows desktop feature
Once you turn on the
computer, Windows is
loaded into the main
memory and finally the
desktop showing that
the computer is ready
for use appears. The
three main features of
the desktop are the
background, icons and
the taskbar.
236
Taskbar

The taskbar enables the user to easily switch

between different programs and tasks that are
currently running. Whenever the user starts a
program or opens a file, its button appears on
the taskbar and stays there until the user exits
the program. 237
Managing files/folders (Renaming)
Refers to changing files
from their original name
to some other new
names.

1. Using My Computer icon,

display the Explorer
window.
2. On the folder tree on the
left pane, select the file or
folder to be renamed.
3. On the “File” menu.
4. Click the “Rename”.
5. Type the new name.
6. Type the “Enter” key. 238
Managing files/folders (Sorting)
Refers to organising
files and folders in a
particular way.

1. Open a folder or
storage location.
2. On the “View” menu.
3. Point to “Arrange Icon
By”.
4. Select one form list.
“Name” ,”Size”, “Type”
or “Modified”. 239
Managing files/folders (Copying)
Enables the computer user
to duplicate files and folders
to another location.

1. Using My Computer icon,

display the Explorer window.
2. Select the file or folder to be
copied.
3. On the “Edit” menu.
4. Click the “Copy”.
5. Select the drive or folder
where you want the item to
be copied.
6. On the “Edit” menu.
7. Click the “Paste”. 240
Managing files/folders (Moving)
Refers to removing the
files and folders
completely from the
storage location.

1. Using My Computer icon,

display the Explorer
window.
2. On the “Edit” menu.
3. Click the “Cut”
4. Select the drive or folder
where you want the item
moved.
5. On the “Edit” menu.
6. Click the “Paste” 241
Managing files/folders (Searching)
Refers to looking for
a certain file or folder.

1. Click the “Start” button.

2. Point to “Search” (Search
dialog box is displayed).
3. Click the “For Files or
Folders”.
4. Type all or part of the file
name in the search box.
5. Select location of the file
from arrow down list.
6. Click the “Search” button.
242
Windows explorer
Windows explorer lets the
user display the drives and
folders in a hierarchy or tree
structure. The computer tree
is an upside down structure
with the highest level in this
case the desktop being the
root. The explorer divides
the window into two panes.
The left pane displays a tree
of drives and folders while
the right pane displays a list
of files and subfolders
contained in a particular
open drive or folder. 243
Using My Computer
Double clicking on
MY Computer icon,
gives you a graphical
view of what is inside
the computer. This
includes the drives,
the control panels and
other resources.

244
Creating a new folder
There will be times when the
user would want to create new
folders. Say, for instance,
when working on a detailed
project that has multiple files. It
is advisable that all related
files be kept together in one
folder.

1. Open the “My Computer” and

display the Explorer window.
2. On the folder tree on the left
pane, select the location in
which you want to create a new
folder.
3. On the “File” menu.
4. Point to “New”.
5. Click the “Folder”. (New folder is
displayed)
The application window

To enter data in a new file created, one

has to open it in its application programs.
This is done by double clicking the file icon.
A rectangular area called an application
window appears on the screen.

246
Parts of a window (Title bar)
This is a bar across
the top of the window
that displays the
name of the current
application programs.

247
Parts of a window (Menu bar)
Provides a list of
commands than can
be used to manipulate
a task.

248
Parts of a window (Tool bar)
They are buttons
arranged in a row that
are shortcuts to menu
commands.

249
Parts of a window (Work area)
This is the area where
you can create your
document.

250
Parts of a window (Status bar)
This displays
information about the
program currently
running.

251
Parts of a window
(Insertion point/Text cursor)
Marks the place
where text and
graphics will appear
when typing drawing
is started.

252
Disk management using operating system
(Formatting disk)
The process of preparing a new
disk for use by creating sectors
and tracks on the surface of disk.

1. Insert the media disk into the

floppy or USB port.
2. Open the “My Computer”
3. Right click on the drive icon.
(Shortcut menu is displayed)
4. Click the “Format”. (Format dialog
box is displayed)
5. Select the Format system from the
arrow down list. “FAT”, “FAT32” or
“NTFS”.
6. Click the “Start” button.
7. After format has finished, click the
“Close” button. 253
Disk management using operating system
(Disk defragmentation)
Refers to arranging of scattered
folders and files on a storage
media for easy access of files and
folders.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the drive icon.
(Shortcut menu is displayed)
3. Click the “Properties”. (Properties
dialog box is displayed)
4. Select the “Tool” tab.
5. Click the “Defragment Now” button.
(Disk Defragmenter dialog box is
displayed)
6. Select the drive to be defragment.
7. Click the “Defragment” button.
254
Disk management using operating system
(Disk compression)
This tool help in consolidating
files and folders in smaller
storage areas hence creating
more space on the storage
device.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the drive you want
to compress. (shortcut menu is
displayed)
3. Click the “Properties”
(Properties dialog box is
displayed).
4. Select the “General” tab.
5. Click the check box of
“Compress drive to save disk
space”.
6. Click the “Apply” button. 255
Disk management using operating system
(File or folder compression)
1. Open the drive where the file or
folder is located.
2. Right click on the file or folder icon.
(shortcut menu is displayed)
3. Click the “Properties”.
4. Select the “General” tab.
5. Click the “Advanced” button.
6. Click the check box of “Compress
contents to save disk space”.
7. Click the “OK” button of “Advanced
Attributes” dialog box.
8. Click the “OK” button of “Properties”
dialog box. (Confirm Attribute
Changes dialog box is displayed)
9. Select zip the folder only or the
entire content.
10. Click the “OK” button. 256
Disk management using operating system
(Disk partitioning)

The process of
dividing the physical
disk into two or more
partitions called
logical drives.

257
Disk management using operating system
(Back up data)
The tool enables the user to
create copies of data and
programs on separate storage
areas to avoid losing of data and
programs incase the storage
device fails.

1. Open the “My Computer”.

2. Right click on the hard drive icon
(shortcut menu is displayed).
3. Click the “Properties” (Properties
dialog box is displayed).
4. Select the “Tool” tab.
5. Click the “Backup Now” button.
(Backup or Restore Wizard
dialog box is displayed).
6. Through the process step by
step. 258
Disk management using operating system
(Scanning storage device)
The tool helps the user to
check up and repair minor
storage problems e.g. lost
storage or damaged surface.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the drive icon.
(Shortcut menu is displayed).
3. Click the “Properties”
(Properties dialog box is
displayed).
4. Select the “Tool” tab.
5. Click the “Check Now” button.
(Check disk dialog box is
displayed).
6. Select the “Check disk options”.
7. Click the “Start” button. 259
Disk management using operating system
(Scanning for virus)
Refers to checking your
system for virus and
removing them e.g. using
Norton antivirus, MacAfee
software to scan.

1. Open the “My Computer”

2. Right click on the hard drive
icon. (shortcut menu is
displayed).
3. Click the “Scan with
<antivirus name>. (Anti virus
dialog box is displayed).
4. The scan process in
initialized.
260
Partitioning a disk using FAT32 file system

Microsoft Windows
98/Me startup disk
has an FDISK utility
that lets the user
partition and format a
disk using FAT or
FAT32 file system.

NB; FAT means

File Allocation Table 261
Partitioning a disk during installation

Partitioning a disk
using NTFS format in
Windows 2000, XP and
vista is done during the
installation process as
shown in left figure.

NB;NTFS means
New Technology File System.

262
Installing Windows XP
Installing Windows XP is
quite different from that
of Windows Me because
it does not operate in
real DOS mode. The two
methods of installing XP
are upgrading from a
previous Windows
version is relatively
simple, we shall look at
clean installation, done
on a new computer that
comes without a n
operating system. 263
Trouble shooting windows related problems

Trouble shooting refers to the process of

diagnosing and trying to fix hardware or
software related problems.

264
Some problems windows experience

Failure to boot

Computer hangs now and then

Abnormal restarting

265
The problems may be as a result of

There was a problem in the installation

process e.g. missing files.
Insufficient system memory.
Problem with hard disk boot sector may be
due to virus infection.
Corrupted window registry system.
Due to interrupt conflicts.

266
To troubleshoot you need to
Study the trouble shooting guide

Use the device manager to check the

devices causing problems.

Reinstall the operating system if the

problems above persist.

267
Answer of review questions 1-1
1. System software performs fundamental operations like
initialising hardware during boot up while application
software meets user specific needs.
System software – operating system, firmware, utilities.
Application software – word processor, spreadsheets etc.
2. Supervises all the hardware and software operations of
the computer system.
3. Word processor – typing documents.
Spreadsheets – calculations.
Database management systems – record management.
Desktop publishing – creating publications.
Graphics software – creating and manipulating.
269
Review questions 2
1. Highlight hardware and software factors that
you would consider when purchasing a
computer.
2. Why is it important to carefully study a warranty
before singing it?
3. Why do you have to window shop before buy a
computer or computer accessories?
4. Using newspaper cuttings such as the one
shown below, prepare a requisition form for ten
up to date multimedia computers to be used in
the computer room.
271
Practical activity 1
1. With the help of the teacher the pupil should
identify the type(s) and versions of operating
system(s) installed on the computers.
2. Study the start menu and identify the menu
items that display other submenus when the
mouse pointer points at them.
3. Right click “My computer” icon and list down
the commands displayed on the shortcut menu.
4. Click the start button. Explain the importance of
each of start menu items displayed. 290
Practical activity 3
1. With the help of the teacher, find out the
following from either the Microsoft manuals that
come with an original copy of the operating
system, or from a special file called Readme.txt
found in the Windows folder on the hard disk.
A) The minimum requirements for installing the
operating system you are using.
B) Install a copy of Windows on one of the computers
that has no operating systems in he computer room.
2. Give a detailed account of the installation
process.
292