A Single Switch High Step up DC-DC

Converter Based on Quadratic Boost

Peyman Saadat, Karim Abbaszadeh

 equivalent to output voltage [13]-[16]. Coupled inductor

Abstract—This paper proposes a novel high step-up technique is subsequently introduced, which allows applying
non-isolated single switch DC-DC converter suitable for turn ratio beside the duty cycle to increase voltage gain [17],
regulating DC bus in various micro sources especially for [18]. Hence, duty cycle is ranged in suitable value and
PV sources. Quadratic boost and switched-capacitor
technique are used as primary and secondary circuit,
efficiency is improved. Flyback converter is a typical sample
respectively. The coupled inductor is applied to of these converters; although voltage gain is increased by turn
connection between them, so high DC voltage gain is ratio of coupled inductor, spike voltage on active switch is
achieved. High efficiency is yield where voltage stress on appeared due to discharging energy of leakage inductance, so
active switch is alleviated by clamped capacitor, increasing dissipations is the inevitable result of discharging
consequently, smaller RDS(ON) for power switch is required. energy of leakage inductance on the active switch [19].
On the other hand, input current of proposed converter is
continued, hence stress on the input source is reduced.
Therefore snubber circuit of the switch is applied. Although
The operating principles and steady-state analyses are the spike voltage is becoming better, dissipations still remain
discussed in detail for both continues and discontinuous due to leakage inductance [20]. Active clamp circuit can be
conduction mode. Also, the boundary condition is employed, but the cost and complexity is increased due to
computed. To verify the performance of the proposed extra power switch [19], [22], so passive clamp replaced [30].
converter and theoretical calculations, a 250W prototype To achieve a high step up voltage gain and reduction of
converter is implemented with an input voltage 24V and
output voltage 400V designed especially for PV sources in
leakage inductance dissipations, some new methods such as
CCM operation. Finally simulation results are confirmed switched-capacitors [23], [24], switched-inductor [25], voltage
by experimental results; maximum efficiency is occurred lift [26], voltage doubler [27], capacitor-diode voltage
in 150 W and full-load efficiency is 92.96%. multiplier [28] and transformer less switched-capacitor type
[13], [29] have been presented. To combine conventional DC-
Index Terms—Coupled inductor, high gain, DC-DC DC boost converters with above mentioned methods, some of
converter, renewable energy. topologies like integrated boost and flyback converter [31] ,
[32], compound of boost and switch-capacitor [33]-[36], and
I. INTRODUCTION
compound of zeta converter and capacitor multiplier [5] have

N OWADAYS, using renewable sources of energy is more

and more expanded all over the world. Some of these
sources include solar cell, fuel cell, and wind turbine [1]-[4].
been presented. High voltage gain conversion ratio and
recycling leakage inductance energy are merits of these
topologies. Moreover, the voltage stress on the active switch
In using the power of mentioned renewable sources by AC and dissipations are decreased. Although the voltage gain
load or network, the voltage level value should be increased conversion ratio is high, more turn ratio is required, so cost
enough to be inverted to desired AC value [5]. PV-panel and leakage inductance are increased. A safety enhanced high
modules can be used in series connection to obtain higher dc step up DC-DC converter is proposed in [37]. It has safety, but
voltage [6], [7], but shading problem and decreasing reliability the input current is not continuous. In [21], [38] and [39],
are prohibitive in this method [8]-[12]. Therefore, DC-DC three winding coupled inductor are applied. Multiplicity of
boost converter is better way instead of numerical series PV- devices and number of winding are drawbacks.
panel modules. Conventional DC-DC boost converter is one of Quadratic boost is an interesting topology that its voltage
the common ways for increasing voltage gain. However, high gain is the function of quadratic of duty cycle, however the
extra duty cycle is required and this results in reduction of voltage stress on the active switch is equal to output [40]; this
efficiency. In addition, voltage stress on the switch is topology is made of two cascade boost converter [41]. In [42]
and [43], a quadratic boost converter using coupled inductor
Manuscript received November 28, 2015; revised February 22, 2106 and voltage multiplier technique, and in [44], a quadratic boost
and April 24, 2016; accepted May 17, 2016. converter using coupled inductor and diode-capacitor
P. Saadat is with the Islamic Azad University South Tehran Branch,
Tehran, Iran (e-mail: [email protected]) technique are presented. These topologies reach the object of
K. Abbaszadeh is with the Electrical Engineering Department, K.N. extreme high voltage gain without larger turn ratio and duty
Toosi University of Technology, Tehran, Iran (e-mail: cycle.
[email protected])

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 2

equal to Lm/(Lm + Lk), and the turn ratio n is equal to

Ns/Np. The ESR of capacitors and parasitic resistance of
coupled inductor are neglect.
A. CCM Operation
The waveforms of proposed converter are shown in details
in Fig. 2, and the paths of currents are illustrated in Fig. 3, so
the proposed converter is analyzed in CCM mode as follow:
1) Mode I [t0,t1]: In this transition mode switch S is
Fig. 1. Equivalent circuit configuration of the proposed converter conducted, also diodes D2, D3, and D4 are biased.
Magnetism inductor Lm is releasing its energy to the C3
In this paper, a novel single switch converter based on and C4 by secondary side of coupled inductor. The current
quadratic boost is presented. The proposed converter uses flow path is shown in Fig.3 (a); as shown, ILk is
coupled inductor and switched-capacitor techniques. The increasing, because of C1 releases its energy to the
proposed converter has higher output voltage gain in primary. Diode D1 is reversed-biased by VC1. Meanwhile,
comparison of the other converters based on quadratic boost. Vin is releasing its energy to the L1 through D2 and S. The
Some properties of proposed converter are: 1) The voltage diode current iD3 and iD4 are decreasing. Co is discharging
conversion ratio is efficiently increased by a compound of its energy to the load. This mode is finished when
coupled inductor and switched-capacitor techniques. 2) A decreasing iLm equals increasing iLk at t1 [5].
clamped capacitor is embedded in the path of switch to clamp
the voltage across the active switch. So RDS(on) of active switch
is alleviated. Furthermore, increasing output voltage is
another advantage of the clamped capacitor existence. 3)
Efficiency is increased because of reviving the leakage
inductance energy of coupled inductor.
The steady state principles of proposed converter in both
CCM and DCM operation are given in section II and III, the
boundary condition is studied in section IV, a 250W prototype
converter in CCM under full load is presented in section V and
finally an appropriate conclusion can be driven.

II. OPERATING PRINCIPLES OF PROPOSED CONVERTER

Equivalent circuit of proposed converter is shown in Fig. 1.
This converter consists of quadratic boost as primary and
switched-capacitor as secondary part of converter. Quadratic
boost includes an inductor L1, two diodes D1 and D2, a
capacitor C1, and primary side of coupled inductor Lp with Np
turn. Also switched-capacitor includes diodes D3 and D4, and
capacitors C3 and C4. These capacitors are charged in parallel
and discharged in series; when the secondary side of coupled
inductor current is changed to positive, they are charging in
parallel, conversely, when the secondary side of coupled
inductor current is changed to negative they are discharging in
series. Finally, the proposed clamped circuit includes diode D5
and capacitor C2, capacitor C1 of quadratic boost also helps C2
to fix voltage on the active switch. It should be mention that
coupled inductor is replaced by leakage inductor Lk,
magnetizing inductor Lm, and ideal transformer Np turn as
primary and Ns turn as secondary.
Some assumptions are considered for simplifying analysis
of proposed converter:
1) Capacitors C1, C2, C3, C4, and Co are large enough. Thus
the voltages across them are considered to be constant in
one period of switching. The input inductance L1
isassumed to be large enough so that iL1 is continuous.
2) The switch is considered to be ideal and dissipations of
the power devices are neglected.
3) The coupling coefficient of the coupled inductor k is Fig. 2. Some typical waveforms of proposed converter at CCM operation

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2) Mode II [t1,t2]: In this interval, switch S is still on, diodes

D2 and Do are biased. The current flow path is shown in
Fig. 3(b); capacitors C1, C2, C3, and C4 are connected in
series with secondary side of winding NS and release their
energies to Ro and Co. In this section, clamped capacitor
C2 is discharged to output load and capacitor. Diodes D3
and D5 are reversed-biased by VLs+VC3 and VC1+VC2,
respectively. Meanwhile, energy of Vin is stored by L1.
Capacitor C1 is releasing part of its energy to Lm and Lk. (a)
Currents iDo and iNs are increasing and iC1 is decreasing.
At the end of this mode iNs is receiving maximum value
and this mode ends when switch is turned off at t2.
3) Mode III [t2,t3]: In this mode switch S is off and diode D1
is turned on because of IL1 continuation constraint. The
current flow path is shown in Fig. 3(c); as shown, diodes
D5 and Do are biased. Leakage inductance Lk releases its
energy to clamped capacitor C2 through D5. Furthermore,
capacitor C1 is charged through D1 by Vin and L1.
Capacitors C3 and C4 transfer their energy on Co and Ro (b)
throughout Do. Meanwhile, currents iLk and iLNs reduce
instantly. However, magnetism current iLm increase. This
mode is finished when iLNs equals zero at t3. The voltage
across switch S is the summation of voltage of quadratic
boost capacitor VC1 and voltage of clamped capacitor VC2.
4) Mode IV [t3,t4]: In this mode, switch S is still off like
former mode. Diode Do is reversed-biased by Vo-VC1-VC2-
VC4. Fig. 3(d) shows the current flow path. Diodes D1, D5,
D3, and D4 are conducting; as mentioned in previous
section, when iNs is negative, the energy of magnetism
current iLm transfer from secondary side of winding to C3 (c)
and C4. Energy of leakage inductance Lk is also continued
to discharge to C2 by means of D5. In this interval,
currents iD5 and iLk are decreased immediately. Capacitor
C1 is also charged by input source Vin and L1. The voltage
across switch is the same as former mode. Current iLm is
decreasing while iD3 and iD4 is increasing. This mode ends
when iLk=0.
5) Mode V [t4,t5]: In this mode switch S is also off.
Meanwhile, diodes D1, D3, and D4 are conducting. Mag-
netism inductor Lm is releasing completely its energy to (d)
C3 and C4 via the secondary side of coupled inductor. The
current flow path is shown in Fig. 3(e); as shown, there is
a path between Vin, L1 and C1, so C1 is Charged by input
source Vin and L1. Ro is receiving its energy from Co and
the voltage stress on the switch is the same as pervious
mode. This mode is ended when switch S is turned on.

B. DCM Operation

In this operation, we have five modes, to simplify the circuit (e)

operation, leakage inductor Lk is neglected, Fig. 4 shows the Fig. 3. Current flow paths of operating modes during on switching period at
typical waveforms when the proposed converter works in CCM operation. (a) Mode I. (b) Mode II. (c) Mode III.(d) Mode IV.(e) Mode V.

DCM mode.

Fig. 5 shows the principles of DCM operation, as shown,

we have five modes and operating are illustrated as follow:

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 4

(a)

P
i LP i Lm

(b)

P
i Lm
2n  1 (c)

Fig. 4. Some typical waveforms of proposed converter at DCM operation

1) Mode I [t0,t1]: In this section switch S is on and diodes (d)

D2 and Do are biased. Therefore, energy is transferred
from Do to the output. Meanwhile, magnetism inductor Lm
and leakage inductor Lk are receiving energy from C1, so
currents iLm and iLk are increasing. Vin is charging L1,
while capacitors C2, C3, and C4 are discharging to output
capacitor Co and load Ro . So, current of these capacitors
becomes negative. This mode ends when the switch is
turned off at t1.
2) Mode II [t1,t2]: In this transition mode switch S is turned
off and diodes D1, D5, and Do are biased. So, energy of (e)
leakage inductance Lm is transferred from D5 to C2. Fig. 5. Current flow paths of operating modes during on switching period at
Meanwhile, C1 is charged through D5 by input voltage Vin DCM operation. (a) Mode I. (b) Mode II. (c) Mode III.(d) Mode IV.(e) Mode V.
and inductor L1. This mode is ended when decreasing iLk its energy to C3 and C4 via the coupled inductor, so, the
equals increasing iLm at t2. current of secondary side of coupled inductor is become
3) Mode III [t2,t3]: In this mode switch S is still turned off negative. Hence, Do is off and Ro is fed by Co. This mode
and only diodes D2 and Do are reversed-biased. Also is ended when the energy of leakage inductance is
leakage inductance iLm is still transferring its energy from vanished at t3.
D5 to C2. Meanwhile, magnetism inductor Lm is releasing 4) Mode IV [t3,t4]: In this mode, switch S is still turned off

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 5

and diodes D1, D3 and D4 are biased. Meanwhile, Energy MCCM

60
of magnetism inductor Lm is also transferred to capacitors
55 n=2,k=1
C3 and C4 and they are charging in parallel. Ro is 50
continued to feed by Co, capacitor C1 is charged by L1 and 45
Vin through D1. This mode is ended when energy of 40 n=2,k=0.98
magnetism inductor Lm is completely discharged at t4. 35
5) Mode V [t4,t5]: In this final mode only D1 is on and the 30 n=2,k=0.95
others are off. Current iLm is equal zero. However, Ro and 25
C1 are still fed by Co and Vin and L1, respectively. This 20
15
mode is continued till end of the period Ts at t5. 10
5
III. STEADY STATE ANALYSIS OF PROPOSED CONVERTER 0 D
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
A. CCM Operation
To simplify the analysis of steady state of converter, two
Fig. 6. Voltage gain versus duty cycle at CCM operation under n = 2 and
modes II and V are considered. Leakage inductor of secondary various k.
side of winding is neglected; as illustrated in Fig. 3, following
MCCM
equations can be written by using voltage balance on L1,Lp and
Ls:

1 (1)
VC1  V in
1 D
nkD nkD (2)
V C 3 V C 4  VC1  V
1 D (1  D ) 2 in

From obtaining VC2, we use DC from [30], Dc is the time that

leakage inductor releases its energy to the C2.

2(1  D ) (3)
DC 
1 n
D D (1  n ) (4)
VC 2  VC1  V in
DC 2(1  D )2
As V Ls( II ) is calculated in mode II, therefore V o( II ) is obtained
as follow:
1 D  n  1 2nkD nk (5) Fig. 7. Voltage gain versus duty ratio of the proposed converter and
Vo  V in  V  V  V in converters in [34],[42],[43] and [44] at CCM operation under n=2 and k=1
1 D 2 1  D  1  D  1 D
2 in 2 in

Moreover, voltage stresses on active switch S and diodes D1,

So converter gain will be: D2, D3, D4, D5, and DO are obtained as follow:
2  D  n  1 2  D  n  1 (8)
n (2kD  D  2k )  (2  D ) (6) V SW V D 5  V in  Vo
M CCM  2(1  D )2 n (3D  2)  (2  D )
2(1  D )2 n 2n (9)
V Do  V  Vo
The voltage gain versus the duty cycle under various (1  D ) 2 in
n (3D  2)  (2  D )
coupling coefficients of the coupled inductor is shown in Fig. 1 2(1  D ) (10)
6. It illustrates that the voltage gain is not very sensitive to the V D1  V in  Vo
1 D n (3D  2)  (2  D )
coupling coefficient, so, at k=1, the ideal voltage gain is
D (n  1) D (n  1) (11)
written as: VD2  V in 
2 1  D  n (3D  2)  (2  D )
2
n (3D  2)  (2  D ) (7)
M CCM 
2(1  D ) 2
V D 3,4 
n
V in 
2n
Vo
(12)
Voltage conversion ratio of proposed converter in CCM (1  D )2 n (3D  2)  (2  D )
mode operation compare to the other papers is shown in Fig. B. DCM Operation
7, which n =2, k =1, and D = (0 ,0.7). From Fig. 8, it is
obvious
As illustrated, there are five modes in DCM. DL is the
that the voltage gain of proposed converter is higher than the
period of time that magnetism current decrease from its
similar topologies after D=0.4, so this converter is preferred to
maximum value to zero. By applying voltage balance on L1,
the other converters where high voltage gain is required.

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LNp, and LNs and neglecting second and fourth modes (because
VO/Vin
of the short time of second mode and getting together third 60 CCM
and fourth mode as third mode), following equation are given: 55
1 (13) 50 DCM(t_Lm=0.001)
VC1  V in 45
1 D
40 DCM(t_Lm=0.0012)
D (14)
VC 2  V in 35
D L 1  D  30 DCM(t_Lm=0.0015)
25
nD (15)
V C 3 V C 4  V in 20
D L 1  D  15
10
n (16)
V Ls( I )  nV C 1  V 5
1  D  in 0 D

By simplifying above equations the relationship between 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7
input voltage and output voltage can be derived as follow: Fig. 8. Voltage gain versus duty ratio at DCM operation under various  Lm
D L  n  1  D  2nD 1 D  2nD (17)
Vo  V in  (1  n  )V in value and CCM operation under n=2 and k=1
D L 1  D  1 D DL 2 1  D  D 2
2

 LmB  (25)
Now the value of DL is calculated as follow:
 4nD  n  1  1  n  1  D 
2 2 2

D 1  2n V in (18)
DL 
1  D V o  1  n V in The curve of the  LmB versus duty ratio of the proposed
By considering peak value of magnetism current is equal to
converter is shown in Fig. 9. If  Lm is larger than  LmB , the
i Lm , so we have:
proposed converter will be operated in CCM operation.
V DT S V in (19)
I Lmpeak  C 1 DT S 
Lm Lm 1  D IV. DESIGN AND EXPERIMENTAL RESULT OF THE
Because of average value of C1, C2, C3, C4 and Co is equal PROPOSED CONVERTER
to zero, so yields: To check operation of the proposed converter, a prototype
 i o  i Do  i D 3  i D 4  i D 5  (20) circuit is made in laboratory and its characteristics are shown
1 I Lmp (21) in table I. Experimental results show the measured waveforms
 I CO  I Do    I O  DL  IO  0 of prototype converter for full-load Po=250 W and input
2 2n  1
voltage Vin=24V. The prototype converter operates in CCM
Since ICo is equal to zero in steady state, by substituting (18)
under the full load condition. The steady state analysis of
and (19) into (21) yields:
circuit can be demonstrated in the experimental results; as
D 2 V in2 T S V (22)
 O shown in Fig. 10, VGs illustrate that duty cycle is 50%, voltage
2  1  D V O  1  n V in  1  D  L m RO stress on diodes VD0, VD1, and VD2 demonstrate the consistency
Then, the normalized magnetizing inducted time constant is of (9)-(11). Moreover, complementary conduction of diodes
defined as: D1 and D2 is obvious. The voltage across on the switch S is
(23) clamped on 120V during switch-off period, the voltage stress
L L f
 Lm  m  m s on the switch is nearly equivalent to summation of VC1 and VC2
RT s R (8). So, a low voltage rated switch can be considered for
Substituting (23) into (22) yield: proposed converter to reduce conduction loss. Finally, output
(24)
1 n 1 n 
2
V 1 D2
M DCM  O     
V in 2 1  D  1  D  2  2 Lm
Fig. 8 illustrates the voltage gain versus the duty ratio under
various τLm values.
C. Boundary Operating Condition

If the proposed converter is operated in boundary condition

mode between CCM and DCM, the voltage gain of CCM
operation and DCM operation are equal. From two previously
obtained gains, the boundary normalized magnetizing-
inducted time constant  LmB can be derived as:

Fig. 9. Boundary condition of the proposed converter under n=2

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TABLE I
UTILIZED COMPONENTS AND PARAMETERS OF PROTOTYPE

Components Parameters

Input dc voltage: Vin 24V

Output dc voltage: Vout 400V
Max output power:Pout 250W
Switching frequency: f 50 kHz
MOSFET S IRFP260NPBF
Diodes D1/D2 BYV32-200
Diodes D3/D4/D5 MUR460
Coupled inductor: n:2
Lm 400µ H
Lk 1µH
Inductor: L1 230 µH
C1 68µF/50V
C2 5.6µF/100V
C3,4 2.85µF/400V
CO 100µF/450V

Fig. 10. Experimental result of the voltage stress on: VGS, Vdo, Vd1, Vd2, Vsw,
and V o, respectively.

Fig. 12. Experimental result of some diodes and capacitor: Vd3, Vd4, Vd5, IC3,
IC4, IC2, and ID5, respectively.

input inductor current iL1 and secondary current ILs; ILs

demonstrates that proposed converter is operated in CCM
mode because the current is not equal to zero when the active
switch is turned on [35]. IL1 appears obvious continuity of
input current of converter because input current Iin equals
Fig. 11. Experimental result of the current waveform of iLk, iL1 and iS,
respectively. inductor current IL1, so input current ripple is cancelled. Fig.
12 shows current and voltage of diodes and capacitors. The
voltage is shown in this figure which is approximately voltage stress VD3(D4) confirms the equation (12). Next, the
consistent with (7). Fig. 11 is illustrated leakage current ILk,

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A prototype proposed converter is displayed in Fig. 15.

V. CONCLUSION
A novel topology of non-isolated high step up dc-dc
converter has been introduced into renewable sources of
Pout=150 energy by using quadratic boost as primary and switched-
Eff%=93.14 capacitor as secondary part of circuit. Input current of
converter is continuous, so current stress on source is reduced.
To produce higher voltage gain in this topology, only one
switch is used which reduced complexity of converter control.
Furthermore, the energy of leakage inductance has recycled
throughout of clamped capacitor; the voltage stress on the
main switch is clamped because of the existence of clamed
Fig. 13. Efficiency versus output power
capacitor, so low on-state resistance RDS(on) can be chosen. To
verify the proposed converter, a prototype 250W is
implemented with 24V input and 400V output voltage, output
waveforms have illustrated in CCM operation, and efficiency
is approximately 93% in full-load. Theoretical calculations are
confirmed by experimental results to some extent.

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capacitor C3(4) is in harmony with the diode on-off time of modular PV systems,” IEEE Proc. Power Eng. Soc. Gen. Meeting, pp.
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current is shown in Fig. 14. efficiency power conversion system for kilowatt-level stand-alone

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 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INDUSTRIAL ELECTRONICS 9

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[24] H. S. H. Chung, W. C. Chow, S. Y. R. Hui, and S. T. S. Lee, Peyman Saadat was born in Tehran, Iran, in
“Development of a switched-capacitor DC–DC converter with 1988. He received the B.S. and M.S. degrees
bidirectional power flow,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst., vol. 47, no. 9, pp. in electrical engineering from Shahid Beheshti
1383– 1389, Sep. 2000. University (SBU), Tehran, in 2012, and Islamic
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switched-inductor structures for getting transformerless hybrid DC–DC in 2015, respectively. His research interests are
PWM converters,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. I, vol. 55, no. 2, pp. 687– SMPS, Dc-Ac inverter, Ac-Dc converter, Dc-Dc
696, Mar. 2008. power converter, renewable energy, soft starter
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Karim Abbaszadeh received the B.S. degree
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in communication engineering from the K.N.
Alcazar, “Novel non-isolated high-voltage gain DC–DC converters
Toosi university of Technology, Tehran, in
based on 3SSC and VMC,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 9,
1991, and the M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in
pp. 3897–3907, Sep. 2012.
electrical engineering from the Amir Kabir
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University of Technology, Tehran, Iran, In
converters with a very high dc line-to-load voltage ratio,” IEEE Proc.
1997 and 2000 respectively. From 2001 to
Int. Symp. Circuits Syst., 2003, vol. 3, pp. 435–438.
2003, He was a Research Assistant in the
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Electrical Engineering Department, Texas
converters,” IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 65–73,
A&M University, College Station. He is
Jan. 2003.
currently an Associate Professor with the Electrical
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Engineering Department, K.N. Toosi University of Technology. His
up converter,” IEE Proc. Electron. Power Appl., vol. 152, no. 2, pp.
research interests include power electronic and Dc-Dc & Dc-Ac
217–225, Mar. 2005
converter, electric machinery ,variable-speed drives, and propulsion
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applications. He is the author of more than 50 published journal
IEE Proc. Inst. Elect. Eng.—Elect. Power Appl., vol. 151, no. 2, pp.
papers. He is actively involved in presenting short courses and
182–190, Mar. 2004.
consulting in his area of expertise to various industries.
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Large Gain Step-Up Switched-Capacitor DC-DC Converter With
Coupled Inductor for Alternative Sources of Energy,” IEEE Trans.
Circuits Syst.., vol. 59, no. 4, pp. 864-874, Apr. 2012.
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DC–DC converter with coupled-inductor and switched capacitor
techniques,” IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 59, no. 2, pp. 998-1007,
Feb. 2012.
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DC–DC converter for distributed generation system,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Electron., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 1473-1482, Apr. 2013.
[36] Y. P. Hsieh, J. F. Chen, T. J. Liang, and L. S. Yang, “A novel high step-
up DC–DC converter for a microgrid system,” IEEE Trans. Power
Electron., vol. 26, no. 4, pp. 1127-1136, Apr. 2011.
[37] S. M. Chen, T. J. Liang, L. S. Yang and J. F. Chen, “A Safety Enhanced,
High Step-Up DC–DC Converter for AC Photovoltaic Module

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