Utilization of Polymers to Improve Soft Clayey Soils

Using the Deep Mixing Method

SERACETTIN ARASAN
Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum,
Turkey, 25240, [email protected]

MAJID BAGHERINIA

Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum,

Turkey, 25240, [email protected]

R. KAGAN AKBULUT1
Technical Vocational School of Higher Education, Ataturk University, Erzurum,
Turkey, 25240, [email protected]

AHMET SAHIN ZAIMOGLU

Civil Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ataturk University, Erzurum,
Turkey, 25240, [email protected]

Key Terms: Deep Mixing, Polyester, Guar Gum, excavation support walls, liquefaction mitigation,
Unconfined Compressive Strength, Freeze-Thaw environmental remediation, in situ reinforcement,
and large-volume ground treatment applications
(Bruce et al., 1998; Bruce and Bruce, 2003; and Tera-
ABSTRACT shi and Kitazume, 2009, 2011). The deep mixing
Deep mixing is an improvement method performed in the method involves in situ mixing of soil and binder mate-
creation of mixed columns, which includes the in situ rials with special equipment, frequently by using rigs
mixing of soil and lime or Portland cement using special with counter-rotating augers (Taki and Yang, 1991).
equipment (using rigs with counter-rotating augers). In The method was first performed in the United States
this study, series of unconfined compression tests were in 1954. The Intrusion Prepakt Co. (United States)
carried out on soft clayey soils using deep mixing with developed the earlier deep mixing application (the
polymers. In the experiments, two polymers (i.e., mixed-in-place technique), which saw only sporadic
polyester and guar gum) and lime were used as binder use in the United States in 1954 (Bruce et al., 1999).
materials at different ratios. Samples cured for 14, 28, Japan and Scandinavia have carried out large-scale
and 150 days were exposed to five and 10 cycles of freeze- researches and applications regarding deep mixing
thaw, and samples that were not exposed to freeze-thaw since 1967. Specifically, soft clays have been improved
cycles were tested in order to investigate the freeze-thaw with lime columns in Sweden. Similarly, the Japan
effect. The unconfined compressive strength increased Ministry of Transport studied stabilization of soft sea
continuously with the increase of polyester and curing soils with grained lime in 1967. Over the past few
period, while the changes in unconfined compressive years, the deep mixing method has often been used to
strength with increase of freeze-thaw cycles were solve infrastructure and seismic problems and to
insignificant. The overall evaluation of the results has enhance environmental remediation in the United
revealed that polyester and guar gum showed potential as States (Bruce et al., 1998; Bruce and Bruce, 2003).
candidates for deep mixing applications in soft clayey soils. Lime and cement have been used as the primary bin-
der materials in deep mixing applications since the
1970s, and they are now currently used extensively
INTRODUCTION worldwide. Commonly, two different techniques are
utilized: column installation and slurry pressure injec-
The deep mixing method is mostly used in slope sta- tion. These two techniques decrease soil moisture con-
bility, embankment supports, hydraulic cut-off walls, tent, thereby reducing shrinkage and swelling while
enhancing strength and compaction properties (Glen-
1
Corresponding author email: [email protected]. dinning and Rogers, 1996; Threadgold, 1996; Bruce

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 Arasan, Bagherinia, Akbulut, and Zaimoglu

et al., 1998; Rogers et al., 2000; Ahnberg et al., 2003; Table 1. Index properties of clay (Bagherinia, 2013).
Bruce and Bruce, 2003; and Arasan and Nasirpur,
2015). The binder type and its mixing ratio are two CL Clay
important factors influencing deep mixing performance. Clay content, ,0.002 mm (%) 10
Numerous experimental studies dealing with the effects Finer content, ,0.075 mm (%) 80
of binder types and ratios on deep mixing method are Specific gravity, GS 2.77
Liquid limit, wL (%) 40
available in the literature. Some of these studies have Plastic limit, wP (%) 23
focused on the soil/binder (cement and/or lime) ratios Plasticity index, IP (%) 17
and the water/cement-lime (w/c) ratio (Okumura and Optimum moisture content*, OMC (%) 15
Terashi, 1975; Terashi and Tanaka, 1981; Ahnberg, Maximum dry unit weight, γdmax (kN/m3) 18.3
Hydraulic conductivity**, k (cm/s) 6.974 6 10−7
1996; Porbaha et al., 1998, 2000; Bahner and Naguib,
2000; Jacobson, 2002; Lorenzo and Bergado, 2004, *From standard Proctor test.
2006; Rutherford, 2004; Pathivada, 2005; Lewsley, **From standard Proctor optimum moisture content.
2008; Shrestha, 2008; Şengör, 2011; Miura et al.,
2002; Horpibulsuk et al., 2005; Maher et al., 2007; A polyester is defined as a condensation or step-
Tang et al., 2011; and Dias et al., 2012), while others growth polymer containing in-chain ester units,
have studied curing periods (Hartlen and Holm, 1995; because it is the long chains that give polymers their
Andromalos and Bahner, 2004). Most researchers unique properties (McIntyre, 2004). With an 18 per-
have pointed out that the unconfined compressive cent market share of all plastic materials produced,
strength (UCS) values increased when binder ratio and polyesters are widely used as thermoset plastic, fiber,
curing time were increased, and the w/c ratio was and fabric for many industries, such as auto and mar-
decreased. The UCS values obtained by these research- ine body parts, building panels, clothing, carpet, furni-
ers were between 0.1 and 8.0 MPa with 28 days of cur- ture, etc. Significant research efforts have therefore
ing time. Matsuo et al. (1996) reported that UCS values been performed in polymer science (McIntyre, 2004;
between 1.4 and 7.4 MPa were obtained when marine Scheirs and Long, 2005). However, very limited infor-
clays were mixed with 13–32 percent cement (cement mation exists on polymers in concrete technology
to dry soil). Similarly, Bergado and Lorenzo (2005) (Ates, 2008; Lim et al., 2009; Jamshidi et al., 2013;
reported that UCS values of 0.3–1.0 MPa were and Martínez-Barrera et al., 2013) and soil stabiliza-
obtained when Bangkok clays were mixed with 10–15 tion (Akbulut et al., 2013; Bagherinia, 2013).
percent cement (cement to dry soil). Taki (2002) also Biopolymers are polymers that are produced by liv-
reported that UCS values between 1.7 and 4.9 MPa ing organisms. In other words, they can be described
were obtained when marine clays were mixed with as polymeric biomolecules. Commercially available
200–300 kg/m3 cement (cement per unit volume of wet biopolymers include gum arabic, guar gum, and locust
soil). Filz et al. (2005) and Liu et al. (2008) mentioned bean gum from botanic sources; starches from corn or
similar results from their studies. tapioca; xanthan gum from bacteria; and gelatin
There are a limited number of studies in the literature derived from animal skin or bones (Van de Velde and
on the utilization of materials other than cement or lime Kiekens, 2002; Chang and Cho, 2012). Biopolymers
in the improvement of soils using the deep mixing are used for soil improvement in the fields of geotechni-
method (Ahnberg and Holm, 1996; Ahnberg, 2006; cal engineering and geo-environmental engineering
and Ajorloo, 2010.). Silica fume, fly ash, and slag are (Cabalar and Canakci, 2011; Chang and Cho, 2012;
generally used with or without cement in deep mixing Bagherinia, 2013; Khatami and O’Kelly, 2013; and
applications. However, one group of researchers Arasan and Nasirpur, 2015), reducing permeability of
focused on the stabilization of soils using polymers soils (Bouazza et al., 2009; Wiszniewski et al., 2013),
(Ahmed, 1995; Bishop et al., 1998; Al-Khanbashi and and as soil drilling mud and temporary excavation sup-
Abdalla, 2006; Gallagher et al., 2007; Gupta et al., ports (Mitchell and Santamarina, 2005). Similar to this
2009; Naeini and Ghorbanalizadeh, 2010; and Cabalar trend, theoretical and experimental verifications of the
and Canakci, 2011). Polymers are widely used in indus- interactions between various types of biopolymers and
try, but they are rarely used in soil stabilization applica- soil media are necessary in the geotechnical and geo-
tions. In this respect, some commercially available and environmental fields (Chang and Cho, 2012). More-
non-traditional additives, such as emulsions, acids, lig- over, it can be said that biopolymers could reduce the
nin derivatives, enzymes, tree resins, and silicates, can degree of saturation and contaminant leaching (He
be used as soil stabilization binders. These binders et al., 2013; Arasan and Nasirpur, 2015).
may exist in liquid or solid form and may be applicable Soft clayey soils have great potential for stability
for most soils (Newman and Tingle, 2004). problems, such as landslides, bearing capacity failure,

2 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 1–12
 Polymers to Improve Soft Clay

Figure 1. XRD analysis result for the soft clay.

and collapse. For that reason, studies on the stabiliza- to pass through a 1 mm sieve for easy processing
tion of clay soils with polymers using the deep mixing and uniform water content. Then, the clay was mixed
method became more important for geotechnical with the required water content. The properties
knowledge and practice. The current study was per- of clay are shown in Table 1. Water content of
formed to investigate the effects of polyester and 40 percent (mass) was chosen for experiments in this
guar gum on unconfined compressive strength and study on the basis of the liquid limit value of
freeze-thaw properties of soft clayey soil, i.e., low-plas- clay. According to the X-ray diffraction results for
ticity clay (CL) under three different curing periods soft clay, the material sampled is composed of clay
(14, 28, and 150 days) and three different freeze-thaw (56 percent), quartz (28 percent), cristobalite (11 per-
cycles (0, 5, and 10 cycles). cent), and tridymite (5 percent). The clay particles are
also composed of only kaolinite minerals (100 per-
cent), as shown in Figure 1.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Soft Clayey Soil Polymers
The CL clay was brought from the field (Çankırı, The experiments were carried out with polyester
Turkey) and then dried. The dry clay was powdered used as the polymer, guar gum as the biopolymer,

Table 2. Some properties of unsaturated polyester and chemicals.

Properties Unsaturated Polyester Accelerator Catalyst

Name Polyethylene terephthalate Cobalt(II) naphthenate 2-hydroperoxy-2-([2-hydroperoxybutan-2-yl]peroxy)butane
Formula (C10H8O4)n CoC22H14O4 C8H18O6
Color Colorless Bluish-red Water white
Solid ratio 65% 6% (Co+2) —
Specific gravity 1.13 0.96 1.17

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 Arasan, Bagherinia, Akbulut, and Zaimoglu

Table 3. Some properties of guar gum. Table 5. Preliminary test results of additives (Bagherinia, 2013).

Properties Guar Gum UCS for UCS for

Percentages Percentages of 14 28
Name E412 of Guar Gum + Days Days
Solubility Insoluble in ethanol No. Polyester (%) Lime (%) (kPa) (kPa)
Physical state Free flowing white powder
pH 5.0–6.5 1 0 0.02 + 3 425.4 418
Bulk density 600 g/L 0.25 + 3 409.4 413
0 470 —
0.02 436 —
0.05 550 —
and lime. An unsaturated polyester (casting type), an 0.15 750 —
accelerator (cobalt naphthenate), and a catalyst 0.25 680 —
0.5 684 —
(methyl ethyl ketone peroxide [MEKP]) produced by 1 700 —
Dewilux Company (Turkey) were used to prepare the 2 5 0.02 + 3 540.8 544
polyester. Some physical and chemical properties of 0.25 + 3 520 568
those chemicals, obtained from manufacturers, are 0 682 —
given in Table 2. Some previous studies regarding the 0.02 1,350 —
0.05 1,200 —
cobalt naphthenate and MEKP suggested that they 0.15 1,400 —
should be used at the ratio of 2 percent and 0.4 percent 0.25 1,430 —
(by the weight of polyester), respectively (Akbulut 0.5 1,400 —
et al., 2013; Bagherinia, 2013). Physical and chemical 1 1,410 —
3 10 0.02 + 3 723.4 745
properties of guar gum provided by the manufacturer
0.25 + 3 710.5 735
(A&D Chemicals Industry Company, Turkey) are 0 855 —
given in Table 3. 0.02 1,500 —
0.05 1,450 —
0.15 1,400 —
0.25 1,587 —
Specimen Preparation and Testing
0.5 1,600 —
1 1,610 —
In order to determine which percentage of both
4 20 0.02 + 3 7,322.5 8,033.5
accelerator and hardener can be used, a preliminary 0.25 + 3 6,973 7,207
study was performed by Bagherinia (2013). Table 4 0 1,208 —
summarizes the preliminary study results. The polyester 0.02 1,678 —
was prepared by adding 2 percent cobalt naphthenate 0.05 1,686 —
0.15 1,600 —
as the accelerator and 0.4 percent MEKP as the 0.25 2,188 —
0.5 2,150 —
Table 4. Preliminary test results of accelerator and hardener percen- 1 2,190 —
tages (Bagherinia, 2013).

Specimen Accelerator Accelerator/

No. (%) Hardener UCS (kPa) catalyst to the unsaturated polyester in the study.
1 2 2 44,300 First, the unsaturated polyester and accelerator were
2 2 4 82,940 mixed for 1 minute by hand, and then the catalyst
3 2 5 117,000 was added and mixed for 1 minute by hand.
4 5 2 32,420
5 5 4 58,500 After producing the polyester, series of preliminary
6 5 5 90,000 tests were also conducted to determine the percen-
7 10 2 18,750 tage of polyester and other additive types and per-
8 10 4 35,220 centages (guar gum and lime) to be used in this study
9 10 5 47,000
10 20 2 6,755 (Bagherinia, 2013). The preliminary test results are
11 20 4 10,750 shown in Table 5. These tests determined the poly‐
12 20 5 13,500 ester percentages to be 5 percent, 10 percent, and
13 30 2 4,700 20 percent (mass). On the other hand, 0.02 percent,
14 30 4 5,038
15 30 5 5,335 and 0.25 percent of guar gum and 3 percent (mass)
16 40 2 Boiling occurred of lime were chosen for the experiments. The percent‐
17 40 4 Boiling occurred ages of additives were determined by the total weight
18 40 5 Boiling occurred of soft clay at 40 percent water content (clay and

4 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 1–12
 Polymers to Improve Soft Clay

Table 6. Percentages of used additives.

Materials (%)
Specimen Clay at 40% Guar
Name Water Content Polyester Gum Lime Total
S1 100 — — — 100
S2 96.98 — 0.02 3 100
S3 96.75 — 0.25 3 100
S4 91.98 5 0.02 3 100
S5 91.75 5 0.25 3 100
S6 86.98 10 0.02 3 100
S7 86.75 10 0.25 3 100
S8 76.98 20 0.02 3 100
S9 76.75 20 0.25 3 100

water). The quantities and percentages of soil sample

additives are summarized in Table 6.
Subsequently, the prepared polyester, guar gum,
and lime were added to the clay (40 percent water con-
tent CL clay) and mixed for 5 minutes using a 150 rpm
mechanical mixer. The test samples were prepared in
accordance with the procedures described in JGS
0821 (2000) and Euro Soil Stab (2001). The prepared
mixtures were then placed into metal cylinder molds
measuring 38 mm in diameter and 76 mm in height
in three layers. The inner surfaces of the molds were
lubricated to make extrusion of the samples easier
(Figure 2a). The molds were vibrated slightly to
remove air bubbles. The prepared samples were
removed from the molds after 7 days (Figure 2b) and
cured in a moist room where the temperature was
kept at 20 ¡ 3 uC and humidity was at 70 percent rela-
tive humidity (Figure 2c). To investigate the effects of
curing periods on strength, 14 days, 28 days, and 150
days were determined to be the curing periods. At the Figure 2. (a) Samples in metal cylinder molds. (b) Two
end of each curing period, the samples were subjected samples removed from molds after 7 days. (c) Curing of
to the UCS test. UCS tests were performed according samples in the moisture room.
to ASTM D 2166 (2013). The testing load was applied
at a rate of 0.8 mm/min. Each sample was prepared at samples are presented. Additionally, the findings
least in triplicate, and all tests were done in triplicate from the experimental tests are compared with those
as well. from other studies in the literature and are discussed.
The freeze-thaw tests were performed using a pro-
grammable cabinet. It should be mentioned that all
cured samples were subjected to the freeze-thaw test. Effects of Polymer Ratio and Curing Periods
The samples were placed in to the cabinet and condi-
tioned at −20 uC for 6 hours; then they were thawed The relationship between polyester ratio and UCS
at +25 uC for 6 hours (Zaimoglu, 2010). This process of the 14 day cured samples is given in Figure 3. The
was designated as “one cycle.” All samples were sub- UCS values of all reinforced samples increase with
jected to five and 10 freeze-thaw cycles. increasing polyester ratio (Figure 3). As is seen in
Figure 3, the increment of UCS values for polyester
ratios between 5 percent and 10 percent is generally
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION lower than the values for ratios between 10 percent
and 20 percent. The sample with 0.02 percent guar
In the following, the effects of polyester ratio, curing gum gave maximum UCS values during the curing
periods, and freeze-thaw cycles on the UCS of the period of 14 days. The UCS values of this sample

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 1–12 5
 Arasan, Bagherinia, Akbulut, and Zaimoglu

Figure 3. UCS versus polyester ratio for the samples that were cured for 14 days.

at 0 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 20 percent and 7.0 MPa, respectively (Figure 3). It should be
polyester ratios were obtained as 0.43, 0.54, 0.72, also noted that the lowest UCS value obtained in
and 7.3 MPa, respectively. On the other hand, the this study is higher than that of the lower UCS limit
UCS values of the 0.25 percent guar gum sample at of fine-grained soil (0.2 MPa) for the deep mixing
0 percent, 5 percent, 10 percent, and 20 percent method reported by Bruce and Bruce (2003) and
polyester ratios were obtained as 0.41, 0.52, 0.71, Bruce et al. (1998).

Figure 4. 3-D column illustration of UCS/curing period/polyester ratio of samples with respect to the guar gum (GG)
ratio.

6 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 1–12
 Polymers to Improve Soft Clay

Figure 5. SEM micrographs of samples cured for 150 days: (a) raw clay, (b) 0.25 percent guar gum with 20 percent
polyester, sample S9, (c) 0.02 percent guar gum with 20 percent polyester, sample S8, and (d) pure polyester.

On the other hand, Figure 3 shows that the UCS polyester and guar gum may be used for deep mixing
values of samples without adding polyester (only applications in clayey soils.
guar gum and lime added to clayey soils samples S2 The column graphs of Figure 4 are drawn in three
and S3) are higher than 0.2 MPa, the lower UCS limit dimensions to display the combined effect of polyester
of fine-grained soil. It is also mentioned that the guar ratio, guar gum ratio, and curing periods on UCS. It
gum reduces the moisture degree of the samples as can clearly be seen in Figure 4 that UCS values
observed by Gupta et al. (2009), Bagherinia (2013), increase drastically after a 20 percent polyester ratio
and Arasan and Nasirpur (2015). Due to the decreas- is reached for each curing period. Nevertheless, the
ing moisture degree and the chemical reactions occur- UCS values of all samples are higher than 0.2 MPa
ring between guar gum, lime, and clayey soil, the (the lower UCS limit of fine-grained soil). However,
samples became strengthened structures. On the basis the increase during the curing period has no important
of these results, it could therefore be concluded that effect on the UCS values of 0 percent, 5 percent, and

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 1–12 7
 Arasan, Bagherinia, Akbulut, and Zaimoglu

Figure 6. SEM micrographs at different magnifications of samples cured for 150 days: (a1–a2) raw clay sample, and
(b1–b2) 0.25 percent guar gum with 20 percent polyester, sample S9.

10 percent polyester samples. The highest UCS value respectively. This different behavior suggests that the
of this study was obtained from sample S9 with 0.25 guar gum ratio is more effective on the UCS values
percent guar gum and 20 percent polyester ratio and after 28 days of curing time. On the other hand, the
a curing period of 150 days. The UCS values of this UCS values of the 20 percent polyester samples gave
sample for the curing periods of 14 days, 28 days, higher values than 7 MPa. This positive behavior indi-
and 150 days were 7.0 MPa, 7.2 MPa, and 13.4 cates that the samples become a polyester-clay compo-
MPa, respectively (Figure 4). However, sample S8 site material when 20 percent polyester is added to the
(0.02 percent guar gum with 20 percent polyester) clayey soil. In other words, polyester dominates the
gave maximum UCS values for the curing periods of behavior of the samples mixed with 20 percent
14 and 28 days. The UCS values of sample S8 for the polyester.
curing periods of 14 days, 28 days, and 150 days This striking increase in UCS of the 20 percent
were recorded as 7.3 MPa, 8.0 MPa, and 12 MPa, polyester samples is attributed to the adhesion

8 Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 1–12
 Polymers to Improve Soft Clay

Figure 7. Effects of freeze-thaw cycles on cured samples.

properties of polyester. Similarly, other researchers CONCLUSIONS

have found that the polymers used in their studies
increased the UCS (Al-Khanbashi and Abdalla, In this study, UCS tests were performed on samples
2006; Ates, 2013; and Arasan and Nasirpur, 2015). to investigate the effect on properties of clays stabi-
The reason for this strength increment was considered lized with polyester and guar gum. Based on the test
to be that clayey soil formed a new solid structure with results and the discussion presented in this study, the
polyester. Figures 5 and 6 show scanning electron following conclusions were made:
micrographs of cured specimens supporting this con-
clusion. It is clearly seen in Figures 5 and 6 that the . The UCS values of all samples increased with the
polyester covers the clay particles and causes them to increase in the polyester ratio.
adhere to each other. Similar findings were reported . The maximum UCS values of the samples that were
by researchers who conducted studies on both polymer cured for 14 days were obtained from the sample
(Al-Khanbashi and Abdalla, 2006; Ates, 2013; and with 0.02 percent guar gum. The UCS values of
Arasan and Nasirpur, 2015) and polyester (Akbulut this sample for 5 percent, 10 percent, and 20 percent
et al., 2013). Additionally, Al-Khanbashi and Abdalla polyester ratios were determined to be 0.54, 0.72,
(2006) indicated that polymers alter the properties of and 7.3 MPa, respectively.
soil by structural changes. . The highest UCS value of this study was obtained
from the sample with 0.25 percent guar gum and
20 percent polyester ratio, and a 150 day curing per-
Effect of Freeze-Thaw iod. The UCS values of this sample for the curing
periods of 14 days, 28 days, and 150 days were
An experimental study was conducted on samples
obtained as 7.0 MPa, 7.2 MPa, and 13.4 MPa,
that were cured for 14, 28, and 150 days to determine
the freeze-thaw effect on samples. The samples were respectively.
. It was determined that UCS values of samples with
exposed to five and 10 freeze-thaw cycles. The UCS
values of samples subjected and not subjected (zero no added polyester (only guar gum and lime added
cycle) to freeze-thaw cycles are given for 14, 28, and to clayey soils) are higher than 0.2 MPa, which is
150 days of curing time in Figure 7. It was discovered the lower UCS limit of fine-grained soil. It is also
(Figure 6) that the freeze-thaw cycles did not signifi- mentioned that guar gum reduced the moisture
cantly affect the UCS values of the samples. The rea- degree of samples and that the samples then became
son for that is considered to be the durability of strengthened structures.
polyesters to extraordinary environmental impacts. . It was observed that the freeze-thaw cycles did not
Similarly, Welling (2012) reported that the durability have an effect on the UCS values of stabilized sam-
of stabilized soils increased with an increase in the ples. It could be said that soil stabilizations using
polymer content. Polyester can be used as a binder polyester can also be used as an alternative to
material to improve the mechanical behavior of clayey cement and lime in cold climate environments and
soils that are exposed to freeze-thaw cycles. in areas where freeze-thaw is a factor.

Environmental & Engineering Geoscience, Vol. XXIII, No. 1, February 2017, pp. 1–12 9
 Arasan, Bagherinia, Akbulut, and Zaimoglu

On the basis of this study, it could therefore be con- BAGHERINIA, M., 2013, Utilization of unsaturated polyester in
cluded that polyester and guar gum may be used for improvement of clays with deep mixing method: Master Thesis,
Ataturk University, Erzurum, Turkey (in Turkish with an
deep mixing applications in clayey soils. It should be English summary).
noted that model tests and field studies of polyester BAHNER, E. W. AND NAGUIB, A. M., 2000, Ground improvement
and guar gum applications are needed to confirm the for large above ground petroleum storage tanks using deep
results of this study. It is also recommended that a mixing. In Geodenver 2000: Denver, CO.
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Special Publication 136, ASCE, Austin, Texas, United States,
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