BAR CHARTS

TEST 1
The bar chart shows the divorce rates in two European countries from 2011 to 2015.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

• Sweden experienced a
downward trend
• Finland experienced an
upward trend
• both countries showed
fluctuations
• Initially Finland had a lower
rate, but in 2015 Finland outraced
Sweden

• shows → provides information about

• divorce rates → percentages of divorces
• two European countries → Finland and Sweden (it’s good to be more specific)
• from 2011 to 2015 → between 2011 and 2015.

The bar chart provides information about the percentages of divorces in Finland and Sweden
between 2011 and 2015.

Overall, Sweden experienced a downward trend, while Finland showed an upward trend
throughout the period. Both countries’ divorce rates had some fluctuations. Although Finland
initially had a lower rate, it outraced Sweden at the end of the period.

Sweden’s divorce rate was about 45% in 2011, being higher than Finland’s rate by approximately
8%. Then, it rose to almost fifty percent in 2012. However, the figure showed a gradual decrease
to about 47% in 2013, and continued to decline steadily to the end of the period, reaching around
45% in 2014 and hitting a low-point of about 37% in 2015.

Percentage of divorces in Finland was less than 40% in 2011, and it decreased in 2012, when
about one third of marriages in Finland ended with a divorce (as opposed to almost a half in
Sweden). However, the figure experienced a steady growth during the next two years. It rose to
approximately 39% in 2013, then increased by around 3% in 2014, and remained steady for the
next year, outracing the rate of Sweden.
 Chine- decline
India fluctuated
China – total expenditure was the
highest
2016 India>Chine

The bar chart shows the amount of foreign direct investment in India and China from 2014
to 2019.

The chart illustrates the level of outside investment in the economies of India and China
between 2014 and 2019.
Overall, expenditure in China declined steadily throughout the period but fluctuated in India.
Despite this, the total amount of money that flowed into China was higher than in India.

The Chinese economy received just under $80 billion in 2014. Which fell to around $60 billion in
2015 and 2016. After a slight decrease in 2017, there was a massive resurgence to a high point of
more than $100 billion in 2018 before receding to just over $40 billion in 2019.

In 2014, foreign outlays into India’s economy reached more than $20 billion, then rose
significantly to approximately $60 billion in 2015 and 2016 before falling back to 2014 levels in
2017. In 2018, there was another dramatic increase to just below $60 billion, before returning to
around $20 billion in 2019. 2015 was the only year India’s levels of foreign investment exceeded
China’s, with values of slightly over $60 billion and slightly below $60 billion, respectively.
TEST 3

Cars expenditure – UK and France

UK – cars, books, and cameras
France – computers, perfumes

The chart illustrates the amount of money spent on five consumer goods (cars, computers, books,
perfume, and cameras) in France and the UK in 2010.

Overall, the UK spent more money on consumer goods than France during the period given.
Both the British and the French spent most of their money on cars, whereas the least amount of
money was spent on perfume in the UK compared to cameras in France. Furthermore, the most
significant difference in expenditure between the two countries was on cameras.

In terms of cars, people in the UK spent about £450,000, compared to the French at £400,000.
Similarly, British expenditure on books was higher than the French, at around £400,000 and
£300,000 respectively. In the UK, expenditure on cameras (just over £350,000) was over double
that of France, which was only £150,000.

On the other hand, the amount of money paid out on the remaining goods was higher in France.
Over £350,000 was spent by the French on computers, slightly more than the British who spent
exactly £350,000. Neither of the countries spent much on perfume, which accounted for £200,000
of expenditure in France but under £150,000 in the UK.
TEST 4
You should spend about 20 minutes on this task.

The bar chart below describes some changes about the percentage of people were born in
Australia and who were born outside Australia living in urban, rural and town between 1995
and 2010.

The bar highlights the information about the number of people who were born in and outside of
Australia living in different areas of cities, towns, and rural areas in 1995 and 2010.

Overall, People were born in and outside of Australia living in cities experienced upward trends
during the period. On the other hand, there are downward trends in people were born both in and
outside of Australia living in towns and rural areas.

In 1995, the number of people born outside Australia living in cities was at 60%, approximately
10% higher than the people were born in Australia and living in cities. People born and living in
Australia showed gradual growth to around 65%, whereas people born outside of Australia and in
cities hitting the peak at 80% in 2015.

In contrast, people living in towns were at around 20%, it gradually fell and remained at above
15%. Furthermore, People were born outside Australia and living in rural areas were at 40% in
1995 and sharply decreased to approximately 5% in 2010. In conclusion, residents in towns
showed gradual fell during the period. Whereas residents in rural areas experienced sharp drop
between 1995 and 2010
Band 9 Model Answer

2 Highest - People living in cities

Lowest – rural areas
Sharp decrease – rural areas

The bar chart compares the percentage distribution of people born in Australia and those born
outside Australia living in urban, rural, and town areas in 1995 and 2010.

Overall, there was a clear trend towards urbanization for both groups over the 15-year period, with
significant increases in the proportion of people residing in cities. Concurrently, the percentages of
individuals living in rural areas and towns decreased.

In 1995, about 50% of Australian-born individuals lived in urban areas, which increased to
approximately 65% by 2010. For those born outside Australia, the urban population was initially
higher at 60% in 1995 and rose sharply to around 80% in 2010.

The percentage of people living in rural areas experienced a notable decline. In 1995, around 30%
of Australian-born and 40% of foreign-born residents lived in rural areas. By 2010, these figures
had dropped to about 15% and 5%, respectively, highlighting a significant rural depopulation
trend, especially among the foreign-born population.

Town populations also saw a decline, though less pronounced. In 1995, about 20% of Australian-
born and 10% of foreign-born individuals lived in towns. By 2010, these figures had reduced to
around 15% for both groups.

In summary, the data indicates a strong movement towards urban living among both Australian-
born and foreign-born populations from 1995 to 2010, accompanied by a marked decrease in rural
populations and a slight reduction in town populations.

Concurrently – at the same time

pronounced - very noticeable or marked
accompanied - be present or occur at the same time as
(something else).
IELTS Online
TEST 5
The charts below show the percentages of men and women aged 60-64 in employment in
four countries in 1970 and 2000
Summaries the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparison where relevant.

The bar chart compares the proportion of 4 counties employment in men and women ages
from 60 to 64 in between 1970 and 2000.

Overall, there was a clear unemployment trend in men aged 60 to 64 over the 30-year period, with
significant decrease in proportion of men working in the four countries. Concurrently, the
employment percentage of women aged 60 to 64 experienced gradual growth.

The percentage of men aged 60 to 64 working in countries experience notable decline. In 1970,
about 80% of men were employed in Belgium which sharply dropped to approximately 19% by
2000. For those old men working in Japan was initially higher at 84% in 1970 and this figure
gradually went down to around 75% by 2000.

In contrast, two countries experienced gradual increase in employment of women aged between
60 and 64. In 1970, the percentage of women in Australia stood at 18% and showed slightly
growth reaching 19% by 2000. Furthermore, about 35% of women aged 60 to 64 were working in
the USA in 1970. This figure increased gradually reaching approximately 38% by 2000.

In conclusion, this data indicates significant decrease in men employment among all countries
from 1970 to 2000, accompanied by a slight increase in women employment in 2 countries.

Band 9 Essay

The bar charts illustrate the employment percentages of men and women aged 60-64 in four
countries (Belgium, USA, Japan, and Australia) in the years 1970 and 2000. Overall, the data
reveals a significant decline in the employment rates of men in this age group across all four
countries over the 30-year period, while the employment rates of women in the same age group
exhibited a gradual increase in some countries.

In 1970, Belgium had a high employment rate for men aged 60-64, with around 80% employed.
However, by 2000, this figure had plummeted to approximately 19%, indicating a drastic reduction.
Similarly, in Japan, the employment rate for men in this age group was at 84% in 1970 but
declined to about 75% by 2000. Although Japan experienced a less dramatic decrease compared
to Belgium, the downward trend was still evident. In the USA and Australia, the employment rates
for men also fell significantly, from 77% to 55% and from 73% to 53% respectively, highlighting a
consistent trend of declining male employment among those aged 60-64.

Conversely, the employment rates for women aged 60-64 showed an upward trend in some
countries. In Australia, the percentage of employed women increased marginally from 18% in
1970 to 19% in 2000. The USA saw a more notable rise, with the employment rate for women in
this age group increasing from 35% to approximately 38% over the same period. Although these
increases were modest, they contrasted sharply with the declining employment rates for men.

Japan and Belgium, however, did not follow this upward trend for women. In Belgium, the
employment rate for women aged 60-64 remained low and relatively stable, showing no significant
change from 1970 to 2000. In Japan, there was a slight decline in the employment rate for women
in this age group, although the change was not as pronounced as the decline in male
employment.

In conclusion, the bar charts indicate a significant decrease in employment rates for men aged 60-
64 across all four countries from 1970 to 2000, while the employment rates for women of the same
age group showed a slight increase in some countries, namely the USA and Australia. This data
highlights contrasting trends in employment based on gender and age over the 30-year period.

Exhibit - publicly display

Respectively - in a way that relates or belongs to each of the separate
people or things you have just mentioned:
Modest - (of an amount, rate, or level) relatively moderate, limited, or
small.
 Pie chart

The two pie charts display the key reasons why people choose to either cycle or drive to work by
percentage.

The largest proportion of people who cycle have made this choice for health and environmental
reasons whilst the prime advantage of driving to work is considered to be the comfort of
travelling by car. Notably, for an almost equal proportion of people, their chosen method is the
fastest.

Taken together, health and fitness and less pollution are reasons given by over half of all people
who prefer travelling by bike. Each represents a 30% portion which is double the next most
popular reason which is a lack of parking issues at 15%.

A different set of concerns has affected the decision of those who choose to commute by car.
Comfort is by far the most significant factor at 40% of people, but distance to work is a more
important concern for just over a fifth of drivers. For 14% of people, a faster journey time is the key
factor compared to a figure of 12% of cyclists who find their means of transport quicker.
The two pie charts below show the percentages of industry sectors'
contribution to the economy of Turkey in 2000 and 2016.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where relevant.

• show → illustrate
• the percentages of industry sectors' contribution to the economy of Turkey → how different industry
sectors contributed to the economy of Turkey percentagewise
• in 2000 and 2016 → in the years 2000 and 2016.

In our case there are two main options to describe key features:
a. find the biggest and smallest slices of each pie chart
b. find which slices became bigger/smaller or didn't change

Useful vocabulary to write a percentage of a certain sector::

• sector X was 3%
• sector X made up 3%
• sector X accounted for 3%
• sector X comprised 3% of [the whole chart]

The two pie charts illustrate how different industry sectors contributed to the economy of Turkey
percentagewise in the years 2000 and 2016.

The smallest and largest in 2000 and 2016

Overall, at the beginning of the period construction contributed the least to the economy of Turkey
and agriculture was the most significant economic sector.
In comparison at the end of the period healthcare and education became the largest economic
segment and the lowest contribution was made by financial, business and other services.

Increasing trends
Construction sector accounted for 3% of Turkey's economy in 2000, and experienced a more than
threefold increase (3 times) to one-tenth (10% 1/10) in 2016. Economic income from trade, utilities
and transportation was 14% in 2000 and experienced a slight growth of 2% in 2016. At the
beginning of the period, manufacturing and finance, business and other services made up 8% and
5% of Turkey's economy, respectively, and these figures rose to 12% and 8% in 2016.

Decreasing trend
Agriculture, which comprised almost a quarter of Turkey's economy in 2000, fell to 14% in 2016. In
2000 economic outputs from government and leisure and hospitality sectors were at 12% and
17%, respectively, and both decreased by 3% after 16-year period. In contrast, contribution from
healthcare and education sector remained constant in both years at 17%.
The charts below show the share of the Swiss Watch Market
by brand in 2020 and 2021.
Summarize the information by selecting and reporting the main features and make comparisons where
relevant.

Highest in 2020 – Rolex, smallest – Ap

2021 highest – rolex, smallest Patex

Increase – Rolex
Decrease – all of them

The two pie charts illustrate how different brands’ market share changed in Swiss watch market
percentagewise in the years 2020 and 2021.

Overall, at the beginning of the period AP’s market share occupation was the least to the Market of
Swiss Watch and Rolex was the most significant brand in the market.
In comparison at the end of the period Rolex still remained dominant in the Swiss watch Market
share and the brand with the lowest percentage was made by Patek and Longines.

Rolex accounted for 39.5% of Swiss watch market in 2020, and experienced a noticeable growth
of 7% in 2021. In the Swiss watch market, Rolex declared dominance by occupying almost a half
of the total market share. In contrast, percentage of Cartier almost remained constant, decreasing
by less than 1% compared to it’s total share.

In contrast, Omega, which comprised almost a quarter of Swiss watch market share in 2020, fell to
around 12% in 2021. In 2020, brand market shares of Patek, Longines and Ap were at around
10% each, respectively, and all decreased by around 1% after a year. Furthermore, Omega in
Swiss market share made up over 15% in 2020, this figure fell to around 12% in 2021.
Comparing
Years (Y/x bar charts) more than 2 percentages
Sized – 3 biggest + 3 smallest
Increase/decrease –

The pie charts illustrate the proportion of wristwatch sales by six

watchmakers in Switzerland in 2020 and 2021.
Overall, Rolex was the most significant supplier by far in both years.
Rolex also increased its dominance, whilst all other companies lost their
market share.

The three biggest watch manufacturers in 2020 were Rolex, omega, and
Cartier, with 39.5%, 15.6% and 14.5%, respectively. However, whilst
Rolex increased its share to almost half, Omega saw a notable decrease
to 12.7%. Despite a minor decrease of 0.7% to 13.8% in 2021, Cartier
replaced Omega as the second highest watch brand in 2021.

The remaining three competitors had around a tenth of the total in 2020
each, but all fell by around 1% in 2021. Of the tree smallest brands, Patek
Phillipe fell the most, dropping from 10.3% to 8.8%. Audemars Piguet
went from the smallest share in 2020 to the fourth largest in 2021,
achieving a percentage of 9.1%.
IELTS Online
 Line graph
The line graph below shows the household recycling rates in three different
countries between 2005 and 2015.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make comparisons
where relevant.

3. Specific features
After you've given the overview, you should group data by some feature and give specific details.
In this line graph you can group data in two ways:
a. by country
Describe each country’s recycling rates in a separate paragraph
b. by similar trend
As you can see, the UK and Germany followed a similar trend: their recycling rates were
increasing throughout the period, while recycling rates of France experienced a fall.
So you can describe an “increase pattern” in the first paragraph and a “decrease pattern” in
the second paragraph.

The line graph illustrates the regional household recycling rates in the UK, France and Germany
from 2005 to 2015.
Overall, the recycling rates of the UK and Germany showed a steady but significant rise over the
period, while the percentage of recycled waste in France experienced a downward trend.
Upward trends + One of the upward trends detailed (growth+fluctuation+growth)
In 2005 the recycling rates of the UK and Germany were nearly 35% and 20% respectively.
Germany's rate increased sharply throughout the period, exceeding France's rate in 2009 and
reaching almost 60% in the end of the period. In the meantime, the percentage of recycled waste
in the UK grew to 40% in 2007, and then remained steady until 2009. During 2009-2011 it
experienced a rapid surge to more than 50% and continued with a gradual increase to 60% in
2015.
Downward trends + how ranks changed
In early 2005 the recycling rate of France (50%) was the highest among these three countries.
However, it dramatically declined to 30% in 2013. Then, there was a growth of 10% in 2015, but
France's recycling rate was the lowest in the end of the period.
The graph shows average annual expenditures on cell phone and residential phone
services between 2001 and 2010.

The line graph illustrates the average cost that American customers spent on mobile and landline
phone services annually over a 10-year period.

Overall, spending on residential phone services dramatically declined, while popularity of mobile
services increased sharply throughout a decade. Also, both of services met at the same record in
2006.

Upward trends + before 2006

In 2001, spending on mobile phone services began by merely $200, while the amount of annual
expenditure on the residential phone services was around $700. Over the following five years,
expenditure on landline phone services gradually dropped below $600, whereas expenditure on
cell phone services rose to just over $500.

Trends + after 2006

In 2006 cell phones overtook landline phones, and the services became equal in popularity with
customers' annual expenditure of about $550. Then, cell phone expenses rose to approximately
$750 in 2010, making nearly a fourfold jump relatively to its initial figure in 2001. Meanwhile,
spending on residential phone services experienced a steep fall in 2007 and went on to steadily
decrease for the rest of the period.
IELTS advantage

The graph below chows the number of tourists visiting a particular Caribbean island
between 2010 and 2017.
Total – increased, stable, increased sharply
Staying on cruise ships – fluctuation, increase
Staying on island – increased slightly, stayed stable

The line graph presents the number of visitors to specific Caribbean destination
from 2010 to 2017.

Overall, the total number of visitors increased throughout the given period. Despite
the majority staying on land initially, this was surpassed by those arriving on cruise liners
in the final two years.

The total number visiting the island in 2010 was 1 million. This figure witnessed a
steady annual rise to reach approximately 2.75 million in 2015. It plateaued at this level in
2016 before experiencing its largest increase between 2016 and 2017, soaring dramatically
to its peak of 3 million.

In 2010, most resided on the island, with around ¾ of million remaining on island.
This peaked in 2013 at 1.5 million and hovered(float) around that level for the
remainder(rest, other) of the period. The number opting(choosing, selecting) to visit on
cruises fluctuated between a ¼ quarter and ½ half million between 2010 and 2013. In 2014,
there was a sharp escalation(rise/growth) in cruise visitors; a trend which continued year
on year, reaching 1.5 million in 2016, and culminates(reach climax) at 2 million in 2017, the
highest of any category in any year.
IELTS Online
The graph below shows the production levels of the main kinds of fuel in the UK between
1981 and 2000.

Petroleum – highest/up,down,up
Coal – was the 2nd, sharp drop, gradual growth, decline continued, now the lowest
Natural gas – stable in first half, grow gradually before reaching and becoming 2nd

My essay: The line graph illustrates production level of three main fuel suppliers in the UK from
1981 and 2000.

Overall, During the period petroleum production experienced significant downward and upward
trends in its dominant units and production units of natural gas showed gradual increase. In
contrast, there was a marginal fall in coal production over the years.

In 1981, Petroleum production unit was at 90 million tons, then surged sharply to approximately
140 million tons by 19864, plateaued at this level until 1988. This figure dropped by 40 million
tones to 100 million in 1991, before experiencing a considerable growth to 140 million tons at the
end of the period in 2000. In the beginning of the period, the production of Natural gas was at just
below 40 million tones and hovered at that level until half of the period. In 1991, Natural gas
production level showed a sudden increase to reach 100 million tons which made Natural gas
production the second biggest fuel supplier in 2000.

In contrast, Coal the second biggest supplier in 1981 dipped sharply by almost half of the first
production unit to around 40 million tones. In 1984 this figure witnessed rapid rise to 60 million
tones before plummeting year by year to around 30 million tones by 2000 which made coal the
third fuel supplier in the UK.
The line graph illustrates the production levels of three main types of fuel in the UK between 1981
and 2000.

Overall, petroleum production experienced significant fluctuations, while natural gas production
showed a steady increase over the period. In contrast, coal production saw a substantial decline.

In 1981, petroleum production was at 90 million tons and surged sharply to approximately 140
million tons by 1986, remaining at this level until 1988. However, this figure dropped by 40 million
tons to 100 million in 1991, before recovering and reaching 140 million tons by the end of the
period in 2000.

At the beginning of the period, natural gas production was just below 40 million tons and remained
steady until 1991. From 1991 onwards, natural gas production increased sharply, reaching 100
million tons, making it the second largest fuel supplier by 2000.
Conversely, coal production, which was the second largest fuel supplier in 1981, declined sharply
from 80 million tons to around 40 million tons by 1984. Although there was a brief increase to 60
million tons in 1984, the production continued to decline steadily, reaching around 30 million tons
by 2000, making coal the third largest fuel supplier.
 MAP • north-east
• north-west
• south-east
• south-west

• Main feature
1: The farmland has
been built on.
• Main feature
2: The large house
has been converted
into a retirement
home.
• Main feature
3: The school has
been enlarged.
• Main feature 4: The shops have disappeared.

The maps below show the village of Stokeford in 1930 and 2010.
Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

The two maps illustrate how the village of Stokeford, situated on the east bank of the River Stoke,
changed over an 80 year period from 1930 to 2010.

There was considerable development of the settlement over these years and it was
gradually transformed from a small rural village into a largely residential area.
Main feature 1: The farmland has been built on.
Main feature 3: The school has been enlarged.
The most notable change is the presence of housing in 2010 on the areas that were
farmland back in 1930. New roads were constructed on this land and many residential
properties built. In response to the considerable increase in population, the primary
school was extended to around double the size of the previous building.

Main feature 2: The large house has been converted into a retirement home.
Main feature 4: The shops have disappeared.

Whilst the post office remained as a village amenity, the two shops that can be seen to
the north-west of the school in 1930, no longer existed by 2010, having been replaced
by houses. There also used to be an extensive property standing in its own large
gardens situated to the south-east of the school. At some time between 1930 and 2010,
this was extended and converted into a retirement home. This was another significant
transformation for the village.
 Size changes, merge
Name changes
New constructions
The maps below show the changes
that have taken place in Meadowside
village and Fonton, a neighbouring
town, since 1962.

The three maps illustrate how Meadowside village and Fonton, which is a nearby town, have
developed from 1962 to the present (in 1962, 1985 and now).

Overall, both Fonton and Meadowside village increased in size over the years until they eventually
merged together, at which point Meadowside became a suburb. Furthermore, there have been
significant changes to infrastructure, housing and facilities over the period given.

In 1962, both Meadowside and Fonton were completely separate with no roads or rail connecting
them. While Fonton had a railway line running through it to the north, Meadowside, located to the
west of Fonton, only had a small road from the west.

By 1985, there was a considerable growth in the size of Meadowside village and Fonton.
The small road in Meadowside village had been converted into a main road and was also
extended to the east to connect with Fonton. Meadowside, moreover, had also developed a
housing estate in the west, a leisure complex and a supermarket in the south.

Currently, Meadowside has expanded further to the point where it has joined with Fonton and is
now known as Meadowside Suburbs. The railway line, which runs through Fonton, has been
extended reach a station, which has been built between Fonton and the suburbs along side the
main road. To the north of the station, a hotel has been constructed and opposite the station, to
the south on the other side of the road, there is now a business park.
 Diagram
The diagrams below show a structure that is used to generate electricity from
wave power.

Summarise the information by selecting and reporting the main features, and make
comparisons where relevant.

Write at least 150 words.

Generating Electricity From The Sea Linear process

Cyclical process

1) Is it a linear or a cyclical process?

2) Where does the process start and end?
3) How many steps are there to the process?
4) Can the process be easily broken down into stages?
5) 5) What are the raw materials? What is produced at the end of the process?
6) 6) What is the end result of the process?

Stage 1: Electricity is generated as the wave flows into the structure (Diagram A).

Stage 2: Electricity is also created as the receding wave draws air back down the
column (Diagram B).
Question:

The diagrams below show a structure that is used to generate electricity from
wave power.

The two diagrams illustrate a method of creating electricity from the force of waves
using a specifically designed man-made construction.

The structure, consisting of a wave chamber and a tall column containing a turbine, is
erected(stand up) on a steeply sloping coastal cliff or sea wall where it is subject to the
movement of the ocean waves.

Stage 1: Electricity is generated as the wave flows into the structure (Diagram A).

The first diagram shows how the incoming wave fills a large chamber and forces the air
inside this space up the column and through the turbine. The pressure of the air rotates
the turbine which generates a current of electricity. The process does not end there for
the structure is able to continue producing power as the sea recedes(go or move back)
as can be seen in the second diagram.

Stage 2: Electricity is also created as the receding wave draws air back down the
column (Diagram B).

As the water now flows away from the structure, it draws air back down the column and
downwards through the turbine in the same direction as the previous upward flow of air.
The turbine continues to turn thus generating even more electricity.
The diagram below shows the stages and equipment used in the cement-making process,
and how cement is used to produce concrete for building purposes.

The diagrams illustrate the steps and equipment involved in the production of cement and the way
in which cement is then used to make concrete.

Overall, limestone and clay pass through four stages before being bagged ready for use as
cement. Cement is then combined with three other materials to create concrete. While the process
of making cement uses a number of tools, the production of concrete is simpler and requires only
a concrete mixer.

In the first stage of making cement, limestone and clay are crushed together to form a powder.
This powder is then combined in a mixer before passing into a rotating heater which has constant
heat applied at one end of the tube. The resulting mixture is ground in order to produce cement.
The final product is afterwards put into bags ready to be used.
Regarding the second diagram, concrete consists of mainly gravel, which is small stones, and this
makes up 50% of the ingredients. The other materials used are sand (25%), cement (15%) and
water (10%). These are all poured into a concrete mixer which continually rotates to combine the
materials and ultimately produces concrete.
The diagram illustrates how an Australian town processes rainwater to use as drinking water.

Overall, rainwater is collected from houses and then passes through a filter into storage where it is
then treated with chemicals to make it fit for human consumption.

Initially, the rain which falls on the rooftop is collected by the gutter and then runs down the pipe at
the side of the house into the drain at the bottom. Each house collects rainwater in this way and
the rainwater is then passed along underground drains to the water filter.

The rainwater passes through the water filter to remove any impurities. Once it has been filtered, it
continues along the pipes to a storage tank. From this point, the water goes from storage to the
water treatment. At this stage of the process, the water is treated with chemicals in order to make
it fit for consumption. When the water is ready for drinking, it travels along pipes that lead back into
the houses in the town where people can use the water for daily consumption.
The diagram illustrates how steel rods are manufactured in the furniture
industry.

The diagram explains the way in which steel rods are produced for the furniture
industry.
The diagram shows the process of metal rods production for the furniture industry.

1. how the process begins and ends

2. the number of stages

Overall, the process consists of eleven stages, beginning with the raw material
and ending up with the product’s inspection.

First of all, iron ore, yellow ore and carbon are collected to serve as a raw
material for steel rods manufacturing. After that, the raw material is melted in a
melting slit, where it is heated to a temperature in range of 1300-1500 °C. The
melted mass is then transferred to a smelting cabin to undergo refinement.
Next, the candescent metal is put in a pouring machine and poured into ingots.

In the next stage, the ingots are connected to a cooling reservoir, where the
temperature falls to 60-100 °C. Metal goes through special nozzles and cools
down, forming strands. Following this, the metal strands proceed to rollers that
change their shape. Next, the products are put into a heating machine, where
they undergo heat treatment. Subsequently, a measuring automaton
completes a surface check of the products.

After that, the metal rods are sized by special cutters and get ID stamping.
Finally, the products undergo inspection and are ready for use.
 Multiple charts

The charts below give information about levels of education in

Glasgow. A city in Scotland, in 2010.
The bar chart and pie charts illustrate the percentage of people in Glasgow having three levels of
education (university, school and those with no qualifications) in 2010. Information is divided into
five age groups in the bar chart and by gender in the pie charts.

Overall, the majority of people with university education were in younger age groups, while in the
oldest age group most people did not have any qualifications. The proportions of men and women
were similar and showed little different between the levels of education.
University education in age groups – biggest parts of age group
The percentage of people with university education was up to 76% in the younger three age
groups compared to only 50% in those ages 50 to 75 and just 25% in those over 75. This trend
was reversed in those with no qualifications (9% in younger people rising to 72% in the oldest age
group).
School certificate + men and women education levels almost equal
The figure for those with school education was relatively constant at around 20% but was as low
as 3% in the over 75's.
The proportion of men and women in each level of education was around one third with only a
slightly difference of 3% in university graduates as well as those who didn't have educational
qualifications.
The line graph shows visits to and from the UK from 1979 to 1999. The bar
chart shows the most popular countries visited by UK residents in
1999.

The line graph illustrates the number of UK residents going abroad from the UK and overseas
residents visiting the UK between 1979 and 1999. The bar chart gives information about how
many UK residents travelled to five of the most popular countries in 1999. Units are measured in
millions of people.

Overall, there was an increase in the number of visits to and from the UK and there were more
visits abroad by UK residents than visits to the UK by overseas residents over the period given.
Furthermore, the most popular country to visit by UK residents was France in 1999.

According to the line graph, the number of UK residents visiting overseas began at just under 15
million in 1979 and rose significantly to reach over 50 million in 1999. Around 10 million overseas
residents visited the UK in the first year before climbing steadily to just under 30 million by the final
year.
Regarding the bar chart, in 1999, the two most popular countries were France and Spain (visited
by 10 million UK residents and approximately 9 million respectively). The USA and Greece had
about 4 million and 3 million visitors. The least popular country visited was Turkey, which had only
about 2 million UK residents going there.