UNIT-V

GUI Programming with Swing – Introduction, limitations of AWT, MVC architecture, components,
containers. Understanding Layout Managers, Flow Layout, Border Layout, Grid Layout, Card Layout, Grid
Bag Layout.
Event Handling- The Delegation event model- Events, Event sources, Event Listeners, Event classes,
Handling mouse and keyboard events, Adapter classes, Inner classes, Anonymous Inner classes.
A Simple Swing Application, Applets – Applets and HTML, Security Issues, Applets and Applications,
passing parameters to applets. Creating a Swing Applet, Painting in Swing, A Paint example, Exploring
Swing Controls- JLabel and Image Icon, JText Field, The Swing Buttons- JButton, JToggle Button, JCheck
Box, JRadio Button, JTabbed Pane, JScroll Pane, JList, JCombo Box, Swing Menus, Dialogs.
WHAT IS GUI?
 A graphical user interface (GUI) is a digital interface in which a user interacts with graphical
components such as icons, buttons, and menus.
 Before graphical user interfaces, users interacted with computers using character user interfaces, or
CUIs.
 In a CUI, users type text commands on their keyboard to execute actions on the device.
GUI PROGRAMMING WITH SWINGS
 Java Swing is a powerful toolkit for creating graphical user interfaces (GUIs) in Java.
 It provides a wide range of components, such as buttons, text fields, and menus, that can be used to
create attractive and functional GUIs.
 Swing is platform-independent, which means that your GUIs will look the same on any platform,
including Windows, Mac OS X, and Linux.
 Swing components are built on top of the Abstract Window Toolkit (AWT), but they provide a number
of advantages over AWT components.
 For example, Swing components are more lightweight and efficient, and they are platform-
independent.
AWT INTRODUCTION
 Java AWT (Abstract Window Toolkit) is an API (Application Programming Interface) to develop GUI
or Window-based applications in java.
 Java AWT components are platform-dependent i.e. components are displayed according to the view of
operating system.
 AWT is heavyweight i.e. its components are using the resources of OS.
 The java.awt package provides classes for AWT API such as TextField, Label, TextArea,
RadioButton, CheckBox, Choice, List etc.
 The predefined classes of awt package are classified into following types:

LIMITATIONS OF AWT
 The buttons of AWT does not support pictures.
 It is heavyweight in nature.
 Two very important components trees and tables are not present.
 Extensibility is not possible as it is platform dependent
SWING INTRODUCTION
 Java Swing is used to create window-based applications. It is built on the top of AWT (Abstract
Windowing Toolkit) API and entirely written in java.
 Unlike AWT, Java Swing provides platform-independent and lightweight components.
 The javax.swing package provides classes for java swing API such as JButton, JTextField, JTextArea,
JRadioButton, JCheckbox, JMenu, JColorChooser etc.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN AWT AND SWING
There are many differences between java awt and swing that are given below.

S.No. Java AWT Java Swing

Java swing components are platform-

1 AWT components are platform-dependent.
independent.

2 AWT components are heavyweight. Swing components are lightweight.

AWT doesn't support pluggable look and

3 Swing supports pluggable look and feel.
feel.

Swing provides more powerful

components such as tables, lists,
4 AWT provides less components than Swing.
scrollpanes, colorchooser, tabbedpane
etc.

AWT doesn't follows MVC(Model View

Controller) where model represents data,
5 Swing follows MVC.
view represents presentation and controller
acts as an interface between model and view.
MVC ARCHITECTURE
The MVC design pattern consists of three modules model, view and controller.
Model
 The model represents the state (data) and business logic of the application.
 For example-in case of a check box, the model contains a field which indicates whher the box is
checked or unchecked.
View
 The view module is responsible to display data i.e. it represents the presentation.
 The view determines how a component has displayed on the screen, including any aspects of view
that are affected by the current state of the model.
Controller
 The controller determines how the component will react to the user.
 The controller module acts as an interface between view and model.
 It intercepts all the requests i.e. receives input and commands to Model / View to change accordingly.
HIERARCHY OF JAVA SWING CLASSES

COMPONENT CLASS
 A component is an object having a graphical representation that can be displayed on the screen and
that can interact with the user.
 Examples of components are the buttons, checkboxes, and scrollbars of a typical graphical user
interface.
The methods of Component class are widely used in java swing that are given below.

Method Description

public void add(Component c) add a component on another component.

public void setSize(int width,int height) sets size of the component.

public void setLayout(LayoutManager m) sets the layout manager for the component.

public void setVisible(boolean b) sets the visibility of the component. It is by default

false.
CONTAINER
 The Container is a component in AWT that can contain another components like buttons, textfields,
labels etc.
 The classes that extends Container class are known as container such as Frame, Dialog and Panel.
WINDOW
 The window is the container that have no borders and menu bars.
 You must use frame, dialog or another window for creating a window.
JPANEL
 The Panel is the container that doesn't contain title bar and menu bars.
 It can have other components like button, textfield etc.
JDIALOG
 The JDialog control represents a top level window with a border and a title used to take some form of
input from the user.
 It inherits the Dialog class.
 Unlike JFrame, it doesn't have maximize and minimize buttons.
JFrame
The Frame is the container that contain title bar and can have menu bars. It can have other components
like button, textfield etc.
There are two ways to create a frame:
1. By creating the object of Frame class (association)
2. By extending Frame class (inheritance)
1. By creating the object of Frame class (association)
import javax.swing.*;
public class FirstSwingExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
JFrame f=new JFrame();
JButton b=new JButton("click");
f.add(b);
f.setSize(400,500);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
2. By extending Frame class (inheritance)
We can also inherit the JFrame class, so there is no need to create the instance of JFrame class explicitly.
EXAMPLE
import javax.swing.*;
public class Simple2 extends JFrame
{
JFrame f;
Simple2()
{
JButton b=new JButton("click");
add(b);
setSize(400,500);
setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Simple2();
}
}
Output
SWING COMPONENTS
1. JButton
 The JButton class is used to create a labeled button that has platform independent implementation.
 The application result in some action when the button is pushed.
 It inherits AbstractButton class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class ButtonExample
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
JFrame f=new JFrame("Button Example");
JButton b=new JButton("Click Here");
f.add(b);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:
2. JLabel
 The object of JLabel class is a component for placing text in a container.
 It is used to display a single line of read only text.
 The text can be changed by an application but a user cannot edit it directly.
 It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
class LabelExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("Label Example");
JLabel l1,l2;
l1=new JLabel("First Label.");
l2=new JLabel("Second Label.");
f.add(l1);
f.add(l2);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output:
3. JTextField
 The object of a JTextField class is a text component that allows the editing of a single line text.
 It inherits JTextComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
class TextFieldExample
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("TextField Example");
JTextField t1,t2;
t1=new JTextField("Welcome to Javatpoint.");
t2=new JTextField("AWT Tutorial");
f.add(t1);
f.add(t2);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}

Output:
4. JTextArea
The object of a JTextArea class is a multi line region that displays text. It allows the editing of multiple line
text. It inherits JTextComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class TextAreaExample
{
TextAreaExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame();
JTextArea area=new JTextArea("Welcome to javatpoint");
f.add(area);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new TextAreaExample();
}

Output
5. JCheckBox
 The JCheckBox class is used to create a checkbox. It is used to turn an option on (true) or off (false).
 Clicking on a CheckBox changes its state from "on" to "off" or from "off" to "on ".It
inherits JToggleButton class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class CheckBoxExample
{
CheckBoxExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("CheckBox Example");
JCheckBox checkBox1 = new JCheckBox("C++");
checkBox1.setBounds(100,100, 50,50);
JCheckBox checkBox2 = new JCheckBox("Java", true);
checkBox2.setBounds(100,150, 50,50);
f.add(checkBox1);
f.add(checkBox2);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new CheckBoxExample();
}
}
Output
6. JRadioButton
 The JRadioButton class is used to create a radio button. It is used to choose one option from multiple
options. It is widely used in exam systems or quiz.
 It should be added in ButtonGroup to select one radio button only.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class RadioButtonExample
{
JFrame f;
RadioButtonExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
JRadioButton r1=new JRadioButton("A) Male");
JRadioButton r2=new JRadioButton("B) Female");
r1.setBounds(75,50,100,30);
ButtonGroup bg=new ButtonGroup();
bg.add(r1);
bg.add(r2);
f.add(r1);
f.add(r2);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new RadioButtonExample();
}
}
Output
7. JComboBox
 The object of Choice class is used to show popup menu of choices.
 Choice selected by user is shown on the top of a menu.
 It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class ComboBoxExample
{
JFrame f;
ComboBoxExample()
{
f=new JFrame("ComboBox Example");
String country[]={"India","Aus","U.S.A","England","Newzealand"};
JComboBox cb=new JComboBox(country);
f.add(cb);
f.setSize(400,500);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new ComboBoxExample();
}
}
Output
8. JTable
 The JTable class is used to display data in tabular form.
 It is composed of rows and columns.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class TableExample
{
JFrame f;
TableExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
String data[][]={ {"101","Amit","670000"}, {"102","Jai","780000"}, {"101","Sachin","700000"}};
String column[]={"ID","NAME","SALARY"};
JTable jt=new JTable(data,column);
JScrollPane sp=new JScrollPane(jt);
f.add(sp);
f.setSize(300,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TableExample();
}
}
Output
9. JList
 The object of JList class represents a list of text items.
 The list of text items can be set up so that the user can choose either one item or multiple items.
 It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class ListExample
{
ListExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame();
DefaultListModel<String> l1 = new DefaultListModel<>();
l1.addElement("Item1");
l1.addElement("Item2");
l1.addElement("Item3");
l1.addElement("Item4");
JList<String> list = new JList<>(l1);
list.setBounds(100,100, 75,75);
f.add(list);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new ListExample();
}
}
Output
10. JScrollBar
 The object of JScrollbar class is used to add horizontal and vertical scrollbar.
 It is an implementation of a scrollbar.
 It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
class ScrollBarExample
{
ScrollBarExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("Scrollbar Example");
JScrollBar s=new JScrollBar();
f.add(s);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new ScrollBarExample();
}
}
Output
11. JMenuBar, JMenu and JMenuItem
 The JMenuBar class is used to display menubar on the window or frame. It may have several menus.
 The object of JMenu class is a pull down menu component which is displayed from the menu bar. It
inherits the JMenuItem class.
 The object of JMenuItem class adds a simple labeled menu item. The items used in a menu must belong
to the JMenuItem or any of its subclass.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
class MenuExample
{
JMenu menu, submenu;
JMenuItem i1, i2, i3, i4, i5;
MenuExample(){
JFrame f= new JFrame("Menu and MenuItem Example");
JMenuBar mb=new JMenuBar();
menu=new JMenu("Menu");
submenu=new JMenu("Sub Menu");
i1=new JMenuItem("Item 1");
i2=new JMenuItem("Item 2");
i3=new JMenuItem("Item 3");
i4=new JMenuItem("Item 4");
i5=new JMenuItem("Item 5");
menu.add(i1); menu.add(i2); menu.add(i3);
submenu.add(i4); submenu.add(i5);
menu.add(submenu);
mb.add(menu);
f.setJMenuBar(mb);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new MenuExample();
}
}
Output:
12. JTree
 The JTree class is used to display the tree structured data or hierarchical data.
 JTree is a complex component. It has a 'root node' at the top most which is a parent for all nodes in the
tree. It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
import javax.swing.tree.DefaultMutableTreeNode;
public class TreeExample
{
JFrame f;
TreeExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
DefaultMutableTreeNode style=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("Style");
DefaultMutableTreeNode color=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("color");
DefaultMutableTreeNode font=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("font");
style.add(color);
style.add(font);
DefaultMutableTreeNode red=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("red");
DefaultMutableTreeNode blue=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("blue");
DefaultMutableTreeNode black=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("black");
DefaultMutableTreeNode green=new DefaultMutableTreeNode("green");
color.add(red); color.add(blue); color.add(black); color.add(green);
JTree jt=new JTree(style);
f.add(jt);
f.setSize(200,200);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TreeExample();
}
}
Output:
13. JPanel
 The JPanel is a simplest container class. It provides space in which an application can attach any other
component.
 It inherits the JComponents class.It doesn't have title bar.
Example
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class PanelExample
{
PanelExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame("Panel Example");
JPanel panel=new JPanel();
panel.setBounds(40,80,200,200);
panel.setBackground(Color.gray);
JButton b1=new JButton("Button 1");
b1.setBounds(50,100,80,30);
b1.setBackground(Color.yellow);
JButton b2=new JButton("Button 2");
b2.setBounds(100,100,80,30);
b2.setBackground(Color.green);
panel.add(b1); panel.add(b2);
f.add(panel);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new PanelExample();
}
}
Output:
14. JTabbedPane
The JTabbedPane class is used to switch between a group of components by clicking on a tab with a given
title or icon. It inherits JComponent class.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
public class TabbedPaneExample
{
JFrame f;
TabbedPaneExample()
{
f=new JFrame();
JTextArea ta=new JTextArea(200,200);
JPanel p1=new JPanel();
p1.add(ta);
JPanel p2=new JPanel();
JPanel p3=new JPanel();
JTabbedPane tp=new JTabbedPane();
tp.setBounds(50,50,200,200);
tp.add("main",p1);
tp.add("visit",p2);
tp.add("help",p3);
f.add(tp);
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new TabbedPaneExample();
}
}
Output:
15. JDialog
 The JDialog control represents a top level window with a border and a title used to take some form of
input from the user. It inherits the Dialog class.
 Unlike JFrame, it doesn't have maximize and minimize buttons.
Example
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class DialogExample
{
private static JDialog d;
DialogExample()
{
JFrame f= new JFrame();
d = new JDialog(f , "Dialog Example", true);
d.setLayout( new FlowLayout() );
JButton b = new JButton ("OK");
b.addActionListener ( new ActionListener()
{
public void actionPerformed( ActionEvent e )
{
DialogExample.d.setVisible(false);
}
});
d.add( new JLabel ("Click button to continue."));
d.add(b);
d.setSize(300,300);
d.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
new DialogExample();
}
}
Output:
16. JScrollPane
A JscrollPane is used to make scrollable view of a component. When screen size is limited, we use a scroll
pane to display a large component or a component whose size can change dynamically.
Example
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JScrollPane;
import javax.swing.JtextArea;
public class JScrollPaneExample
{
private static final long serialVersionUID = 1L;
private static void createAndShowGUI() {
// Create and set up the window.
final JFrame frame = new JFrame("Scroll Pane Example");
// Display the window.
frame.setSize(500, 500);
frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
// set flow layout for the frame
frame.getContentPane().setLayout(new FlowLayout());
JTextArea textArea = new JTextArea(20, 20);
JScrollPane scrollableTextArea = new JScrollPane(textArea);
scrollableTextArea.setHorizontalScrollBarPolicy(JScrollPane.HORIZONTAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS);
scrollableTextArea.setVerticalScrollBarPolicy(JScrollPane.VERTICAL_SCROLLBAR_ALWAYS);
frame.getContentPane().add(scrollableTextArea);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
javax.swing.SwingUtilities.invokeLater(new Runnable()
{
public void run()
{
createAndShowGUI();
}
});
}
}
Output:
 17. JToggleButton
JToggleButton is used to create toggle button, it is two-states button to switch on or off.
Example
import java.awt.FlowLayout;
import java.awt.event.ItemEvent;
import java.awt.event.ItemListener;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
import javax.swing.JToggleButton;
public class JToggleButtonExample extends JFrame implements ItemListener
{
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new JToggleButtonExample();
}
private JToggleButton button;
JToggleButtonExample()
{
setTitle("JToggleButton with ItemListener Example");
setLayout(new FlowLayout());
setJToggleButton();
setAction();
setSize(200, 200);
setVisible(true);
setDefaultCloseOperation(JFrame.EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
private void setJToggleButton()
{
button = new JToggleButton("ON");
add(button);
}
private void setAction()
{
button.addItemListener(this);
}
public void itemStateChanged(ItemEvent eve)
{
if (button.isSelected())
button.setText("OFF");
else
button.setText("ON");
}
}
Output
JAVA LAYOUT MANAGERS
 The Layout Managers are used to arrange components in a particular manner.
 Layout Manager is an interface that is implemented by all the classes of layout managers.
There are following classes that represents the layout managers:
1. BorderLayout
2. FlowLayout
3. GridLayout
4. CardLayout
5. GridBagLayout
BORDERLAYOUT
The BorderLayout is used to arrange the components in five regions: north, south, east, west and center.
Each region (area) may contain one component only. It is the default layout of frame or window.
The BorderLayout provides five constants for each region:
 public static final int NORTH
 public static final int SOUTH
 public static final int EAST
 public static final int WEST
 public static final int CENTER
EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class Border
{
Border()
{
JFrame f=new JFrame();
JButton b1=new JButton("NORTH");;
JButton b2=new JButton("SOUTH");;
JButton b3=new JButton("EAST");;
JButton b4=new JButton("WEST");;
JButton b5=new JButton("CENTER");;
f.add(b1,BorderLayout.NORTH);
f.add(b2,BorderLayout.SOUTH);
f.add(b3,BorderLayout.EAST);
 f.add(b4,BorderLayout.WEST);
f.add(b5,BorderLayout.CENTER);
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new Border();
}
}
Output:

FLOWLAYOUT
 This layout is used to arrange the GUI components in a sequential flow (that means one after another
in horizontal way)
 You can also set flow layout of components like flow from left, flow from right.
FlowLayout Left
Frame f=new Frame();
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.LEFT));
FlowLayout Right
Frame f=new Frame();
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT))
EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class MyFlowLayout
{
MyFlowLayout()
{
JFrame f=new JFrame();
JButton b1=new JButton("1");
JButton b2=new JButton("2");
JButton b3=new JButton("3");
JButton b4=new JButton("4");
JButton b5=new JButton("5");
f.add(b1);
f.add(b2);
f.add(b3);
f.add(b4);
f.add(b5);
f.setLayout(new FlowLayout(FlowLayout.RIGHT));
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new MyFlowLayout();
}
}
Output:
GRIDLAYOUT
This layout is used to arrange the GUI components in the table format.
EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class MyGridLayout
{
MyGridLayout()
{
JFrame f=new JFrame();
JButton b1=new JButton("1");
JButton b2=new JButton("2");
JButton b3=new JButton("3");
JButton b4=new JButton("4");
JButton b5=new JButton("5");
JButton b6=new JButton("6");
JButton b7=new JButton("7");
JButton b8=new JButton("8");
JButton b9=new JButton("9");
f.add(b1);
f.add(b2);
f.add(b3);
f.add(b4);
f.add(b5);
f.add(b6);
f.add(b7);
f.add(b8);
f.add(b9);
f.setLayout(new GridLayout(3,3));
f.setSize(300,300);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new MyGridLayout();
}
}
Output
CARDLAYOUT
The CardLayout class manages the components in such a manner that only one component is visible at a
time. It treats each component as a card that is why it is known as CardLayout.
Commonly used methods of CardLayout class
1. public void next(Container parent): is used to flip to the next card of the given container.
2. public void previous(Container parent): is used to flip to the previous card of the given container.
3. public void first(Container parent): is used to flip to the first card of the given container.
4. public void last(Container parent): is used to flip to the last card of the given container.
5. public void show(Container parent, String name): is used to flip to the specified card with the given
name.
EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
import javax.swing.*;
public class CardLayoutExample extends JFrame implements ActionListener
{
CardLayout card;
JButton b1,b2,b3;
Container c;
CardLayoutExample()
{
c=getContentPane();
card=new CardLayout(40,30);
//create CardLayout object with 40 hor space and 30 ver space
c.setLayout(card);
b1=new JButton("Apple");
b2=new JButton("Boy");
b3=new JButton("Cat");
b1.addActionListener(this);
b2.addActionListener(this);
b3.addActionListener(this);
c.add("a",b1);
c.add("b",b2);
 c.add("c",b3);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
card.next(c);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
CardLayoutExample cl=new CardLayoutExample();
cl.setSize(400,400);
cl.setVisible(true);
cl.setDefaultCloseOperation(EXIT_ON_CLOSE);
}
}
Output:
EVENT HANDLING
 In general we can not perform any operation on dummy GUI screen even any button click or select
any item.
 To perform some operation on these dummy GUI screen you need some predefined classes and
interfaces.
 All these type of classes and interfaces are available in java.awt.event package.
 Changing the state of an object is known as an event.
 The process of handling the request in GUI screen is known as event handling (event represent an
action). It will be changes component to component.
Note: In event handling mechanism event represent an action class and Listener represent an interface.
Listener interface always contains abstract methods so here you need to write your own logic.
DELEGATION EVENT MODEL IN JAVA
 The Delegation Event model is defined to handle events in GUI programming languages.
 The GUI stands for Graphical User Interface, where a user graphically/visually interacts with the
system.
 The GUI programming is inherently event-driven; whenever a user initiates an activity such as a
mouse activity, clicks, scrolling, etc., each is known as an event that is mapped to a code to respond to
functionality to the user. This is known as event handling.
The below image demonstrates the event processing.

 In this model, a source generates an event and forwards it to one or more listeners.
 The listener waits until it receives an event. Once it receives the event, it is processed by the listener
and returns it.
Basically, an Event Model is based on the following three components:
 Events
 Events Sources
 Events Listeners
EVENTS
 The Events are the objects that define state change in a source.
 An event can be generated as a reaction of a user while interacting with GUI elements.
 Some of the event generation activities are moving the mouse pointer, clicking on a button, pressing
the keyboard key, selecting an item from the list, and so on.
 We can also consider many other user operations as events.
EVENT SOURCES
 A source is an object that causes and generates an event.
 It generates an event when the internal state of the object is changed.
 The sources are allowed to generate several different types of events.
 A source must register a listener to receive notifications for a specific event.
 Each event contains its registration method. Below is an example:
Syntax
public void addTypeListener (TypeListener e1)
 From the above syntax, the Type is the name of the event, and e1 is a reference to the event listener.
 For example, for a keyboard event listener, the method will be called as addKeyListener().
 For the mouse event listener, the method will be called as addMouseMotionListener().
 When an event is triggered using the respected source, all the events will be notified to registered
listeners and receive the event object.
 This process is known as event multicasting.
EVENT LISTENERS
 It is also known as event handler.
 Listener is responsible for generating response to an event.
 From java implementation point of view the listener is also an object.
 Listener waits until it receives an event.
 Once the event is received, the listener process the event and then returns.
EVENT CLASSES AND LISTENER INTERFACES

Event Classes Description Listener Interface

generated when button is pressed, menu- ActionListener

ActionEvent
item is selected, list-item is double clicked

generated when mouse is dragged, MouseListener

MouseEvent moved,clicked,pressed or released and also
when it enters or exit a component

generated when input is received from KeyListener

KeyEvent
keyboard

generated when check-box or list item is ItemListener

ItemEvent
clicked

generated when value of textarea or TextListener

TextEvent
textfield is changed

MouseWheelEvent generated when mouse wheel is moved MouseWheelListener

generated when window is activated, WindowListener

WindowEvent deactivated, deiconified, iconified, opened
or closed

generated when component is ComponentEventListener

ComponentEvent
hidden,moved,resized orset visible

generated when component is added or ContainerListener

ContainerEvent
removed from container

AdjustmentEvent generated when scroll bar is manipulated AdjustmentListener

generated when component gains or loses FocusListener

FocusEvent
keyboard focus
REGISTRATION METHODS
For registering the component with the Listener, many classes provide the registration methods.
Button
public void addActionListener(ActionListener a)
{
}
MenuItem
public void addActionListener(ActionListener a)
{
}
TextField
public void addActionListener(ActionListener a)
{
}
public void addTextListener(TextListener a)
{
}
TextArea
public void addTextListener(TextListener a)
{
}
Checkbox
public void addItemListener(ItemListener a)
{
}
Choice
public void addItemListener(ItemListener a)
{
}
List
public void addActionListener(ActionListener a)
{
}
public void addItemListener(ItemListener a)
{
}
STEPS TO PERFORM EVENT HANDLING
Following steps are required to perform event handling:
 Implement the Listener interface and overrides its methods

 Register the component with the Listener

 The User clicks the button and the event is generated.

 Now the object of concerned event class is created automatically and information about the source

and the event get populated with in same object.

 Event object is forwarded to the method of registered listener class.

 The method is now get executed and returns.

Syntax to Handle the Event

class className implements XXXListener
{
.......
.......
}
addcomponentobject.addXXXListener(this);
.......
// override abstract method of given interface and write proper logic
public void methodName(XXXEvent e)
{
.......
.......
}
.......
}
EVENT HANDLING FOR MOUSE
For handling event for mouse you need MouseEvent class and MouseListener interface.

GUI Component Event class Listener Interface

Mouse MouseEvent MouseListener

The Java MouseListener is notified whenever you change the state of mouse. It is notified against
MouseEvent. The MouseListener interface is found in java.awt.event package. It has five methods.
Methods of MouseListener interface
The signature of 5 methods found in MouseListener interface are given below:
1. public abstract void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e);
2. public abstract void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e);
3. public abstract void mouseExited(MouseEvent e);
4. public abstract void mousePressed(MouseEvent e);
5. public abstract void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e);
Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class MouseListenerExample extends Frame implements MouseListener
{
Label l;
MouseListenerExample()
{
addMouseListener(this);
l=new Label();
add(l);
setSize(300,300);
setVisible(true);
}
public void mouseClicked(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Clicked");
}
public void mouseEntered(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Entered");
}
public void mouseExited(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Exited");
}
public void mousePressed(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Pressed");
}
public void mouseReleased(MouseEvent e)
{
l.setText("Mouse Released");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new MouseListenerExample();
}
}
Output:
EVENT HANDLING FOR KEYBOARD
The Java KeyListener is notified whenever you change the state of key. It is notified against KeyEvent. The
KeyListener interface is found in java.awt.event package. It has three methods.
Methods of KeyListener interface
1. public abstract void keyPressed(KeyEvent e);
2. public abstract void keyReleased(KeyEvent e);
3. public abstract void keyTyped(KeyEvent e);
EXAMPLE
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class KeyListenerExample extends Frame implements KeyListener
{
Label l;
TextArea area;
KeyListenerExample()
{
l=new Label();
l.setBounds(20,50,100,20);
area=new TextArea();
area.setBounds(20,80,300, 300);
area.addKeyListener(this);
add(l);
add(area);
setSize(400,400);
setLayout(null);
setVisible(true);
}
public void keyPressed(KeyEvent e)
{
l.setText("Key Pressed");
}
public void keyReleased(KeyEvent e)
{
 l.setText("Key Released");
}
public void keyTyped(KeyEvent e)
{
l.setText("Key Typed");
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new KeyListenerExample();
}
}
Output:
ADAPTER CLASSES
 In a program, when a listener has many abstract methods to override, it becomes complex for the
programmer to override all of them.
 For example, for closing a frame, we must override seven abstract methods of WindowListener, but
we need only one method of them.
 For reducing complexity, Java provides a class known as "adapters" or adapter class.
 Adapters are abstract classes, that are already being overriden.

Adapter class Listener interface

WindowAdapter WindowListener

KeyAdapter KeyListener

MouseAdapter MouseListener

MouseMotionAdapter MouseMotionListener

FocusAdapter FocusListener

ComponentAdapter ComponentListener

ContainerAdapter ContainerListener

HierarchyBoundsAdapter HierarchyBoundsListener
Java WindowAdapter Example
import java.awt.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class AdapterExample
{
Frame f;
AdapterExample()
{
f=new Frame("Window Adapter");
f.addWindowListener(new WindowAdapter()
{
public void windowClosing(WindowEvent e)
{
f.dispose();
}
});
f.setSize(400,400);
f.setVisible(true);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
new AdapterExample();
}
}
INNER CLASSES
 Inner class means one class which is a member of another class.
 We use inner classes to logically group classes and interfaces in one place so that it can be more
readable and maintainable.
Syntax of Inner class
class Outer_class
{
//code
class Inner_class
{
//code
}
}
Types of Inner classes
There are four types of inner classes.
1. Member Inner class
2. Local inner classes
3. Anonymous inner classes
4. Static nested classes
1. MEMBER INNER CLASS
A non-static class that is created inside a class but outside a method is called member inner class.
Syntax:
class Outer
{
//code
class Inner
{
//code
}
}
Example
class TestMemberOuter
{
private int data=30;
class Inner
{
void msg()
{
System.out.println("data is "+data);
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
TestMemberOuter obj=new TestMemberOuter();
TestMemberOuter.Inner in=obj.new Inner();
in.msg();
}
}
2. ANONYMOUS INNER CLASS
 In Java, a class can contain another class known as nested class. It's possible to create a nested class
without giving any name.
 A nested class that doesn't have any name is known as an anonymous class.
 An anonymous class must be defined inside another class. Hence, it is also known as an anonymous
inner class.
Example
abstract class Person
{
abstract void eat();
}
class TestAnonymousInner
{
public static void main(String args[])
{
 Person p=new Person()
{
void eat()
{
System.out.println("nice fruits");
}
};
p.eat();
}
}
3. LOCAL INNER CLASS
 A class i.e. created inside a method is called local inner class in java.
 If you want to invoke the methods of local inner class, you must instantiate this class inside the
method.
Example
public class localInner
{
private int data=30;
void display()
{
class Local
{
void msg()
{
System.out.println(data);
}
}
Local l=new Local();
l.msg();
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
localInner obj=new localInner();
obj.display();
}
}
4. STATIC NESTED CLASS
 A static class i.e. created inside a class is called static nested class in java. It cannot access non-static
data members and methods. It can be accessed by outer class name.
 It can access static data members of outer class including private.
 Static nested class cannot access non-static (instance) data member or method.
Example
class TestOuter
{
static int data=30;
static class Inner
{
void msg()
{
System.out.println("data is "+data);
}
}
public static void main(String args[])
{
TestOuter.Inner obj=new TestOuter.Inner();
obj.msg();
}
}
In this example, you need to create the instance of static nested class because it has instance method
msg(). But you don't need to create the object of Outer class because nested class is static and static
properties, methods or classes can be accessed without object.
JAVA APPLET
Applet is a special type of program that is embedded in the webpage to generate the dynamic content. It
runs inside the browser and works at client side.
Advantages of Applet
 It works at client side so less response time.
 Secured
 It can be executed by browsers running under many platforms, including Linux, Windows, Mac Os
etc.
Drawback of Applet
 Plugin is required at client browser to execute applet.
HIERARCHY OF APPLET

As displayed in the above diagram, Applet class extends Panel. Panel class extends Container which is the
subclass of Component.
LIFECYCLE OF JAVA APPLET
1. Applet is initialized.
2. Applet is started.
3. Applet is painted.
4. Applet is stopped.
5. Applet is destroyed.
Lifecycle methods for Applet
The java.applet.Applet class provides 4 life cycle methods and java.awt.Component class provides 1 life
cycle method for an applet.
java.applet.Applet class
For creating any applet java.applet.Applet class must be inherited. It provides 4 life cycle methods of
applet.
1. public void init(): is used to initialized the Applet. It is invoked only once.
2. public void start(): is invoked after the init() method or browser is maximized. It is used to start
the Applet.
3. public void stop(): is used to stop the Applet. It is invoked when Applet is stop or browser is
minimized.
4. public void destroy(): is used to destroy the Applet. It is invoked only once.
java.awt.Component class
The Component class provides 1 life cycle method of applet.
1. public void paint(Graphics g): is used to paint the Applet. It provides Graphics class object that
can be used for drawing oval, rectangle, arc etc.
How to run an Applet?
There are two ways to run an applet
1. By html file.
2. By appletViewer tool (for testing purpose).
Simple example of Applet by html file:
To execute the applet by html file, create an applet and compile it. After that create an html file and place
the applet code in html file. Now click the html file.
Example
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class First extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("A simple Applet",20,20);
}
}
myapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
Output

Simple example of Applet by appletviewer tool:

To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, create an applet that contains applet tag in comment and
compile it. After that run it by: appletviewer First.java. Now Html file is not required but it is for testing
purpose only.
Example
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class First extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("welcome to applet",150,150);
}
}
/*
<applet code="First.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
*/
To execute the applet by appletviewer tool, write in command prompt:
c:\>javac First.java
c:\>appletviewer First.java
PARAMETER IN APPLET
We can get any information from the HTML file as a parameter. For this purpose, Applet class provides a
method named getParameter().
Syntax:
public String getParameter(String parameterName)
Example of using parameter in Applet:
import java.applet.Applet;
import java.awt.Graphics;
public class UseParam extends Applet
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
String str=getParameter("msg");
g.drawString(str,50, 50);
}
}
myapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="UseParam.class" width="300" height="300">
<param name="msg" value="Welcome to applet">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
APPLETS AND APPLICATIONS

Java Application Java Applet

Applications are just like a Java programs Applets are small Java programs that are designed to
that can be execute independently without be included with the HTML web document. They
using the web browser. require a Java-enabled web browser for execution.

Application program requires a main Applet does not require a main function for its
function for its execution. execution.

Java application programs have the full

access to the local file system and network. Applets don’t have local disk and network access.

Applications can access all kinds of Applets can only access the browser specific services.
resources available on the system. They don’t have access to the local system.

Applications can executes the programs Applets cannot execute programs from the local
from the local system. machine.

An application program is needed to An applet program is needed to perform small tasks or

perform some task directly for the user. the part of it.

CREATING A SWING APPLET

 So far, we have created the applets based on AWT(Abstract Window Toolkit) by extending
the Applet class of the awt package.
 We can even create applets based on the Swing package.
 In order to create such applets, we must extend JApplet class of the swing package. JApplet
extends Applet class, hence all the features of Applet class are available in JApplet as well,
including JApplet's own Swing based features.
 Swing applets provides an easier to use user interface than AWT applets.
Example
import java.applet.*;
import javax.swing.*;
import java.awt.event.*;
public class EventJApplet extends JApplet implements ActionListener
{
JButton b;
JTextField tf;
public void init()
{
tf=new JTextField();
tf.setBounds(30,40,150,20);
b=new JButton("Click");
b.setBounds(80,150,70,40);
add(b);add(tf);
b.addActionListener(this);
setLayout(null);
}
public void actionPerformed(ActionEvent e)
{
tf.setText("Welcome");
}
}
In the above example, we have created all the controls in init() method because it is invoked only
once.
myapplet.html
<html>
<body>
<applet code="EventJApplet.class" width="300" height="300">
</applet>
</body>
</html>
PAINTING IN SWING
java.awt.Graphics class provides many methods for graphics programming.
Commonly used methods of Graphics class
1. public abstract void drawString(String str, int x, int y): is used to draw the specified
string.
2. public void drawRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): draws a rectangle with the
specified width and height.
3. public abstract void fillRect(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to fill rectangle
with the default color and specified width and height.
4. public abstract void drawOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to draw oval
with the specified width and height.
5. public abstract void fillOval(int x, int y, int width, int height): is used to fill oval with
the default color and specified width and height.
6. public abstract void drawLine(int x1, int y1, int x2, int y2): is used to draw line
between the points(x1, y1) and (x2, y2).
7. public abstract boolean drawImage(Image img, int x, int y, ImageObserver
observer): is used draw the specified image.
8. public abstract void drawArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int
arcAngle): is used draw a circular or elliptical arc.
9. public abstract void fillArc(int x, int y, int width, int height, int startAngle, int
arcAngle): is used to fill a circular or elliptical arc.
10. public abstract void setColor(Color c): is used to set the graphics current color to the
specified color.
11. public abstract void setFont(Font font): is used to set the graphics current font to the
specified font.
Example
import java.awt.*;
import javax.swing.JFrame;
public class DisplayGraphics extends Canvas
{
public void paint(Graphics g)
{
g.drawString("Hello",40,40);
setBackground(Color.WHITE);
g.fillRect(130, 30,100, 80);
g.drawOval(30,130,50, 60);
setForeground(Color.RED);
g.fillOval(130,130,50, 60);
g.drawArc(30, 200, 40,50,90,60);
g.fillArc(30, 130, 40,50,180,40);
}
public static void main(String[] args)
{
DisplayGraphics m=new DisplayGraphics();
JFrame f=new JFrame();
f.add(m);
f.setSize(400,400);
//f.setLayout(null);
f.setVisible(true);
}
}
Output: