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Rfid

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Bhumika Reddy
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40 views19 pages

Rfid

Uploaded by

Bhumika Reddy
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RFID

Radio frequency identification


Radio frequency identification. RFID is a
Technology. which is working on radio
frequency of radio waves. so this technology
is used to Identifying, and Tracking.
radio waves for the automatic recognition of
people and objects; the RFID has the
components like READER, RF tags, and
controllers.
RFID (radio frequency identification) is a form
of wireless communication that incorporates the use of
electromagnetic or electrostatic coupling in the radio frequency
portion of the electromagnetic spectrum to uniquely identify an
object, animal or person.
RFID system consists of three components: a
scanning antenna, a transceiver and a transponder. When the
scanning antenna and transceiver are combined, they are
referred to as an RFID reader or interrogator.
There are two types of RFID readers -- fixed readers and
mobile readers. The RFID reader is a network-connected
device that can be portable or permanently attached. It uses
radio waves to transmit signals that activate the tag. Once
activated, the tag sends a wave back to the antenna, where it
is translated into data.
Specification of RFID Reader
Frequency: Operating frequency is one of the specifications of the
RFID reader.
Frequency Band Range Data Rate

LF: 120–150 kHz 10 cm Low

HF: 13.56 MHz 0.1–1 m Low to moderate

UHF: 433 MHz 1–100 m Moderate

UHF: 865–868 MHz 1–12 m Moderate to


high
902–928 MHz

microwave: 2450– 1–2 m High


5800 MHz
microwave: 3.1–10 GHz up to 200 m High
The transponder is in the RFID tag itself. RFID tags are
made up of an integrated circuit (IC), an antenna and a
substrate. The tag contains a transponder with a digital
memory chip that is given a unique electronic product code.
There are two main types of RFID tags:
Active RFID. An active RFID tag has its own power source,
often a battery.
Passive RFID. A passive RFID tag receives its power from
the reading antenna, whose electromagnetic wave induces a
current in the RFID tag's antenna.
There are also semi-passive RFID tags, meaning a battery
runs the circuitry while communication is powered by the
RFID reader
Active RFID tags have a longer read range than passive
RFID tags due to the stronger power source
There are three main types of RFID systems: low
frequency (LF), high frequency (HF) and ultra-high
frequency (UHF). Microwave RFID is also available.
Frequencies vary greatly by country and region.
Low-frequency RFID systems. These range from
30 KHzto 500 KHz, though the typical frequency is 125
KHz. LF RFID has short transmission ranges, generally
anywhere from a few inches to less than six feet.
High-frequency RFID system These range from
3 MHzto 30 MHz, with the typical HF frequency being
13.56 MHz. The standard range is anywhere from a few
inches to several feet.
UHF RFID systems. These range from 300 MHz to 960
MHz, with the typical frequency of 433 MHz and can
generally be read from 25-plus feet away.
Microwave RFID systems. These run at 2.45 Ghzand
can be read from 30-plus feet away.
Antenna
RFID antennas are designed to operate at a specific
frequency for each applications in which it operates.
These antennas are often mounted on the RFID reader
and easily accessible for tags to tap on it.
How RFID works?
RFID technology works based on the principle of inductive
coupling which include a source antenna and receiver antenna.
Each RFID tag will have a microchip which contains a unique
identification number, model, manufacturing date, expiry date,
access information etc.…

RFID reading is a process of accessing information of a tag using


a reader. When the user initiates a scanning, the tags are placed
near the RFID reader or vice versa.

RFID reader sends radio frequency signals using it’s antenna,


small coils embedded on the RFID tag pick up the signal from the
reader and activate the tag (in passive tags) by powering it.

Once the tag is activated, it starts to transmit data back to the


reader using the same antenna coils using inductive coupling
(backscatter coupling) method.
RFID tags Barcodes

1 Can identify individual objects Direct line of sight required for


without direct line of sight. scanning.

2 Can scan items from inches to feet Require closer proximity for scanning.
away, depending on type of tag and
reader.

3 Data can be updated in real time. Data is read-only and can't be changed.

4 Require a power source. No power source needed.

5 Read time is less than 100 Read time is half a second or more per
milliseconds per tag. tag.
6 Contain a sensor attached to an Printed on the outside of an object and
antenna, often contained in a plastic more subject to wear.
cover and more costly than barcodes.
RFID challenges
RFID is prone to two main issues:
Reader collision. Reader collision, when a signal from one
RFID reader interferes with a second reader, can be
prevented by using an anti-collision protocol to make RFID
tags take turns transmitting to their appropriate reader.
Tag collision. Tag collision occurs when too many tags
confuse an RFID reader by transmitting data at the same
time. Choosing a reader that gathers tag info one at a time
will prevent this issue.
RFID Features:
The following are the key features of RFID:
No line-of-sight: To read or write RFID tags doesn’t
require line of sight.
Robust: Because RFID systems do not need to be visible,
they can be encased within rugged material protecting them
from the environment in which they are being used. This
means they can be used in harsh fluid and chemical
environments and rough handling situations.
Read speed: Tags can be read from significant distances
and can also be read very quickly - for example, on a
conveyor.
Reading multiple items: A number of tagged items
can be read at the same time within an RF field. This
cannot be done easily with visual identifiers.
Security: Because tags can be enclosed, they are
much more difficult to tamper with. A number of tag
types now also come programmed with a unique
identifier (serial identification) which is guaranteed
to be unique throughout the world.
Programmability: Many tags are read/write
capable, rather than read only. This means that
information can be written to the tag.
RFID Applications:
i. Automotive
ii. Animal tracking
iii.Assets tracking
iv. Contactless commerce
v. Supply chain
vi. Replacement for bar codes
vii.Retail and Supply Chain
viii.Access control
ix. Medical and hospital
x. Logistics and shipping
xi. Automation of manufacturing
xii.Toll gate systems / Electronic Road Pricing
Advantages of RFID technology
•Cost effective solution compared to other technologies
•Does not requires direct line of sight to operate
•RFID readers can read hundreds of tags simultaneously
within seconds
•RFID tags can be rewritten and easily reused
•Data from tags can be encrypted for enhanced security
•Tags can store more information than just basic
product information (serial number, lot number
manufacturing date, expiry, and website URL etc…)
•RFID systems can be integrated with other existing
systems
•RFID technology is easily scalable and easy to
implement
Limitations of RFID technology
•Signals from the RFID reader can be blocked by
metal surface, liquids and thick materials.
•Higher implementation cost compared to barcode
scanners
•Accuracy is affected due to signal quality (any
obstruction could cause error in data)
•Implementation is more complex than barcode
system

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