1.

What will be (a) the gauge pressure, (b) the absolute pressure of water at a depth of
12 m below the free surface? Assume the density of water to be 1000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3 and
the
atmospheric pressure 101 𝑘𝑁 𝑚−2
Solution
𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝑔 = 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2
ℎ = 12 𝑚

Pressure variation with height is given by;

𝒑𝟐 − 𝒑𝟏 = 𝝆𝒈𝒉
Taking the free surface as datum point 1 then, 𝑝1 =
0 𝑁𝑚−2
𝑝2 = 1000𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 × 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2 × (12 𝑚) = 𝟏𝟏𝟕. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵𝒎−2

Absolute pressure = Gauge pressure +Atmospheric pressure.

𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 117720 𝑁𝑚−2,
𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 101000 𝑁𝑚−2
𝑃𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 117720 𝑁𝑚−2 + 101000 𝑁𝑚−2 = 𝟐𝟏𝟖. 𝟕𝟐 𝒌𝑵𝒎−2

2. What depth of oil, specific gravity 0.8, will produce a pressure of 120 𝑘𝑁 𝑚−2? What
would be the corresponding depth of water?

Solution

𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙
𝑆𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 =
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙
0.8 =
1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.8 × 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 = 800 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

a) Pressure variation with height is given by;

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 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

120 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2 = 800 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 × 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2 × ℎ

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟓. 𝟑 𝒎

b) Similarly,

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

120 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 × 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2 × ℎ

𝒉 = 𝟏𝟐. 𝟐 𝒎

3. What would be the pressure in kilo-newtons per square metre if the equivalent head
is measured as 400 mm of (a) mercury of specific gravity 13.6, (b) water, (c) oil of
specific weight 7.9 kN m-3, (d ) a liquid of density =20 kg m-3?

Solution

For each of the following :

a) 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟 = 13.6 × 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 = 13600𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

𝑃 = 13600𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 × 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2 × 400 × 10−3 𝑚 = 53.4 kNm−2

b) Here 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

𝑃 = 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 × 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2 × 400 × 10−3 𝑚 = 𝟑. 𝟗𝟐 𝐤𝐍𝐦−𝟐

c) Here 𝜔 = 𝜌𝑔 = 7.9 × 103 𝑁 𝑚−3

𝑃 = 7.9 × 103 𝑁 𝑚−3 × 400 × 10−3 𝑚 = 𝟑. 𝟏𝟔 𝒌𝑵𝒎−𝟐

d) Here 𝜌 = 520 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

𝑃 = 520 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 × 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2 × 400 × 10−3 𝑚 = 𝟐. 𝟎𝟒 kNm−2

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 4. A mass of 50 kg acts on a piston of area 100 cm2. What is the intensity of pressure on
the water in contact with the underside of the piston, if the piston is in equilibrium?
Solution

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔 = 50 × 9.81 = 490.5 𝑁

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 490.5 𝑁
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = = 𝟒. 𝟗𝟎𝟓 × 𝟏𝟎𝟒 𝑵𝒎−𝟐
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 100 × 10−6 𝑚2
5. A manometer connected to a pipe in which a fluid is flowing indicates a negative
gauge pressure head of 50mm of mercury. What is the absolute pressure in the pipe
in newtons per square metre if the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar?
Solution
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑃 = 13600 × 9.81 × (−50 × 10−3 ) = −6671 𝑁𝑚−2

𝑃𝐴𝑏𝑠 = −6671 𝑁𝑚−2 + 101000 𝑁𝑚−2 = 𝟗𝟑. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎−2

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 6. An open tank contains oil of specific gravity 0.75 on top of water. If the depth of oil is
2 m and the depth of water 3 m, calculate the gauge and absolute pressures at the
bottom of the tank when the atmospheric pressure is 1 bar.
Solution

Pressure at base = pressure of air + pressure of oil + pressure of water (all gauge)
𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑜𝑖𝑙 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (0.75 × 1000 × 9.81 × 2) + (1000 × 9.81 × 3) = 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

𝑃𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

= 𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2 + 100 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2 = 𝟏𝟒𝟒. 𝟏𝟒𝟓𝒌𝑵𝒎−𝟐

7. A closed tank contains 0.5 m of mercury, 2 m of water, 3 m of oil of density

600 𝑘𝑔 𝑚−3 and there is an air space above the oil. If the gauge pressure at the
bottom of the tank is 200 kN m-2, what is the pressure of the air at the top of the
tank?
Solution

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 𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑜𝑖𝑙

𝟐𝟎𝟎 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 + (13600 × 9.81 × 0.5) + (1000 × 9.81 × 2) + (600 × 9.81 × 2)

𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 96𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

8. An inverted cone 1 m high and open at the top contains water to half its height, the
remainder being filled with oil of specific gravity 0.9. If half the volume of water is
drained away find the pressure at the bottom (apex) of the inverted cone
Solution
If half this water is drained, then assume the remaining half fills a new cone with
dimensions 𝑟2 and ℎ2 .

1 1 1
× ( 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ1 ) = 𝜋𝑟22 ℎ2
2 3 3
1 2
𝑟 ℎ = 𝑟22 ℎ2
2 1 1
1 2
𝑟1 (0.5) = 𝑟22 ℎ2
2
𝑟1 2
0.25 ( ) = ℎ2
𝑟2
Due to similarity:
𝑟1 𝑟2
=
ℎ1 ℎ2
𝑟1 ℎ1
=
𝑟2 ℎ2

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 𝑟1 2 ℎ1 2
0.25 ( ) = ℎ2 ⇒ 0.25 ( ) = ℎ2
𝑟2 ℎ2

0.5 2
0.25 ( ) = ℎ2
ℎ2

0.0625
= ℎ2
ℎ22

ℎ23 = 0.0625

ℎ2 = 0.397

Before the pressure on the base of the cone can be calculated, the remaining height of oil
must be known. If the total volume before draining equals:

1 2
𝑉= 𝜋𝑅 𝐻
3

Then the total volume of oil and water after draining equals:

1 1 1 1
𝑉𝑜𝑖𝑙&𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻 − × ( 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ1 ) = 𝜋𝑟32 ℎ3
3 2 3 3

Substituting for 𝒉𝟏 and H, and from similarity

𝑟1 𝑅 𝑟1 𝑅
= ⇒ =
ℎ1 𝐻 0.5 1

2𝑟1 = 𝑅

𝑟3 𝑅
=
ℎ3 𝐻

𝑟3 2𝑟1
=
ℎ3 1

𝑟3
= 2ℎ3
𝑟1

1 2 1 1 1
𝜋𝑅 𝐻 − × ( 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ1 ) = 𝜋𝑟32 ℎ3
3 2 3 3

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 1 1 1 1
𝜋(2𝑟1 )2 − × ( 𝜋𝑟12 × 0.5) = 𝜋(2ℎ3 𝑟3 )2 ℎ3
3 2 3 3

4 2 1 4
𝜋𝑟1 − 𝜋𝑟12 = 𝜋𝑟12 ℎ33
3 12 3

15 4 3
= ℎ
12 3 3

15
= ℎ33
16

ℎ3 = 0.979 𝑚

But this is the combined height i.e.

ℎ𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 + ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

0.979 = ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 0.397

ℎ𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 0.582 𝑚

Pressure at base

𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑜𝑖𝑙 + (𝜌𝑔ℎ)𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = (1000 × 9.81 × 0.397) + (0.9 × 1000 × 0.582) = 9033 𝑁𝑚−2

9. A hydraulic press has a diameter ratio between the two pistons of 8:1. The diameter
of the larger piston is 600 mm and it is required to support a mass of 3500 kg. The
press is filled with a hydraulic fluid of specific gravity 0.8. Calculate the force
required on the smaller piston to provide the required force (a) when the two
pistons are level, (b) when the smaller piston is 2.6 m below the larger piston.
Solution
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋𝑟 2 =𝐴𝐿 = 𝜋 × 0.32 = 0.283 𝑚2
0.3 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋𝑟 2 =𝐴𝑠 = 𝜋 × ( 8 ) = 0.004418 𝑚2

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 If the mass supported by the larger piston is 3500 kg, then the force on the larger
area is given by : 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔 = 3500 × 9.81 = 34335 𝑁
Since
𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 =
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎

34335 N
𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = = 121.33 kNm−2
0.283 𝑚2

This is transmitted to the smaller piston with no difference in height, hence p is

unchanged

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑝 × 𝐴𝑠 = 121.33 × 103 × 0.004418 = 536 𝑁

If the smaller piston is 2.6 m below the larger piston, then the additional pressure
on the smaller area is given by

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ

𝑃 = 0.8 × 1000 × 9.81 × 2.6 = 20.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

Since this is in addition to the 121.33 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2 , the total pressure is :
𝑝𝑇𝑂𝑇𝐴𝐿 = 121.33 + 20.4 𝑘𝑁𝑚−𝟐 = 141.73 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2
This pressure is applied over the small area, hence the force can be found from

𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑝 × 𝐴𝑠 = 141.73 × 103 × 0.004418 = 626.2 𝑁

10. A cylinder contains a fluid at a gauge pressure of 360 kN/m2. Express this pressure
in terms of a head of (a) water, and (b) mercury of sp gr = 13.6 What would be the
absolute pressure in the cylinder if atmospheric pressure is 760mm Hg.
Solution

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (𝑃) = 360 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 = 360 × 103 𝑁/𝑚2

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 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑖𝑛 𝑎 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑔𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑛 𝑎𝑠

𝑃
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ ⇒ ℎ =
𝜌𝑔

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 (𝜌 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3 )

360 × 103
ℎ= = 36.7 𝑚
1000 × 9.81

𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

360 × 103
ℎ= = 2.7 𝑚
13.6 × 1000 × 9.81

𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 (ℎ) = 760 𝑚𝑚ℎ𝑔 = 0.76𝑚 ℎ𝑔

𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔ℎ = 13.6 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.76 𝑚 = 101.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 360 + 101.3 = 461.3 kNm−2

11. A U-tube manometer similar to that shown in Figure Q2 is used to measure the
gauge pressure of a fluid P of density ρ = 1000 kg/m3 . If the density of the liquid Q
is 13.6 × 103 kg/m3, what will be the gauge pressure at A if ℎ1 = 0.15 𝑚 and ℎ2 =
0.25 𝑚 above BC. 𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 101.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

Figure Q2

Solution

Considering pressure equality at points C and B

𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐵 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝐶

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 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝜌𝑝 𝑔ℎ1 − 𝜌𝑄 𝑔ℎ2

= (101.3 × 103 ) − (1000 × 9.81 × 0.15) − (13600 × 9.81 × 0.15)

= 70.84 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

12. An open cylindrical vertical container is filled with mercury to a height h1 from the
bottom of the tank. Olive oil of specific gravity S is poured over the top of the
mercury to a height h2 . Water of density 1000 kgm−3 is poured over the olive oil so
that the water column has a height h3 and fuel oil of relative density 0.9 is poured
over the water column. The height of the column of fuel oil in the cylinder is h4 . The
absolute pressure at the bottom of the tank is estimated to be 233.5 kNm−2.
Compute the relative density of olive oil given that h1 = 0.4 m, h2 = 2.9 m, h3 =
2.5 m and h4 = 1.5 𝑚.
𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 101.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

Solution

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 233.5 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2

𝐴𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 101.3 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2

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 𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝑃𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 + 𝑃𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑜𝑖𝑙 + 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

𝑃𝑎𝑏𝑠 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 1000𝑔[0.9ℎ4 + ℎ3 + 𝑆ℎ2 + 13.6ℎ1 ]

233.5 × 103 = 101.3 × 103 + (1000 × 9.81)[(0.9 × 1.5) + 2.5 + 2.9𝑆 + (13.6 × 0.4)]

132.2 × 103 = (1000 × 9.81)[(0.9 × 1.5) + 2.5 + 2.9𝑆 + (13.6 × 0.4)]

13.476 = 1.35 + 2.5 + 2.9𝑆 + 5.44

13.476 = 9.29 + 2.9𝑆

𝑆 = 1.44

13. A hydraulic press has a ram of 125 mm diameter and a plunger of 12.5 mm
diameter. What force is required on the plunger to raise a load of 1000 kg on the
ram? If the plunger had a stroke of 250 mm, how many strokes will be necessary to
lift the weight 1m? Neglecting losses and assuming that the weight moves
continuously, what power will be required to drive the plunger if the weight is lifted
in 12 minutes?
Solution

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 𝐷 = 0.125 𝑚

𝐷𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 𝑑 = 0.0125 𝑚

𝑆𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 0.25 𝑚

𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑜𝑢𝑔ℎ 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑖𝑠 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 = 𝑥 = 1 𝑚

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 𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 𝐴1 = 𝐷 = × 0.1252 = 122.7 × 10−4 𝑚2
4 4

𝜋 2 𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 𝐴2 = 𝑑 = × 0.01252 = 1.227 × 10−4 𝑚2
4 4

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑏𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑚 = 1000 × 9.81 = 9810 𝑁

Considering equilibrium of forces acting on the ram, we have

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 × 𝑐𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑚

9810
⇒ 9810 = 𝑃 × 122.7 × 104 ⇒ 𝑃= = 800 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2
122.7 × 104

∴ 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 × 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 = 800 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2 × 1.227 × 10−4 𝑚2 = 98 𝑁

Let the number of strokes of the plunger be 𝑛

Volume of liquid displaced by plunger in one stroke

= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟 × 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑙𝑢𝑛𝑔𝑒𝑟

= 1.227 × 10−4 × 0.25

= 3.0675 × 10−5 𝑚3

Let the distance moved by the ram in one stroke be x

Volume displaced by ram in one stroke

= 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑚 × 𝑥

= 122.7 × 10−4 𝑥

For equilibrium of the system, the volume displaced by the ram must be equal to the
volume displaced by the plunger

∴ 122.7 × 10−4 𝑥 = 3.0675 × 10−5

Ing Jonjo Page 12

 3.0675 × 10−5
𝑥= = 0.0025 𝑚
122.7 × 10−4

∴ 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑

= 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒𝑠 × 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑟𝑎𝑚 𝑖𝑛 𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒

1 = 𝑛 × 0.0025

𝑛 = 400

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡𝑒𝑑 × 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘 𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 9810𝑁 × 1𝑚 = 9810 𝑁𝑚

𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘𝑑𝑜𝑛𝑒 9810
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑒𝑑 = = = 13.625 𝑊
𝑇𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑘𝑒𝑛 12 × 60

14. An inverted U-tube manometer is used to measure the difference of water pressure
between two points in a pipe. If the manometer has air at the top of the tube, find
the difference in pressure between points A and B if the mass density of water 𝜌 =
103 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3, ℎ1 = 60 𝑐𝑚, ℎ = 45 𝑐𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ2 = 180 𝑐𝑚

Solution

ℎ = 0.45 𝑚 𝑎 = ℎ2 − ℎ1 = 1.8 − 0.6 = 1.2 𝑚

ℎ2 = 1.8 𝑚

ℎ1 = 0.6 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 13

 For equilibrium of the left hand limb

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐷 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ1 … … … … … … … … … … … … … (𝑖)

For equilibrium of the right hand limb

𝑃𝐵 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝜌𝑔(ℎ + ℎ2 ) … … … … … … … … … … (𝑖𝑖)

∴ 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐸 + 𝜌𝑔(ℎ + ℎ2 ) − 𝑃𝐷 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1

Considering pressure equality at the same horizontal level, 𝑃𝐸 = 𝑃𝐷

∴ 𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ + 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 − 𝜌𝑔ℎ1

𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔(ℎ + ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔(ℎ + 𝑎)

𝑃𝐵 − 𝑃𝐴 = 1000 × 9.81(0.45 + 1.2) = 16.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

15. In Fig Q4 fluid P is water and fluid Q is mercury. If the specific weight of mercury is
13.6 times that of water and the atmospheric pressure is 𝟏𝟎𝟏. 𝟑 𝒌𝑵𝒎−𝟐, what is the
absolute pressure at A when 𝒉𝟏 = 𝟏𝟓 𝒄𝒎 and 𝒉𝟐 = 𝟑𝟎 𝒄𝒎?

Solution
Taking the fluid/air level in the right hand arm of the U-tube as the level XX, then at XX :
Sum of pressures in left arm = Sum of pressures in right arm

Ing Jonjo Page 14

 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔ℎ1 + 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔ℎ2 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑃𝐴 + (1000 × 9.81 × 0.15 ) + (13600 × 9.81 × 0.3 ) = 101300
𝑃𝐴 = 59.8 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

16. A U-tube manometer measures the pressure difference between two points A and B
in a liquid of density 𝝆𝟏 . The U-tube contains mercury of density 𝝆𝟐 . Calculate the
difference of pressure if 𝒂 = 𝟏. 𝟓 𝒎, 𝒃 = 𝟎. 𝟕𝟓 𝒎 and 𝒉 = 𝟎. 𝟓 𝒎 if the liquid at A
and B is water and 𝝆𝟏 = 𝟏𝟑. 𝟔𝝆𝟏 .

Solution

Taking the interface on the left arm of the U-tube as the level XX, then at XX :
Sum of pressures in left arm = Sum of pressures in right arm

Ing Jonjo Page 15

 𝑃𝐴 + 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎 = 𝑃𝐵 + 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌1 𝑔(𝑏 − ℎ)

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌2 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌1 𝑔(𝑏 − ℎ) − 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 13.6𝜌1 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌1 𝑔(𝑏 − ℎ) − 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 12.6𝜌1 𝑔ℎ + 𝜌1 𝑔𝑏 − 𝜌1 𝑔𝑎

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 𝜌1 𝑔(12.6ℎ + 𝑏 − 𝑎)

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 1000 × 9.81 × [12.6(0.5) + 0.75 − 1.5] = 54.4 kN𝑚−2

17. The top of an inverted U-tube manometer is filled with oil of specific gravity 0.98
and the remainder of the tube with water of specific gravity 1.01. Find the pressure
difference in newtons per square metre between two points at the same level at the
base of the legs when the difference of water level is 75 mm
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 16

Sum of pressures in left arm = Sum of pressures in right arm

𝑃𝐴 − 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔(ℎ − ℎ1 ) = 𝑃𝐵 − 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔(ℎ − ℎ2 ) − 𝜌𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(ℎ2 − ℎ1 )

𝑃𝐴 − 1010 × 9.81(ℎ − ℎ1 ) = 𝑃𝐵 − 1010 × 9.81 × (ℎ − ℎ2 ) − 980 × 9.81 × 0.075

𝑃𝐴 − 9908(ℎ − ℎ1 ) = 𝑃𝐵 − 9908(ℎ − ℎ2 ) − 721.035

𝑃𝐴 + 9908ℎ1 = 𝑃𝐵 + 9908ℎ2 − 721.035

𝑃𝐴 + 9908ℎ1 = 𝑃𝐵 + 9908(ℎ1 + 0.075) − 721.035

𝑃𝐴 = 𝑃𝐵 + 743.1 − 721.035

𝑃𝐴 − 𝑃𝐵 = 23 𝑁𝑚−2

Ing Jonjo Page 17

 18. An inclined manometer is required to measure an air pressure difference of about 3
mm of water with an accuracy of ±3 per cent. The inclined arm is 8 mm diameter
and the enlarged end is 24 mm diameter. The density of the manometer fluid is 740
kg m-3. Find the angle which the inclined arm must make with the horizontal to
achieve the required accuracy assuming an acceptable readability of 0.5 mm.
Solutions

If the accuracy required is ±3% of 3mm, then the manometer must be able to
measure a pressure of: ±3% of 3 mm = 0.09 mm of water, hence :

Pressure to be measured,

𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.09 × 10−3 = 0.8829 𝑁𝑚−2

For an inclined manometer, we know that :

𝑑 2
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝑍 [1 + ( ) ]
𝐷

𝑑 2
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 sin 𝜃 [1 + ( ) ]
𝐷

0.008 2
0.8829 = 740 × 9.81 × 0.005 sin 𝜃 [1 + ( ) ]
0.024

𝜃 = 12°

19. A manometer consists of a U-tube, 7mm internal diameter, with vertical limbs each
with an enlarged upper end of 44mm diameter. The left-hand limb and the bottom of
the tube are filled with water and the top of the right-hand limb is filled with oil of
specific gravity 0.83. The free surfaces of the liquids are in the enlarged ends and the
interface between the oil and water is in the tube below the enlarged end. What
would be the difference in pressures applied to the free surfaces which would cause
the oil/water interface to move 1 cm?
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 18

 Let Z be difference between the levels in the enlarge ends of water and oil under the
same pressure (say atmospheric pressure)

On the application of the pressure differential such that PR> PL, let the free surface of the
oil in the right hand limb move by Z and that in water in the left hand limb rise by Z as
shown

If the two fluid (water and oil) are incompressible, then

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑒𝑛𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 𝑒𝑛𝑑 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑟𝑎𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑖𝑚𝑏𝑠

𝜋𝐷2 𝜋𝑑 2
𝑍 = ℎ
4 4

2
𝑑
𝑍 =( ) ℎ
𝐷

Ing Jonjo Page 19

 7 2
𝑍 = ( ) ℎ = 0.0253099ℎ … … … … … … … … … … … … (1)
44

Considering pressure equality at level MM in water

In the left hand limb:

𝑃𝑀𝑀 = 𝐻20 𝑔𝑦 … … … … … … … … … … … . . (2)

In the right hand limb:

𝑃𝑀𝑀 = 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(𝑍 + 𝑦) … … … … … … … … … (3)

Equating (2) and (3)

𝐻20 𝑔𝑦 = 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(𝑍 + 𝑦)

1000𝑦 = 0.83 × 1000 (𝑍 + 𝑦)

𝑦(1 − 8.3) = 0.83𝑍

0.83
𝑦= 𝑍 = 4.88235𝑍 … … … … … … . (4)
0.17

From equation (1)

𝑦 = 488235 (0.0253999ℎ)

𝑦 = 0.123572 ℎ

Considering pressure equality at level NN in water

In the left limb:

𝑃𝑁𝑁 = 𝐻 𝑔(𝑍 + 𝑦 + ℎ) + 𝑃𝐿
2𝑜

𝑃𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝐿 + 9810 (0.253099ℎ + 0.12352ℎ + ℎ)

𝑃𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝐿 + + 11270.53ℎ ……… (5)

In the right hand limb

𝑃𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝑅 + 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑔(𝑦 + ℎ)

𝑃𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝑅 + [ 0.83 × 1000 × 9.81 (0.12352ℎ + ℎ)]

Ing Jonjo Page 20

 𝑃𝑁𝑁 = 𝑃𝑅 + 9148.46ℎ ………… (6)

Equating (5) and (6)

𝑃𝑅 – 𝑃𝐿 = 11270.53 – 9148.46 where h = 0.01 m

𝑃𝑅 – 𝑃𝐿 = 21.2207 𝑁𝑚−2

20. A tank contains three different liquids (mercury, water, benzene) and air as shown
in Figure Q4. Find the gauge pressure of the air in the tank. If an opening is made in
the top of the tank, calculate the equilibrium level of the mercury in the manometer.

Take 𝑆𝐺𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑢𝑟𝑦 = 13.6, 𝑆𝐺𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 = 0.879

Solution

Consider pressure equality at XX which is the water mercury interface

Pressure at Left hand Limb = Pressure at right hand Limb

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 + 𝑃𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 + 𝑃𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑃𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 + 𝜌𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 + 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 𝜌𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 𝑔ℎ𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑟𝑦 − 𝜌𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 𝑔ℎ𝑏𝑒𝑛𝑧𝑒𝑛𝑒 − 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑔ℎ𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = (13.6 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.2) − (0.879 × 1000 × 0.1) − (1000 × 9.81 × 0.1)

𝑃𝐴𝑖𝑟 = 25. 6𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

Ing Jonjo Page 21

 To compute the new level of mercury in the manometer, assume the change in level from
0.3 m is an increase of 𝑥 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑢𝑏𝑒. Then, because the volume of mercury is constant, the
2
tank mercury level will fall by distance ℎ = (0.025⁄0.25) 𝑥 = 0.01𝑥. Hence, the gauge

pressure at the bottom of the tan can be computed from the left and the right, providing a
formula for 𝑥.

13600 × 9.81 × (0.3 + 𝑥)

= 13600 × 9.81 × (0.1 − 0.01𝑥) + (0.879 × 1000 × 0.1)
+ (1000 × 9.81 × 0.1)

133416(0.3 + 𝑥) = 133416(0.1 − 0.01𝑥) + 87.9 + 981

40024.8 + 133416𝑥 = 13341.6 − 1334.16𝑥 + 87.9 + 981

133416𝑥 + 1334.16𝑥 = 87.9 + 981 + 13341.6 − 40024.8

134750.16𝑥 = −25614

−25614
𝑥= = −0.19 𝑚
134750.16

The negative sign indicates that the manometer level actually fell.

Therefore the new manometer height is obtained as

𝑁𝑒𝑤 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.3 + 𝑥

𝑁𝑒𝑤 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 0.3 − 0.19 = 0.11 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 22

 Tutorial 2

Hydrostatic pressure on plane surfaces

1. Find the resultant force and the centre of pressure on (a) a vertical square plate of
1.8 m side and (b) a vertical plate 1.8 m diameter. In each case the centre of the
plate is 1.2 m below the surface of the water.
Solution

a) Consider the vertical square plate

𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅ = 1000 × 9.8 × 1.822 × 1.2 = 38.1 𝑘𝑁.

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

4
(1.8 ⁄12) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 90°
= + 1.2 = 1.43 𝑚
(1.82 )

b) 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 1.8 𝑚

𝜋
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅ = 1000 × 9.8 × × 1.82 × 1.2 = 29.9 𝑘𝑁
4

Ing Jonjo Page 23

 𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

𝜋
(64 × 1.84 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 90°
= 𝜋 + 1.2 = 1.37 𝑚.
× 1.8 2
4

2. A vertical bulkhead has a door 2 m high and 1 m wide fastened by two hinges
situated 15 cm below the top and 15 cm above the bottom of one vertical edge, and
by a bolt in the centre of the other vertical edge. Calculate the forces on each hinge
and the bolt when one face of the bulkhead is subjected to water pressure, the water
surface being 1 m above the top of the door.
Solution

𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅ = 1000 × 9.8 × 2 × 1 × (1 + 2/2) = 39.24 𝑘𝑁.

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

1 × 23 2
( )
12 𝑠𝑖𝑛 90°
= + 2 = 2.167 𝑚
(1 × 2) × 2

Therefore the centre of pressure is located at (2.167 − 1) = 1.167 𝑚 below the

door.

Ing Jonjo Page 24

 Now take moments about the axis passing through the hinges, the moment arm of
the force at C is twice that of the water force, hence 𝑭𝑩 = 𝟑𝟗. 𝟐𝟒/𝟐 = 𝟏𝟗. 𝟔𝟐 𝒌𝑵

Now take moments about a horizontal axis through B. The moment arm of 𝐹𝐿 is 2 −
(2 × 0.15) = 1.7 𝑚. The moment arm of 𝐹𝐵 is 1 − 0.15 = 0.85 𝑚. The water force
is 0.167 m below the centroid; hence it has a moment arm of 0.85 − 0.167 =
0.683 𝑚. Hence, the force on the upper lug is

(𝐹𝐿1 × 1. 7) + (𝐹𝐵 × 0.85) − (39.24 × 0.683) = 0

(𝐹𝐿1 × 1. 7) + (19.62 × 0.85) − (39.24 × 0.683) = 0

(𝐹𝐿1 × 1. 7) = 10.124

𝐹𝐿1 = 5.96 𝑁

The force on the lower lug becomes

𝐹𝐿2 = 39.62 − 19.62 − 5.96 = 14.04 𝑁

3. A horizontal culvert with a trapezoidal section 150 cm wide at the top, 90 cm wide
at the bottom and 1.8 m high, with sides inclined equally to the vertical, connects at
one end to a reservoir in which the water surface is level with the top of the culvert
and is closed at the other end by a vertical bulkhead fixed by lugs at the four
corners.. Calculate the total force due to the water on the bulkhead and the force
exerted on each fixing lug.
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 25

 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐵𝐶𝐹 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 ∆𝐴𝐷𝐹 = × 0.3 × 1.8 = 0.27 𝑚2
2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐸𝐹 = 1.5 × 1.8 = 2.7 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑝𝑒𝑧𝑖𝑢𝑚 = 2.7 𝑚2 − 2(0.27 𝑚2 ) = 2.16 𝑚2

ℎ 𝑎 + 2𝑏 1.8 1.5 + 2(0.9)

𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝑦̅ = ( )= ( ) = 0.825 𝑚
3 𝑎+𝑏 3 1.5 + 0.9

ℎ3 𝑎2 + 4𝑎𝑏 + 𝑏 2 1.83 1.52 + 4(1.5)(0.9) + 0.92

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = ( )= ( ) = 0.57105𝑚4
36 𝑎+𝑏 36 1.5 + 0.9

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

(0.57105) sin2 90°

= + 0.825 = 1.145 𝑚
2.16 × 0.825

𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 = 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅

= 1000 × 9.81 × 2.16 × 0.825 = 17.48 𝑘𝑁

But the sum of the forces acting on the lugs is equal to the hydrostatic force acting
on the bulkhead

𝐹𝑅 = 2(𝐹𝐿1 + 𝐹𝐿2 ) ⇒ 17.48 = 2(𝐹𝐿1 + 𝐹𝐿2 ) ⇒ 8.74 = 𝐹𝐿1 + 𝐹𝐿2

Taking moments about the point of action of the lower lugs, we get

𝐹𝑅 × (1.8 − 1.145) = 𝐹𝐿1 × 1.8

17.84 × (1.8 − 1.145) = 2 × 𝐹𝐿1 × 1.8

𝐹𝐿1 = 3.24 𝑘𝑁

∴ 8.74 = 3.24 + 𝐹𝐿2 ⇒ 𝐹𝐿2 = 5.5 𝑘𝑁

Ing Jonjo Page 26

 4. A rectangular opening in the vertical water face of a dam is closed by a gate
mounted on horizontal trunnions parallel to the longer edge of the gate and passing
through the centre of the shorter vertical edge. If the water level is above the top of
the gate show that the torque required to keep the gate closed is independent of the
water level. Determine the magnitude of the torque when the gate is 1.25 m long by
1 m deep.
Solution

𝐹𝑅 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅ = 𝜔 × 𝑏𝑑 × 𝑦̅ .

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

𝑏 × 𝑑3
( ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 90° 𝑑2
12
= + 𝑦̅ = [ + 𝑦̅]
(𝑏 × 𝑑) × 𝑦̅ 12𝑦̅

𝑇𝑎𝑘𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑛𝑛𝑖𝑜𝑛,

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝐹𝑅 × {ℎ𝑐𝑝 − 𝑦̅}

𝑑2
= 𝜔 × 𝑏𝑑 × 𝑦̅ × [ + 𝑦̅ − 𝑦̅]
12𝑦̅

𝑑2 𝜔𝑏𝑑 3
= 𝜔 × 𝑏𝑑 × 𝑦̅ × [ ]=
12𝑦̅ 12

Ing Jonjo Page 27

 𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑖𝑠 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑.

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑏 = 1.25 𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑑 = 1 𝑚

𝜔𝑏𝑑 3 9810 × 1.25 × 1

𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = = = 1.02 𝑘𝑁𝑚
12 12

5. A circular lamina 125cm in diameter is immersed in water so that the distance of its
edge measured vertically below the free surface varies from 60cm to 150cm. Find
the total force due to the water acting on one side of the lamina, and the vertical
distance of the centre of pressure below the surface.
Solution

Consider the arrangement of the lamina as shown below

1 2 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 𝐴 = 𝜋𝑑 = 𝜋 × (1.25)2 = 1.228 𝑚2
4 4

150 − 60 18
𝐼𝑛𝑐𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑎 = sin 𝜙 = =
125 25

18
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑖𝑑 = 𝑦̅ = 60 𝑐𝑚 + 62.5 sin 𝜙 = 60 𝑐𝑚 + 62.5 ( ) = 105 𝑐𝑚
25

Ing Jonjo Page 28

 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅

𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅ = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.228 × 1.05 = 12650 𝑁

Vertical depth to centre of pressure is given by

𝐼𝑂 sin2 𝜙
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

𝜋 18 2
[64 × 1.252 ] × ( )
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = 25 + 1.05 = 1.098 𝑚
1.228 × 1.05

6. What is the position of the centre of pressure of a vertical semicircular plane

submerged in a homogeneous liquid with its diameter d at the free surface?
Solution

Let a semicircular lamina of diameter d be immersed in a liquid of density 𝜌 in such

a way that the diameter AB of the lamina lies in the surface

Consider the central radius OCX as the x-axis and the horizontal diameter AOB as
the y-axis. The equation of a circle is 𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 𝑟 2. Taking an elementary strip PQ
parallel to diameter AOB at 𝑃(𝑥, 𝑦). If 𝑑𝑥 be the width of the strip then the thrust on
the elementary strip PQ is given by

𝑑𝑇 = (2𝑦𝑑𝑥)𝜌𝑔𝑥

Ing Jonjo Page 29

 𝑑𝑇 = (2𝜌𝑔𝑥 √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

Then the centre of pressure is obtained from

∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑇
ℎ𝑐𝑝 =
∫ 𝑑𝑇

𝑟
∫0 (𝑥 2 √𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 )𝑑𝑥
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = 𝑟
∫0 (𝑥√𝑟 2 − 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥

𝜋
Putting 𝑥 = 𝑟 sin 𝜃, then 𝑑𝑥 = 𝑟 cos 𝜃 𝑑𝜃, when 𝑥 = 𝑟 then 𝜃 = 2 , 𝑥 = 0 , then 𝑟 = 0.

𝜋
∫02 ((𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 √𝑟 2 − (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 ) (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)𝑑𝜃
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = 𝜋
∫02 ((𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)√𝑟 2 − (𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃)2 ) (𝑟 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃)𝑑𝜃

𝜋
𝑟 4 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = 𝜋
𝑟 3 ∫02 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃

Consider the integral

𝜋 𝜋
2 2
2
2 2
1
∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = ∫ ( sin 2𝜃) 𝑑𝜃
2
0 0

𝜋
2
1
= ∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 2𝜃𝑑𝜃
4
0

𝜋
2
1 1
= ∫ (1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃)𝜃𝑑𝜃
4 2
0

𝜋
2
1
= ∫(1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝜃)𝜃𝑑𝜃
8
0

Ing Jonjo Page 30

 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝜃 1 𝜋 𝜋
= [𝜃 + ]= ( )=
8 4 8 2 16

Similarly, consider the integral

𝜋 𝜋
2 2

∫ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃𝑑𝜃 = − ∫ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃(−𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃)𝑑𝜃

0 0

𝑐𝑜𝑠 3 𝜃 1
= [− ]=
3 3

Therefore

𝜋
𝑟 4 (16) 3𝜋𝑟 3𝜋𝑑
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = = =
1 16 32
𝑟 3 (3)

Alternatively

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐼𝑜 − 𝐴𝑦̅ 2

1 𝜋 4 1 𝜋 2 2𝑑 2
= ( 𝑑 ) − ( 𝑑 )( )
2 64 2 4 3𝜋

Ing Jonjo Page 31

 𝜋𝑑 4 𝑑4
= −
128 18𝜋

1 𝜋 2𝑑 𝑑3
𝐴𝑦̅ = ( 𝑑 2 ) ( ) =
2 4 3𝜋 12

Therefore, the centre of pressure becomes

𝜋𝑑4 𝑑4
( ) 2(90°)
128 18𝜋 sin
− 2𝑑
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = 3 +( )
𝑑 3𝜋
( )
12

𝜋𝑑4 𝑑4 12 2𝑑
=( − ) ( 3) + ( )
128 18𝜋 𝑑 3𝜋

3𝜋𝑑 2𝑑 2𝑑 3𝜋𝑑
= − + =
32 3𝜋 3𝜋 32

7. A culvert draws off water from the base of a reservoir. The entrance to the culvert is
closed by a circular gate 1.25m in diameter which can be rotated about its
horizontal diameter. Show that the turning moment on the gate is independent of
the depth of water if the gate is completely immersed and find the value of this
moment
Solution

The resultant force 𝐹𝑅 on the gate acts at the centre of pressure C at a depth ℎ𝑐𝑝
below the surface. The axis of rotation G passes through the centroid and is a depth
𝑦̅ below the surface.

Ing Jonjo Page 32

 𝑇𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐹𝑅 × 𝐶𝐺

𝑇 = 𝐹𝑅 × (𝑂𝐶 − 𝑂𝐺)

ℎ𝑐𝑝 − 𝑦̅
𝑇 = 𝐹𝑅 × ( )
sin 𝜙

But we know that 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅

𝐼𝑂 sin2 𝜙
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

Therefore the turning moment on the gate becomes;

1 𝐼𝑂 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜙
𝑇 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅ × ( + 𝑦̅ − 𝑦̅)
sin 𝜙 𝐴𝑦̅

𝐼𝑂 sin 𝜙
𝑇 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅ × ( )
𝐴𝑦̅

𝑇 = 𝜔𝐼0 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙

𝜋
𝑇 = 𝜌𝑔 × × 𝑑 4 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜙
64

This turning moment is independent of 𝑦̅ and therefore the turning moment is

independent of depth of water.

𝜋
𝑇 = 1000 × 9.81 × × 1.254 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 80° = 1158 𝑁𝑚
64

8. A rectangular sluice door (Fig. 3.24) is hinged at the top at A and kept closed by a
weight fixed to the door. The door is 120cm wide and 90cm long and the centre of
gravity of the complete door and weight is at G, the combined weight being 9810N.
Find the height of the water h on the inside of the door which will just cause the
door to open.

Ing Jonjo Page 33

 Solution

The door will just open when the moment of the resultant force 𝐹𝑅 about the hinge
is equal to the moment of the combined weight W about the hinge.

𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝐴𝐶 = 0.9 sin 60° = 0.78 𝑚

1
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝐸 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝑦̅ = (ℎ − (0.78)) = (ℎ − 0.39)𝑚
2

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅

Ing Jonjo Page 34

 = 1000 × 9.81 × (1.2 × 0.9) × (ℎ − 0.39)

= 10550(ℎ − 0.39)

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

1
(12 × 1.2 × 0.93 ) sin2 (60°)
= + (ℎ − 0.39)
(1.2 × 0.9)(ℎ − 0.39)

81
= + (ℎ − 0.39)
1600(ℎ − 0.39)

Taking moment of forces about the hinge

ℎ𝑐𝑝 − (ℎ − 0.78)
𝑊 × 0.3 = 𝐹𝑅 ×
sin 60 °

10550(ℎ − 0.39) 81
9810 × 0.3 = ×( + (ℎ − 0.39) − (ℎ − 0.78))
𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 ° 1600(ℎ − 0.39)

81
2943 = 12182(ℎ − 0.39) ( + 0.39)
1600(ℎ − 0.39)

81
0.2415 = (ℎ − 0.39) ( + 0.39)
1600(ℎ − 0.39)

0.2415 = 0.0506 + 0.39(ℎ − 0.39)

0.1909 = 0.39(ℎ − 0.39)

ℎ = 0.4894 + 0.39 = 0.88 𝑚

9. A rectangular gate (Fig. 3.25) of negligible thickness, hinged at its top edge and of
width b, separates two tanks in which there is the same liquid of density ρ. It is
required that the gate shall open when the level in the left-hand tank falls below a
distance H from the hinge. The level in the right hand tank remains constant at a
height y above the hinge. Derive an expression for the weight of the gate in terms of
H, Y, y, b and g. Assume that the weight of the gate acts at its centre of area.

Ing Jonjo Page 35

 Solution

Consider the hydrostatic forces acting on the right hand side of the gate.

The length of the gate AB is given by

𝑌 2
|𝐴𝐵| = = 𝑌
sin 60° √3

Ing Jonjo Page 36

 2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴 = 𝑏𝑌
√3

1
𝑦1 = ( 𝑌 + 𝑦)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ̅̅̅
2

2 1
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐹𝑅2 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦
̅̅̅1 = 𝜔𝑏𝑌 ( 𝑌 + 𝑦)
√3 2

3
1 1 2 2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐵𝐷3 = 𝑏 ( 𝑌) = 𝑏𝑌 3
12 12 √3 9√3

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜃
ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + ̅̅̅
𝑦1
𝐴𝑦̅̅̅1

2
𝑏𝑌 3 × sin2 (60°)
9√3 1
= + ( 𝑌 + 𝑦)
2 1 2
𝑏𝑌 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)
√3

𝑌2 1
= + ( 𝑌 + 𝑦)
1 2
12 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

1 1
𝑌 2 + 12 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦) (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)
=
1
12 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

1
𝑌 2 + 12 {4 𝑌 2 + 𝑌𝑦 + 𝑦 2 }
=
1
12 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

4𝑌 2 + 12𝑌𝑦 + 12𝑦 2
=
1
12 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
=
1
3 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

Ing Jonjo Page 37

 Therefore;

𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦 + 3𝑦 2
ℎ𝑐𝑝 − 𝑦 = −𝑦
1
3 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

1
𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦 + 3𝑦 2 − 3𝑦 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)
=
1
3 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

3
𝑌 2 + 2 𝑌𝑦
=
1
3 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

1
(2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦)
= 2
1
3 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

(2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦)
=
1
6 (2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

From the geometry of the gate;

ℎ𝑐𝑝 − 𝑦
= sin 60
|𝐶𝐵|

1 (2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦) 1 (2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦)

|𝐶𝐵| = [ ]= [ ]
𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 6 (1 𝑌 + 𝑦) 3√3 (1 𝑌 + 𝑦)
2 2

Consider the hydrostatic forces acting on the leftt hand side of the gate.

The length of the gate submerged is given by

𝑌−𝐻 2
|𝐴𝐵| = = (𝑌 − 𝐻)
sin 60° √3

2
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑖𝑚𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒𝑑 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 = 𝐴 = 𝑏(𝑌 − 𝐻)
√3

Ing Jonjo Page 38

 1
𝑦1 = (𝑌 − 𝐻)
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐶𝐺 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = ̅̅̅
2

1
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝐹𝑅1 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦
̅̅̅1 = 𝜔𝑏(𝑌 − 𝐻)2
√3

3
1 3
1 2 2
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐵𝐷 = 𝑏{ (𝑌 − 𝐻)} = 𝑏(𝑌 − 𝐻)3
12 12 √3 9√3

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜃
ℎ𝑐𝑝1 = + ̅̅̅
𝑦1
𝐴𝑦̅̅̅1

2
𝑏(𝑌 − 𝐻)3 sin2 60°
9√3 1
= + (𝑌 − 𝐻)
2 1
𝑏(𝑌 − 𝐻) × 2 (𝑌 − 𝐻) 2
√3

1 1
= (𝑌 − 𝐻) + (𝑌 − 𝐻)
6 2

2
= (𝑌 − 𝐻)
3

ℎ𝑐𝑝
= sin 60
|𝐷𝐸|

1 2 4
|𝐷𝐸| = [ (𝑌 − 𝐻)] = (𝑌 − 𝐻)
𝑠𝑖𝑛 60 3 3√3

𝐻
= sin 60
|𝐵𝐸|

2
|𝐵𝐸| = H
√3

2 4 2
∴ |𝐵𝐷| = |𝐵𝐸| + |𝐷𝐸| = H+ (𝑌 − 𝐻) = (2𝑌 + 𝐻)
√3 3√3 3√3

Taking moment about the hinge of the gate at B:

Ing Jonjo Page 39

 1
𝐹𝑅2 × |𝐶𝐵| − FR1 × |𝐵𝐷| = W × Y cos 60°
√3

1 2 1 1 (2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦) 1 2
WY = 𝜔𝑏𝑌 ( 𝑌 + 𝑦) [ ]− 𝜔𝑏(𝑌 − 𝐻)2 (2𝑌 + 𝐻)
2√3 √3 2 3√3 (1 𝑌 + 𝑦) √3 3√3
2

1 2 1 (2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦) 2
WY = 𝜔𝑏𝑌 ( 𝑌 + 𝑦) [ ]− 𝜔𝑏(𝑌 − 𝐻)2 (2𝑌 + 𝐻)
2 3√3 2 1 3√3
(2 𝑌 + 𝑦)

4 4
WY = 𝜔𝑏𝑌(2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦) − 𝜔𝑏(𝑌 2 − 2𝑌𝐻 + 𝐻 2 )(2𝑌 + 𝐻)
3√3 3√3

4
WY = 𝜔𝑏[𝑌(2𝑌 2 + 3𝑌𝑦) − (𝑌 2 − 2𝑌𝐻 + 𝐻 2 )(2𝑌 + 𝐻)]
3√3

4
WY = 𝜔𝑏[(2𝑌 3 + 3𝑌 2 𝑦) − (2𝑌 2 − 3𝑌 2 𝐻 + 𝐻 3 )]
3√3

4
WY = 𝜔𝑏[3𝑌 2 𝑦 + 3𝑌 2 𝐻 − 𝐻 3 ]
3√3

4
WY = 𝜔𝑏[3𝑌 2 (𝑦 + 𝐻) − 𝐻 3 ]
3√3

WY = 0.77𝜌𝑔𝑏[3𝑌 2 (𝑦 + 𝐻) − 𝐻 3 ]

3𝑌 2 (𝑦 + 𝐻) − 𝐻 3
W = 0.77𝜌𝑔𝑏 [ ]
𝑌

10. A circular opening A in the sloping wall of a reservoir is closed by a disc valve B of
70 cm diameter. The disc is hinged at H and the balance weight W is just sufficient to
hold the valve closed when the reservoir is empty. What additional mass should be
placed on the balance arm 90 cm from the hinge in order that the valve shall remain
closed until the water level is 60 cm above the centre of the valve?

Ing Jonjo Page 40

 Solution

𝜋
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = × 0.72 = 0.385 𝑚2
4
𝐹𝑅 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅ = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.385 × 0.6 = 2266 𝑁

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

𝜋
(64 × 0.74 ) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 60°
= + 0.6 = 0.64 𝑚
0.385 × 0.6

Ing Jonjo Page 41

 𝐹𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑤𝑒 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒

ℎ𝑐𝑝 − 𝑦̅ 0.64 − 0.6

|𝐴𝐶| = = = 0.046 𝑚
sin 60 sin 60°

Taking moment about the hinge at H

𝑊 × 0.9 = 𝐹𝑅 × |𝐶𝐻|

𝑊 × 0.9 = 𝐹𝑅 × |𝐴𝐶 + 𝐴𝐻|

𝑚 × 9.81 × 0.9 = 2266 × (0.046 + 0.5)

𝑚 = 139.6 𝑘𝑔

11. A rectangular sluice gate, 1.5 m wide by 1.8 m long, with its upper edge at a depth of
1.2 m below the water surface, opens by sliding on guides, the gate and guides being
inclined at 45° to the vertical. If the coefficient of friction between the gate and its
guides is 0.12, what force parallel to the guides is required to open the gate?
Solution

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 1.5 × 1.8 = 2.7 𝑚2

𝑦̅ = 1.2 m + 0.9 sin 45° = 1.84 m

𝐹𝑅 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦̅ = 1000 × 9.81 × 2.7 × 1.84 = 48.7 𝑘𝑁

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑙 𝑡𝑜 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.12 × 48.7 = 5.84 𝑘𝑁𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 42

 12. A horizontal culvert, 90 cm deep by 120 cm wide and rectangular, discharges into
the sea through a wall, the face of which is inclined at an angle of 50° to the
horizontal. The culvert is closed by a flap valve of mass 500 kg and hinged at the top
edge which just covers the opening in the wall. The cg of the valve is at its centre. If
the sea covers the valve up to its hinge, to what height above the top of the culvert
will fresh water will be impounded before discharge occurs? Density of fresh water
1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 and of sea water 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
Solution

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 1.2 × 1.9 = 1.08 𝑚2

𝑦1 = 0.45 sin 50° = 0.3447 m

̅̅̅

𝐹𝑅1 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦
̅̅̅1 = 1025 × 9.81 × 1.08 × 0.3447 = 3743.3 𝑁

1 1
𝐼𝑥𝑥 = 𝐵𝐷3 = × 1.2 × 0.93 = 0.0729 𝑚4
12 12

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
ℎ𝑐𝑝1 = + ̅̅̅
𝑦1
𝐴𝑦̅̅̅1

0.0729 × sin2(50°)
= + 0.3447 = 0.3843 m
1.08 × 0.3447

Ing Jonjo Page 43

 Therefore the distaance from the point of application of the hydrostatic force to the
hinge at B is given by;

ℎ𝑐𝑝1 0.3843
|𝐵𝐶| = = = 0.502 𝑚
sin 50° sin 50°

Consider anaysis for the fresh water side of the gate

𝑦2 = (h + 0.45 sin 50°) = (h + 0.3447 )m

̅̅̅

̅̅̅1 = 1000 × 9.81 × 1.08 × (h + 0.3447 ) = 10594.8(h + 0.3447 )𝑁

𝐹𝑅2 = 𝜔𝐴𝑦

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑦2 =
ℎ𝑐𝑝2 − ̅̅̅
𝐴𝑦̅̅̅2

0.0729 × sin2(50°)
=
1.08 × (h + 0.3447 )

0.0396
=
(h + 0.3447 )

ℎ𝑐𝑝2 − ̅̅̅
𝑦2
= sin 50°
|𝐷𝐺|

𝑦2
ℎ𝑐𝑝2 − ̅̅̅
|𝐷𝐺| =
sin 50°
0.0396
(ℎ + 0.3447 ) 0.0517
|𝐷𝐺| = =
sin 50° (h + 0.3447 )

Therefore the distaance from the point of application of the hydrostatic force to the
hinge at B is given by;

|𝐵𝐷| = |𝐷𝐺| + |𝐺𝐵|

0.0517
|𝐵𝐷| = + 0.45
(h + 0.3447 )

Taking moment about the hinge at B

𝐹𝑅2 × |𝐵𝐷| − 𝐹𝑅1 × |𝐵𝐶| = 𝑊 × 0.45 cos 50°

0.0517
10594.8(h + 0.3447 ) [ + 0.45] − 3743.3 (0.502) = 500(9.81)(0.289)
(h + 0.3447 )

Ing Jonjo Page 44

 10594.8[0.0517 + 0.45(h + 0.3447 )] = 3297.93

0.0517 + 0.45(h + 0.3447 ) = 0.3113

0.45(h + 0.3447 ) = 0.2596

h + 0.3447 = 0.5769

h = 0.23

13. A rectangular opening in the sloping side of a reservoir containing water is 90 cm by

60 cm with the 60 cm side horizontal. It is closed by means of a gate as shown in
Figure 21. The gate is hinged at the top edge and kept closed against the water
pressure partly by its own weight and partly by a weight 𝑾 on a lever arm.
Assuming the gate to be a uniform flat plate of mass 45 kg, and neglecting the weight
of the lever arm, calculate the mass of the counter weight W required so that the
gate will commence to open when the water level reaches a height of 30 cm above
the top of the gate

Ing Jonjo Page 45

 Solution

𝑦̅ = 0.3 + 0.45 sin 45° = 0.618 𝑚

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 0.6 × 0.9 = 0.54 𝑚2

𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅ = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.54 × 0.618 = 3273.7 𝑁.

𝐼𝑥𝑥 sin2 𝜙
𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ𝑐𝑝 = + 𝑦̅
𝐴𝑦̅

1
× 0.6 × 0.93 × 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 45°
ℎ𝑐𝑝 − 𝑦̅ = 12 = 0.0546 𝑚
0.54 × 0.618

ℎ𝑐𝑝 − 𝑦
̅
|𝐷𝐺| =
sin 45°
0.0546
|𝐷𝐺| = = 0.0772
sin 45°

|𝐵𝐷| = |𝐷𝐺| + |𝐺𝐵|

|𝐵𝐷| = 0.0772 + 0.45 = 0.5272 𝑚

Taking moment about the hinge at H

Ing Jonjo Page 46

 𝑊 × 0.9 = 3273.7 × 0.52 − (45 × 9.81 × 0.45 cos 45°)

𝑚 × 9.81 × 0.9 = 1585.426

𝑚 = 179.6 𝑘𝑔

14. The angle between a pair of lock gates is 140° and each gate is 6 m high and 1.8 m
wide, supported on hinges 0.6 m from the top and bottom of the gates. If the depths
of water on the upstream and downstream sides are 5 m and 1.5 m respectively,
estimate the reactions at the top and bottom hinges.

Ing Jonjo Page 47

 𝑈𝑝𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃1 = 9.81 × (5 × 1.8) × 2.5 = 220.72 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝐷𝑜𝑤𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑃2 = 9.81 × (1.5 × 1.8) × 0.75 = 19.86 𝑘𝑁𝑚

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 220.72 − 19.86

= 200.87 𝑘𝑁𝑚

If P acts at a distance x from the bottom of the gate, then taking moments about O

𝑃ℎ = (𝑃1 × 1.67) − (𝑃2 × 0.5)

200.87ℎ = (220.72 × 1.67) − (19.86 × 0.5)

ℎ = 1.782 𝑚

Resolving forces we get

𝑃 = 𝐹 sin 20° + 𝑅 sin 20°

= 2𝑅 sin 20°

𝑃 200.87
𝑅= = = 293.65 𝑘𝑁
2 sin 20° 2 sin 20°
If R is coplanar with P it acts at 1.782 m from the bottom of the gate. Taking moment
about the bottom hinge

4.8 𝑅𝑇 = 1.18𝑅

1.18
𝑅𝑇 = × 293.65 = 72.2 𝑘𝑁
4.8
𝑅𝐵 = 𝑅 − 𝑅𝑇 = 293.65 − 72.2 = 221.45 𝑘𝑁

15. The end gates of a lock are 4.8 m high and when closed include an angle of 120°. The
width of the lock is 6 m. each gate is carried on two hinges placed at the top and
bottom of the gate. If the water levels are 4.5 m and 3 m on the up and down stream
sides respectively, determine the magnitude of the force on the hinges due to water
pressure

Ing Jonjo Page 48

 Solution

Resolution of forces along AB normal to AB gives

𝐹 cos 30° = 𝑅 cos 30°

∴𝐹=𝑅

Also

𝑃 = 𝑅 sin 30° + 𝐹 sin 30° = 2𝑅 sin 30°

1
𝑃 = 2𝑅 ( ) = 𝑅
2

3
𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = = 3.464 𝑚
sin 60°

The resultant of the water thrusts on either side of the gate

𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2

1
𝑃1 = × 𝜌𝑔 × 4.52 × 3.464 = 344 𝑘𝑁
2

1
𝑃1 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 4.5 = 1.5 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
3

Ing Jonjo Page 49

 1
𝑃2 = × 𝜌𝑔 × 32 × 3.464 = 153 𝑘𝑁
2

1
𝑃1 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 × 3 = 1 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒
3
The resultant of the water thrusts on either side of the gate

𝑃 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2 = 344 − 153 = 191 𝑘𝑁

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑡 ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑅 = 𝑅𝑇 + 𝑅𝐵

Also

𝑃
= 𝑅 sin 30°
2
𝑃1 − 𝑃2
𝑅𝑇 sin 30° + 𝑅𝐵 sin 30° =
2

𝑅𝑇 + 𝑅𝐵 = 𝑃1 − 𝑃2

𝑅𝑇 + 𝑅𝐵 = 191 𝑘𝑁

Taking moment about the bottom hinge

344 153
( × 1.5) − ( × 1) = 𝑅𝑇 sin 30° × 5
2 2
344 153 𝑅𝑇
( × 1.5) − ( × 1) = ×5
2 2 2

𝑅𝑇 = 73 𝑘𝑁

𝑅𝐵 = (191 − 73 )𝑘𝑁 = 118 𝑘𝑁

Ing Jonjo Page 50

 PRESSURE DIAGRAMS
16. A barge in the form of a closed rectangular tank 20m long by 4m wide floats in
water. If the bottom is 1.5m below the surface, what is the water force on one long
side and at what level below the surface does it act? If a uniform pressure of
50𝑘𝑁𝑚−2 gauge is applied inside the barge what will be the new magnitude and
point of action of the resultant force on the side? The deck is 0.2m above water level
Solution

a) Consider the pressure diagram for the hydrostatic force acting on one long side

1 1
𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑅 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 = × 1000 × 9.81 × 1. 52 = 220.73𝑘𝑁
2 2

Ing Jonjo Page 51

 2
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = × 1.5 = 1𝑚
3

b) When a pressure of 𝟓𝟎 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 is pumped into the barge, the pressure diagram is
drawn as shown below

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 50 𝑘𝑁⁄𝑚2 × 1.7 𝑚 × 20 𝑚 = 1700𝑘𝑁

1 1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ2 = × 1000 × 9.81 × 1. 52 = 220.73𝑘𝑁
2 2

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟

= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 − 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

= 1700 + 220.73 𝑘𝑁 = 1479.27 𝑘𝑁

If 𝑥 is the height above the base of the centre of pressure through which R acts

1
1479.27𝑥 = (1700 × 0.85) − (220.73 × × 1.5)
3

𝑥 = 0.9 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 52

 17. A closed cylindrical tank 60 cm diameter and 1.8 m deep with vertical axis, contains
water to a depth of 1.2 m. Air to a pressure of 𝟑𝟓 𝒌𝑵/𝒎𝟐 above the atmosphere is
pumped into the cylinder. Determine the total normal force on the vertical wall of
the tank and the distance of the centre of pressure from the base.

Solution

The air pressure is distributed uniformly over the whole surface of the cylinder

𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑃𝐴𝐼𝑅 × 1.8 𝑚 × (𝜋 × 0.6 𝑚) × 1𝑚

= 35𝑘𝑁/𝑚2 × 1.8 𝑚 × (𝜋 × 0.6 𝑚) = 118.75𝑘𝑁

1
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝜌𝑔(ℎ × 𝜋𝐷) × ℎ
2
1
= 1000 × 9.81 × (1.2 × 𝜋 × 0.6) × × 1.2 = 13.313 𝑘𝑁
2
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 ℎ𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟
= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 + 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

= 118.75𝑘𝑁 + 13.313 𝑘𝑁 = 132.063 𝑘𝑁

If 𝑥 is the height above the base of the centre of pressure through which R acts

Ing Jonjo Page 53

 1
132.063𝑥 = (118.75 × 0.9) + (13.313 × × 1.2)
3

𝑥 = 0.850 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒

18. One end of a rectangular tank is 1.5m wide by 2m deep. The tank is completely filled
with oil of specific weight 9kNm-3. Find the resultant pressure on this vertical end
and the depth of the centre of pressure from the top.
Solution

If h equals the depth of liquid and if the immersed surface extends from the free
surface to the bottom of the tank the pressure diagram is the triangle ABC.

1 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑚 = × 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐵𝐶 = 𝜔𝐻 2
2 2

1 1 1
𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = × 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐵𝐶 = 𝜔𝐻 2 = × 9 × 22 𝑘𝑁𝑚−1
2 2 2

1
∴ 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑤𝑖𝑑𝑡ℎ = × 9 × 22 𝑘𝑁𝑚−1 × 1.5𝑚 = 27 𝑘𝑁𝑚
2

The resultant R will act through the centre of area P of the pressure diagram which
2
is 3 𝐻 from A. Putting 𝐻 = 2 𝑚

2
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = × 2 = 1.33 𝑚
3

Ing Jonjo Page 54

 19. A tank 180 cm long, 90 cm deep and 90 cm wide at the top, tapering to 30 cm, wide
at the base. If the tank is completely filled with water calculate (a) the total weight
of water in the tank, (b) the total force exerted by the water on the bottom, (c) the
total force exerted on one end.
Solution

The area of one end is A = 1/2 × 0.9 × (0.3 + 0.9) = 0.54 m2

Hence the volume is V = A × h = 0.54 m2 × 1.8 m = 0.972 m3 ,

Total weight is W = ρgV = 1000 × 9.8 × 0.972 = 9.5 kN

The total force exerted by water on the base.

𝐅 = Weight of water which would occupy the volume between base and surface

= ρgV = 1000 × 9.8 × 0.9 × 0.3 × 1.8 ≈ 4.8 kN

The first moment of area of the trapezium about the surface is given by M0 = Ah̅
which can be calculated by using known properties of rectangles and triangles..

Ah̅ = (Ah̅)square + (Ah̅)triangle

1 1 1
= (0.9 × 0.3 × × 0.9) + (2 × × 0.3 × 0.9 × × 0.9) = 0.2025 m
2 2 3

FR = ρgAh̅ = 1000 × 9.8 × 0.2025 = 1.99 kN

Ing Jonjo Page 55

 20. A spherical container is made up of two hemispheres, the joint between the two
halves being horizontal. The sphere is completely filled with water through a small
hole in the top. It is found that 50kg of water are required for this purpose. If the
two halves of the container are not secured together, what must be the mass of the
upper hemisphere if it just fails to lift off the lower hemisphere?
Solution

The force in the direction of gravity is equal to the weight force on the fluid which
would occupy a volume between the surface on which the force is to be calculated
and the plane of the free surface. That is, it is the region between the upper
hemisphere, and the level of the water surface, which forms a cylinder of radius r
and height r. The direction of the force is upwards.
1 4 1
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝜋𝑟 2 × 𝑟 − × 𝜋𝑟 3 = 𝜋𝑟 3
2 3 3

1
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑚 = 𝝆 × 𝜋𝑟 3
3
However the mass of water which fills the sphere is 50 kg, hence;
4
𝝆 × 𝜋𝑟 3 = 50
3
Therefore;
4
𝝆 × 3 𝜋𝑟 3 50
=
1 𝑚
𝝆 × 3 𝜋𝑟 3

∴ 𝟒𝒎 = 𝟓𝟎 ⇒ 𝑚 = 12.5 𝑘𝑔

Ing Jonjo Page 56

 Hydrostatic forces on curved surfaces
21. A dam has its water face in the shape of a circular arc as shown in Fig 22. Calculate the
resultant force on the curved surface per metre run and its inclination to the horizontal.

Solution

Considering one-metre horizontal width of the dam

Horizontal component of water force

𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐷 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

= 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅

1
= 1000 × 9.81 × (1 × 12) × × 12 = 706.32 𝑘𝑁
2

Vertical component

Ing Jonjo Page 57

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝐷 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚

𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 − 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐵𝐷

1 1
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 𝑟 2 𝜃 − 𝑏ℎ
2 2

But the angle subtended by the sector is given as:

12 12
sin 𝜃 = ⇒ 𝜃 = sin−1 ( ) = 53.13°
15 15

|𝐵𝐷|
= cos 𝜃 ⇒ |𝐵𝐷| = 15 cos 53.13 = 9 𝑚
|𝐴𝐵|

1 53.13 × 𝜋 1
𝑆ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = (15)2 ( ) − (9)(12) = 50.32 𝑚2
2 180 2

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑎𝑑𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 = 50.32 𝑚2 × 1𝑚 = 50.32 𝑚3

∴ 𝐹𝑉 = 1000 × 9.81 × 50.32 = 493.6 𝑘𝑁

Resultant force

𝑅 = √𝐹𝑣2 + 𝐹𝐻2 = √(493.62 + 706.322 ) = 861.5 𝑘𝑁

If 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of 𝑅 to the horizontal

𝐹𝑉 493.6
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐹𝐻 706.32

493.6
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 35°
706.32

Ing Jonjo Page 58

 22. A sluice gate (Fig. 3.26) consists of a quadrant of a circle of radius 1.5m pivoted at
its centre O. Its centre of gravity is at G as shown. When the water is level with the
pivot O, calculate the magnitude and direction of the resultant force on the gate due
to the water and the turning moment required to open the gate. The width of the
gate is 3m and it has a mass of 6000kg.

Solution

Horizontal component FH = Resultant pressure on projection OA of curved surface

= 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅ = 9810 × (3 × 1.5) × 0.75 = 33.1 𝑘𝑁

𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑤𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑑 𝑜𝑐𝑐𝑢𝑝𝑦 𝑂𝐴𝐵

1
= 9810 × ( × 1.52 ) × 3 = 52 𝑘𝑁
4

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = √𝐹𝑣2 + 𝐹𝐻2

𝑅 = √33.12 + 522 = 61.6 𝑘𝑁

If 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of 𝐹𝑅 to the horizontal

Ing Jonjo Page 59
 𝐹𝑉 52
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐹𝐻 33.1

52
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 57.52°
33.1

Since the surface is part of a cylinder, 𝑅 will act through 𝑂. Therefore 𝑅 has no
moment about the pivot at 𝑂. The only turning moment is that due to the weight of
the gate.

𝑇 = 𝑊 × 0.6 = 6000 × 9.81 × 0.6 = 35.3 𝑘𝑁𝑚

23. The figure shows the cross-section of a dam with a parabolic face, the vertex of the
parabola being at O. The axis of the parabola is vertical and 12.5 m from the face at
the water level. Estimate the resultant force in newtons per horizontal metre run
due to the water, its inclination to the vertical, and how far from O its line of action
cuts the horizontal OP. The centroid of the half parabolic cross section of water is
4.68 m from the vertical through O.

Solution

Considering one-metre horizontal width of the dam

Horizontal component of water force

𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑂𝑇 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅

1
= 9810 × (1 × 50) × × 50 = 12.25 × 106 𝑁
2

Ing Jonjo Page 60

 1
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = × 50 𝑚 = 16.67 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂
3

Vertical component

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚

The equation of a parabola is given by

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

502 = 4𝑎(12.5)

∴ 𝑎 = 50

𝑦 2 = 200𝑥

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥

12.5

= ∫ √200𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

12.5
1
= √200 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑦
0

2
= √200 × × 12.53/2 = 416.67 𝑚2
3

∴ 𝐹𝑉 = 9810 × 416.67 × 1 = 4.08 × 106 𝑁

Alternatively, the area of the parabola can be obtained by integration

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚

2
= 9810 × 1 × × 50 × 12.5 = 4.08 × 106 𝑁
3

Resultant force

Ing Jonjo Page 61

 𝑅 = √𝐹𝑣2 + 𝐹𝐻2 = √(12.252 + 4.082 )106 = 12.9 × 106 𝑁

If 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of 𝑅 to the horizontal

𝐹𝑉 12.25 × 106
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐹𝐻 4.08 × 106

𝜃 = tan−1(3) = 71.57°

The resultant cuts OP at Q and if 𝐹𝑉 cuts OP at S.

𝑂𝑄 = 𝑂𝑆 + 𝑄𝑆

1
= 𝑂𝑆 + ℎ𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃
3

1
= 4.68 + (50) × 3 = 54.68 𝑚
3

24. A sector-shaped sluice gate having a radius of curvature of 5.4 m is as shown in Fig.
3.27. The centre of curvature C is 0.9m vertically below the lower edge A of the gate
and 0.6m vertically above the horizontal axis passing through O about which the
gate is constructed to turn. The mass of the gate is 3000 kg per metre run and its
centre of gravity is 3.6m horizontally from the centre O. If the water level is 2.4m
above the lower edge of the gate, find per metre run (a) the resultant force acting on
the axis at O, (b) the resultant moment about O.

Solution
Ing Jonjo Page 62
 𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 |𝐶𝐻| = √5.42 − 0.92 = 5.32 𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 |𝐷𝐸| = √5.42 − 3.32 = 4.27 𝑚

0.9
𝛼 = sin−1 ( ) = 9.6°
5.4

3.3
𝛽 = cos−1 ( ) = 52.3°
5.4

𝜃 = 90° − (9.6° + 52.3°) = 28.1°

Considering one-metre horizontal width of the gate;

𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐷 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

𝐹𝐻 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅

1
= 1000 × 9.81 × (1 × 2.4) × × 2.4 = 28.25 𝑘𝑁
2

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐴𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐺𝑎𝑡𝑒

28.1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝐶𝐴𝐷 = × 𝜋 × 5.42 = 7.15 𝑚2
360

Ing Jonjo Page 63

 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐶𝐷𝐸 = × 3.3 × 4.274 = 7.04 𝑚2
2

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐴𝐶𝐻 = × 5.324 × 0.9 = 2.39 𝑚2
2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝐸𝐶𝐻 = 3.3 × 5.324 = 17.57 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 17.57 − (7.15 + 7.04 + 2.39) = 0.99𝑚2

∴ 𝐹𝑉 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.97 × 1 = 9.51 𝑘𝑁

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑒 = 𝑚𝑔 = 3000 × 9.81 = 29.43 𝑘𝑁

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑂 = 𝐹𝑣 + 𝑊 = 9.71 + 29.43 = 39.14 𝑘𝑁

𝑅 = √𝐹𝑣2 + 𝐹𝐻2 = √(9.262 + 28.252 ) = 29.72 𝑘𝑁

2
25. The face of a dam (Fig. 3.28) is curved according to the relation𝑦 = 𝑥 ⁄2.4, where 𝑦
and 𝑥 are in metres. The height of the free surface above the horizontal plane
through A is 15.25m. Calculate the resultant force F due to the fresh water acting on
unit breadth of the dam, and determine the position of the point B at which the line
of action of this force cuts the horizontal plane through A

Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 64

 Considering one-metre horizontal width of the dam

Horizontal component of water force

𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐷 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

= 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅

1
= 9810 × (1 × 15.25) × × 15.25 = 1141 𝑘𝑁
2

1
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = × 15.25 𝑚 = 5.08 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑂
3

Vertical component

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑂𝑇 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚

The equation of a parabola is given by

1 2
𝑦= 𝑥
2.4

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝐴𝐶𝐷 = ∫ 𝑥𝑑𝑦

15.25

= ∫ √2.4𝑦𝑑𝑦
0

15.25
1
= √2.4 ∫ 𝑦 2 𝑑𝑦
0

2
= √2.4 × × 15.253/2 = 61.34 𝑚2
3

∴ 𝐹𝑉 = 9810 × 61.34 × 1 = 602 𝑘𝑁

Note!!

When 𝑦 = 15.25 𝑚 , 𝑥 = 6.05 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 65

 The vertical component of the water pressure acts through the centroid of the area
ACD. The distance from point A to the centroid of area ACD (x̅) may be expressed as

6.05
∫0 𝑥𝑦 𝑑𝑥
𝑥̅ = 6.05
∫0 𝑦 𝑑𝑥

6.05 1
∫0 𝑥 (2.4 𝑥 2 ) 𝑑𝑥
=
6.05 1 2
∫0 2.4 𝑥 𝑑𝑥

6.05 1
∫0 (6.05)4
𝑥 3 𝑑𝑥
= 6.05 = 4 = 4.5375 𝑚
∫0 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 1 (6.05)3
3

Resultant force

𝑅 = √𝐹𝑣2 + 𝐹𝐻2 = √(6022 + 11412 ) = 1290 𝑘𝑁

If 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of 𝑅 to the horizontal

𝐹𝑉 602
tan 𝜃 = =
𝐹𝐻 1141

602
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = 27.82°
1141

The distance from point A to point B is

5.08
𝑥 = 4.5375 𝑚 + = 14.15 𝑚
tan 27.82

26. The half section of a ship is shown in figure Q 2. The side is vertical to a depth of 60
cm below the water line and then curves to the centre line in the form of a parabolic
arc, the axis of the parabola being a horizontal line 60 cm below the waterline.

Ing Jonjo Page 66

 Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant hydrostatic thrust per
metre of length on the half section, and where the line of action of this resultant cuts
the vertical centre-line. Density of water = 1025 kg/m3

Solution

Considering one-metre horizontal width of the dam

Horizontal component of water force

𝐹𝐻 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝐷 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

= 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅

1
= 1025 × 9.81 × (1 × 1.8) × × 1.8 = 16.3 𝑘𝑁
2
Ing Jonjo Page 67
 1
𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = × 1.8 𝑚 = 0.6 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝐷
3

Vertical component

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐹

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐹

+ 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝐷𝐸

The equation of a parabola is given by

𝑦 2 = 4𝑎𝑥

𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑥 = 2.1 𝑚 , 𝑦 = (1.8 − 0.6) = 1.2 𝑚

4𝑎 = 0.6857

𝑦 2 = 0.6857𝑥

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑎 𝐶𝐷𝐸 = ∫ 𝑦𝑑𝑥

2.1

= ∫ √0.6857𝑥𝑑𝑥
0

2.1
1
= √0.6857 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0

2.1
1
= 0.828 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥
0

2
= 0.828 × × 2.13/2 = 1.68 𝑚2
3

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝐵𝐶𝐸𝐹 = 0.6 × 2.1 = 1.26 𝑚2

∴ 𝐹𝑉 = (1025 × 9.81 × 1.68 × 1) + (1025 × 9.81 × 1.26 × 1) = 29.6 𝑘𝑁

Ing Jonjo Page 68

 Resultant force

𝑅 = √𝐹𝑣2 + 𝐹𝐻2 = √(29.62 + 16.32 ) = 33.8 𝑘𝑁

If 𝜃 is the angle of inclination of 𝑅 to the horizontal

𝐹𝑉 29.6
𝜃 = tan−1 ( ) = tan−1 ( ) = 61.2° 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
𝐹𝐻 16.3

27. A sector gate is constructed with a radius of 6 m subtends an angle of 25. The sector
takes the pressure of water which is level with the upper edge. The line from the
hinge to the lower edge is inclined upwards from the horizontal at 10. Calculate the
resultant force at the hinge per metre width of gate, also the horizontal component
of this force.

Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 69

 < 𝐸𝑂𝐷 = 90° − (25° + 10°) = 55°

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 |𝑂𝐸| = 6 cos 55° = 3.44 𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 |𝐷𝐸| = 6 sin 55° = 4.915 𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 |𝐴𝐵| = 6 sin 10° = 1.04 𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 |𝑂𝐴| = 6 cos 10° = 5.908 𝑚

𝐿𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 |𝐶𝐵| = |𝑂𝐸| − |𝐴𝐵| = 3.44 − 1.04 = 2.4 𝑚

Considering one-metre horizontal width of the gate;

𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

= 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝐵𝐷 𝑜𝑛 𝑎 𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑛𝑒

𝐹𝐻 = 𝜌𝑔𝐴𝑦̅

1
= 1000 × 9.81 × (1 × 2.4) × × 2.4 = 28.25 𝑘𝑁
2

𝐹𝑉 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑒𝑡𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑛 𝐶𝐵 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑚

25
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑂𝐵𝐷 = × 𝜋 × 62 = 7.854 𝑚2
360

Ing Jonjo Page 70

 1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐵 = × 5.908 × 1.04 = 3.072 𝑚2
2

1
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐸𝐷 = × 3.44 × 4.915 = 8.454 𝑚2
2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑂𝐴𝐶𝐸 = 3.44 × 5.908 = 20.324 𝑚2

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑔𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝐵𝐶𝐷 = 20.324 − (7.854 + 3.072 + 8.454) = 0.944𝑚2

∴ 𝐹𝑉 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.944 × 1 = 9.26 𝑘𝑁

𝑅 = √𝐹𝑣2 + 𝐹𝐻2 = √(9.262 + 28.252 ) = 29.72 𝑘𝑁

28. A special sluice gate is of the form shown in fig. A is a flat gate freely suspended by a
hinge at C and hanging vertically under its own weight in which position it makes
contact with B, a sector gate of 0.75 m radius carried by a shaft through the centre of
curvature at D. The sector gate weighs 500kgf per metre run, its cg being at G as
shown. If the water level is 1.65 m above the floor, calculate per metre width the
force on the hinge pin D in magnitude and direction, and the torque on the shaft D
required to open the gate.

Ing Jonjo Page 71

 Solution

A stream is spanned by a bridge which is a single masonry arch in the form of a parabola;
the crown being 2.4 m above the springing’s which 9 m apart. Measured in the direction of
the stream the overall width is 6.3 m. During a flood the stream rises to a level of 1.8 m
above the springing’s. Assuming that the arch remains watertight, calculate the force
tending to lift the bridge from its foundations

Solutions

Equation of a parabolic arch is

𝑦 = 𝐴𝑥 2

Boundary conditions: when 𝑦 = 2.4; 𝑥 = 4.5

Thus

2.5
𝐴 = = 0.12
4.52

∴ 𝑦 = 0.12𝑥 2

Ing Jonjo Page 72

 Now when

0.6
𝑦 = 2.4 − 1.8 = 0.6 𝑚 ; 𝑥=√ = 2.2 𝑚
0.12

4.5

𝑈𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ = 2𝜌𝑔 ∫ (𝑦 − 0.6)𝑑𝑥

2.205

4.5

= 2𝜌𝑔 ∫ (0.1234𝑥 2 − 0.6)𝑑𝑥

2.2

= 2𝜌𝑔[0.04𝑥 3 − 0.6𝑥]

= 2 × 103 × 9.81[(0.04 × 4.53 − 0.6(4.5)) − (0.04 × 2.23 − 0.6(2.2))]

= 19620 × 1.8 = 35316 𝑁

∴ 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜 𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑔𝑒 = 35.3 𝑘𝑁 × 6.3 𝑚 = 222.4 𝑘𝑁

Buoyancy and stability of floating bodies

1. A ship floating in seawater displaces 115 𝑚3 . Find (a) the weight of the ship if
seawater has a density of 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3, and (b) the volume of fresh water of density
1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 which the ship would displace.
Solution

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

Ing Jonjo Page 73

 = 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 × 115 𝑚3 = 117875 𝑘𝑔

117875
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑠ℎ 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = = 117.875 𝑚3
1000

2. A rectangular pontoon 5.4 m wide by 12 m long has a draught of 1.5 m in fresh

water(𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 ). Calculate (a) the mass of the pontoon, (b) its draught
in seawater (𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 )
Solution

Using Archimedes principle

𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 ⇒ 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝑚𝑔

∴ 𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 12 × 5.4 × 1.5 = 97.2 𝑚3

∴ 𝑚 = 1000 × 97.2 = 97200 𝑘𝑔

Let the draught in sea-water be ℎ

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝜌×𝐿×𝑊×ℎ = 𝑚

𝑚 97200
ℎ= = = 1.46 𝑚
𝜌 × 𝐿 × 𝑊 1025 × 12 × 5.4

Ing Jonjo Page 74

 3. A vessel lying in a fresh-water dock has a displacement of 10,000 tonnes and the
area of the water-line plane is 1840 𝑚2 . It is moved to a sea-water dock and after
removal of cargo its displacement is reduced to 8500 tonnes. Assuming that the
sides of the vessel are vertical near the water line and taking the density of fresh
water as 1000 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3 and that of sea-water as 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3, calculate the alteration
in draught.
Let the draught in fresh-water be 𝐻

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝜌×𝐴×𝐻 =𝑚

𝑚 10000 × 1000
𝐻= = = 5.435 𝑚
𝜌×𝐴 1000 × 1840

Let the draught in fresh-water be ℎ

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝜌×𝐴×ℎ =𝑚

𝑚 8500 × 1000
𝐻= = = 4.507 𝑚
𝜌 × 𝐴 1025 × 1840

∴ 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐻 − ℎ = 5.435 − 4.507 = 0.928 𝑚

4. A cubic metre of ice (sp.gr 0.9) floats freely in a vessel containing water at 0℃. (a)
How much of the ice is exposed, and (b) what will be the change in the level of the
water when the ice melts if the area of the water surface is 4 𝑚2
Solution

Let the total volume of ice be V and the submerged volume 𝑣

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 = 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒

𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑔𝑉 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣 𝑔

𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑉 = 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑣

Ing Jonjo Page 75

 𝜌𝑖𝑐𝑒
𝑣= 𝑉
𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

𝑣 = 0.9 𝑉

𝑣 = 0.9 𝑉

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = 𝑉 − 0.9 𝑉 = 0.1𝑉

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 0.1𝑉

𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑦𝑡𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 = = = 0.1
𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑉

There will be no change in the water level

5. The piston of the ball shown below in figure has an effective diameter of 10 mm. the
1
valve just closes when of the volume of the ball is submerged. Calculate the
4

pressure in 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2 of the mains supply.

Solution

1 4 3 1 3
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = × 𝜋𝑟 = 𝜋𝑟
4 3 3

1
𝑈𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙, 𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔 𝑉 = 𝜌𝑔𝜋𝑟 3
3

𝜋
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = × 𝑑𝑝2
4

Let the pressure in the mains be 𝑃

Ing Jonjo Page 76

 𝜋
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 = 𝑃 × × 𝑑𝑝2
4

Taking moments about the hinge

𝜋 1
(𝑃 × × 𝑑𝑝2 ) × 25 = ( 𝜌𝑔𝜋𝑟 3 ) × 250
4 3

40𝜌𝑔𝑟 3 40 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0. 0753

𝑃= = = 55.2 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2
3𝑑𝑝2 3 × 0.012

6. A ball valve is arranged as in Q5 above but the distance from the centre of the ball to
the pivot is 300 mm and the diameter of the piston is 12.5 mm. if the mains pressure
is 690 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2, calculate what fraction of the ball is immersed. What would be the
1
mains pressure if the valve closed when of the ball was immersed?
3

Taking moments about the hinge

Solution

𝜋
(𝑃 × × 𝑑𝑝2 ) × 25 = (𝜌𝑔𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 ) × 300
4

𝜋
𝑃 × 4 × 𝑑𝑝2 × 25
𝑉𝑆𝑢𝑏 =
300 𝜌𝑔

𝜋
690 × 1000 × 4 × 0.01252 × 25
𝑉𝑆𝑢𝑏 = = 7.192 × 10−4 𝑚3
300 × 1000 × 9.81

4 3 4
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 = 𝜋𝑟 = × 𝜋 × 0.0753 = 1.767 × 10−3 𝑚3
3 3

𝑉𝑆𝑢𝑏 7.192 × 10−4 𝑚3

𝐹𝑟𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = = = 0.40
𝑉 1.767 × 10−3 𝑚3

When 1/3 of the ball is immersed;

𝜋
(𝑃 × × 𝑑𝑝2 ) × 25 = (𝜌𝑔𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 ) × 300
4

Ing Jonjo Page 77

 𝜋 1
(𝑃 × × 𝑑𝑝2 ) × 25 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 × 300
4 3

𝜋 1
𝑃× × 0.01252 × 25 = × 1000 × 9.81 × 1.767 × 10−3 × 300
4 3

𝑃 = 56.5 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2

7. The ball-operated valve shown in Fig. Q8 controls the flow from a tank through a
pipe to a lower tank, in which it is situated. The water level in the upper tank is 7 m
above the 10 mm diameter valve opening. Calculate the volume of the ball which
must be submerged to keep the valve closed.

Solution

𝜌𝑔𝑉 × 5 = 𝑝𝐴 × 1

𝜋 2
𝜌𝑔𝑉 × 5 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ × 𝑑 ×1
4

𝜋 2
𝑉= 𝑑 ℎ
20

𝜋
𝑉= × 0.012 × 7 = 0.011𝑚2
20

8. A ship has a displacement of 2200 metric tons in sea-water. Find the volume of the
ship below the water line. Density of sea-water is 1025 kg/m3
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 78

 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑤 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑤

𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝑚𝑔

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝑚 2200 × 103 𝑘𝑔
𝑉= = = 2146 𝑚3
𝜌 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3

9. The sides of a ship are vertical near the waterline and the area of the waterline
plane is 2050 𝑚2 . The total mass of the ship is 10000 metric tons when it leaves a
fresh water dock. After a certain time at sea the weight of the ship has been reduced
by 1500 metric tons due to consumption of fuel. Find how much the draught has
been reduced since leaving dock. Relative density of sea-water is 1.025.
Solution

Let the draught in fresh-water be 𝐻

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠ℎ𝑖𝑝

𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝑚𝑔

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝜌×𝐴×𝐻 =𝑚

𝑚 10000 × 1000
𝐻= = = 4.878 𝑚
𝜌×𝐴 1000 × 2050

Let the draught in sea-water be ℎ

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝜌×𝐴×ℎ =𝑚

𝑚 (10000 − 1500) × 1000

𝐻= = = 4.045 𝑚
𝜌×𝐴 1025 × 2050

Ing Jonjo Page 79

 ∴ 𝐴𝑙𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 = 𝐻 − ℎ = 4.878 − 4.045 = 0.833 𝑚

10. A rectangular scow 4.5 m by 9.6 m having vertical sides weighs 36000 kg. What is its
draught in fresh water?
Solution

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑐𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑤 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑐𝑜𝑤

𝜌𝑔𝑉 = 𝑚𝑔

𝜌𝑉 = 𝑚

𝜌×𝐿×𝑊×𝐻 =𝑚

𝑚 36000
𝐻= = = 0.833 𝑚
𝜌 × 𝐿 × 𝑊 1000 × 4.5 × 9.6

11. A steel pipeline conveying gas has an internal diameter of 120cm and an external
diameter of 125cm. It is laid across the bed of a river, completely immersed in water
and is anchored at intervals of 3m along its length. Calculate the buoyancy force in
newtons per metre and the upward force in newtons on each anchorage. Density of
steel = 7900kgm-3, density of water = 1000kgm-3
Solution

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒/ 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛 = 𝑢𝑝𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑢𝑠𝑡/𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛

Ing Jonjo Page 80

 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑟𝑢𝑛

𝜋
= 1000 × 9.81 × × 1.252
4

= 12150 𝑁𝑚−1

Since the anchorages are 3 m apart

𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = (𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 − 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡) 𝑓𝑜𝑟 3 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒

𝜋
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 3 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 3 × 7900 × 9.81 × (1.252 − 1.22 )
4

= 22500𝑁

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 3 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 = 3 𝑚 × 12150 𝑁𝑚−1 = 36450 𝑁

𝑈𝑝𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 35450 − 22500 = 13950 𝑁

𝐒𝐭𝐚𝐛𝐢𝐥𝐢𝐭𝐲 𝐨𝐟 𝐟𝐥𝐨𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐧𝐠 𝐛𝐨𝐝𝐢𝐞𝐬

12. Show that, if B is the centre of buoyancy and M is the metacenter for rolling of a
partially immersed floating body, |𝐵𝑀| = 𝐼⁄𝑉 where I is the second moment of area
of the surface of flotation about the longitudinal axis, and V is the immersed Volume.

Ing Jonjo Page 81

 Solution

Consider towards the right of the axis an elemental strip of area 𝛿𝐴 at a distance
𝑥 from the axis from O

𝑇ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 𝑥 sin 𝜃 = 𝑥𝜃

𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 𝛿𝐴

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 𝛿𝑉 = 𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 × 𝑇ℎ𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 𝑥𝜃𝛿𝐴

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑝 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥𝜃𝛿𝐴

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥𝜃𝛿𝐴 × 𝑥 = 𝜌𝑔𝑥 2 𝜃𝛿𝐴

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑒𝑑𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑂 = ∫ 𝜌𝑔𝑥 2 𝜃𝑑𝐴 = 𝜌𝑔𝜃 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴

𝑀𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝐹 × 𝐵𝐵′ = 𝑊 × |𝐵𝑀| sin 𝜃 = 𝑊 × |𝐵𝑀| × 𝜃

∴ 𝑊 × |𝐵𝑀| × 𝜃 = 𝜌𝑔𝜃 ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴

The integral ∫ 𝑥 2 𝑑𝐴 is the second moment of area 𝐼

∴ 𝑊 × |𝐵𝑀| × 𝜃 = 𝜌𝑔𝜃𝐼

Ing Jonjo Page 82

 ∴ 𝑚𝑔 × |𝐵𝑀| = 𝜌𝑔𝐼

𝜌𝑉𝑔 × |𝐵𝑀| = 𝜌𝑔𝐼

𝐼
|𝐵𝑀| =
𝑉

13. A rectangular block of wood, 300 mm by 150 mm in plan, floats immersed to a depth
of 75 mm. Find the height of the longitudinal and transverse metacenters above its
bottom
Solution

Consider the longitudinal direction

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 150 × 300 × 75 = 3.375 × 106 𝑚𝑚4

1
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑙𝑜𝑛𝑔𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 300 × 1503 = 84.375 × 106
12

𝐼 84.375 × 106
∴ |𝐵𝑀| = = = 25 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 3.375 × 106

1
|𝑂𝐵| = × 75 = 37.5 𝑚𝑚
2

|𝑂𝑀| = |𝑂𝐵| + |𝐵𝑀| = 37.5 + 25 = 62.5 𝑚𝑚

Consider the transverse direction

Ing Jonjo Page 83

 1
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡𝑟𝑎𝑛𝑠𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = × 150 × 3003 = 337.5 × 106
12

𝐼 337.5 × 106
|𝐵𝑀| = = = 100 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 3.375 × 106

|𝑂𝑀| = |𝑂𝐵| + |𝐵𝑀| = 37.5 + 100 = 137.5 𝑚𝑚

14. A vessel has a displacement of 1500 metric tons of fresh water. A weight of 16
metric tons moved 8.25 m across the deck causes a horizontal movement of 175 mm
at the lower end of a pendulum 1.5 m long. Find the metacentric height
𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝑊 = (1500 × 103 × 9.81)𝑁

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃 = (16 × 103 × 9.81)𝑁

0.175 𝜋
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = sin−1 ( ) = 6.699 × = 0.1169 𝑟𝑎𝑑
1.5 180

𝑃𝑥 16 × 103 × 9.81 × 8.25

𝐺𝑀 = = = 0.753 𝑚
𝑊𝜃 1500 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.1169

15. A solid cube of wood of specific gravity 0.9 floats in water with a face parallel to the
water plane. If the length of one edge is 10 cm, find the metacentric height.
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 84

 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

0.9 × 1000 × 9.81 × 0.13 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.12 × ℎ

∴ ℎ = 0.09 𝑚

1 1
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = |𝑂𝐵| = ℎ = × 0.09 = 0.045 𝑚
2 2

1
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = |𝑂𝐺| = × 0.1 = 0.05 𝑚
2

|𝐵𝐺| = |𝑂𝐺| − |𝑂𝐵|

|𝐵𝐺| = 0.5 − 0.045 = 0.005 𝑚

1
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼 = × 0.14
12

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 0.12 × 0.09

1
𝐼 × 0.14
∴ |𝐵𝑀| = = 12 = 0.0093 𝑚
𝑉 0.12 × 0.09

|𝐺𝑀| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐵𝐺| = 0.0093 − 0.005 = 0.0043 𝑚

16. A rectangular pontoon of mass 90 metric tons floats in seawater. It is 12 m long, 7.5
m wide and 3 m deep. Find the metacentric height. Sea water has a density of 1025
kg/m3 and centre of gravity of the pontoon may be taken at its geometric centre.

Ing Jonjo Page 85

 Solution

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛

90 × 103 × 9.81 = 1025 × 9.81 × 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏

𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 87.8 𝑚3

Let the draught in sea-water be ℎ

𝑉 =𝐿×𝑤×ℎ

87.8 = 12 × 7.5 × ℎ

ℎ = 0.976 𝑚

1
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 0.976 = 0.488 𝑚
2

1
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 = × 3 = 1.5 𝑚
2

∴ |𝐺𝐵| = 1.5 − 0.488 = 1.01 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 86

 𝐼
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 = |𝐵𝑀| =
𝑉

1
× 12 × 7.53
|𝐵𝑀| = 12 = 4.805 𝑚
87.8

𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = |𝐺𝑀| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐺𝐵|

|𝐺𝑀| = 4.805 𝑚 − 1.01 𝑚 = 3.8 𝑚

17. A rectangular pontoon has a mass of 240 metric tons and a length of 18 m. The
centre of gravity is 0.3 m above the centre of cross-section and the metacentric
height is to be 1.2 m when the angle of heel is 10°. The freeboard must not be less
than 0.6 m when the pontoon is vertical. Find the breadth and height of the pontoon
if floating in fresh water.
Solution

Let b be the breadth and D be the depth of pontoon.

𝑚 240 × 103
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉 = = = 240 𝑚3
𝜌 1000

Ing Jonjo Page 87

 𝑇ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑓𝑜𝑟𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛, 240 = 𝑏 × (𝐷 − 0.6) × 18

1 5
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼 = × 20 × 𝑏 3 = 𝑏 3
12 3
5 3
𝐼 𝑏 1
∴ 𝐵𝑀 = = 3 = 𝑏3
𝑉 240 144
𝐷 − 0.6
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 =
2
𝐷
𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝐴, = 𝐴𝐺 = |𝐴𝐺 ′ | + |𝐺′𝐺| = + 0.30
2
𝐷 𝐷 − 0.6
𝐵𝐺 = ( + 0.30) – ( ) = 0.6 𝑚
2 2
𝑀𝐺 = 𝐵𝑀 – 𝐵𝐺

1
1.2 = 𝑏 3 – 0.6
144
1
𝑏 3 = 1.2 + 0.6 = 1.8
144

𝑏 3 = 144 × 1.8 = 259.2

3
𝑏 = √259.2 = 6.4 𝑚

∴ 240 = 6.4 × (𝐷 − 0.6) × 18

240 = 115.2(𝐷 − 0.6)

2.08 = 𝐷 − 0.6

𝐷 = 2.08 + 0.6 = 2.68 𝑚

18. A vessel has a length of 60 m, a beam of 8.5 m and a displacement of 1350 metric
tons of seawater. A mass of 20 metric tons moved 6.75 m across the deck inclined
the vessel 5 deg. The second moment of area of the water plane about its fore-and-
aft axis is 65 percent of the second moment of the circumscribing rectangle and the

Ing Jonjo Page 88

 position of the centre of buoyancy is 1.5 m below the water line. Find the position of
the metacenter and the centre of gravity of the vessel. Density of seawater,
1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

1025 × 9.81 × 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = (1350 + 20) × 103 × 9.81

𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 1337 𝑚3

1 3
𝐼 12 × 60 × 8.5 × 0.65
|𝐵𝑀| = = = 1.52
𝑉 1337

5×𝜋
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑡 = = 0.087 𝑟𝑎𝑑
180

The metacentric height is given by

𝑃𝑥 20 × 103 × 9.81 × 6.75

𝐺𝑀 = = = 1.14 𝑚
𝑊𝜃 1350 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.087

|𝐵𝑀| = |𝐵𝐺| + |𝐺𝑀|

1.52 = |𝐵𝐺| + 1.14

|𝐵𝐺| = 0.38 𝑚

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐶. 𝐺 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 1.5 − 0.372 = 1.12 𝑚 𝑏𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑤

𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑒 = 1.14 − (1.12) = 0.02 𝑚 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒

19. A ship displaces 13000 metric tons of seawater. On filling the ships boats on one
side with 60 metric tons of water, the angle of heel is 2°16′. If the boats are 9 m from
the centerline of the ship, find the metacentric height
Solution

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝑊 = (13000 × 103 × 9.81)𝑁

Ing Jonjo Page 89

 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃 = (60 × 103 × 9.81)𝑁

𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = tan(2°16′) = 0.0396

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑥 = 9 𝑚

𝑃𝑥 60 × 103 × 9.81 × 9
𝐺𝑀 = = = 1.05 𝑚
𝑊 tan 𝜃 13000 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.0396

20. The shifting of a portion of cargo of mass 25000 kg, through a distance 6 m at right
angles to the vertical plane containing the longitudinal axis of a vessel, causes it to
heel through an angle of 5°. The displacement of the vessel is 5000 metric tons and
the value of 𝐼 is 5840 𝑚4
Find (a) the metacentric height and (b) the height of the centre of gravity of the
vessel above the centre of buoyancy.

Solution

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 𝑊 = (13000 × 103 × 9.81)𝑁

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 = 𝑃 = (60 × 103 × 9.81)𝑁

5×𝜋
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 = 5° = =
180

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑑 𝑏𝑦 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 𝑥 = 9 𝑚

𝑃𝑥 60 × 103 × 9.81 × 9
𝐺𝑀 = = = 1.05
𝑊 tan 𝜃 13000 × 103 × 9.81 × 0.0396

5000 × 103
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉 = = 4878 𝑚3
1025

𝐼 5840
|𝐵𝑀| = = = 1.197 𝑚
𝑉 4878

|𝐵𝑀| = |𝐵𝐺| + |𝐺𝑀|

∴ |𝐵𝐺| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐺𝑀|

Ing Jonjo Page 90

 |𝐵𝐺| = 1.197 − 0.344 = 0.853 𝑚

21. A hollow wooden cylinder of specific gravity, 0.55 has an outer diameter of 0.6 m, an
inner diameter of 0.3 m and has its ends open. It is required to float in oil of specific
gravity of 0.84. Calculate the maximum height of the cylinder so that it shall be
stable when floating with its axis vertical and the depth to which it will sink
Solution

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

(𝜌𝑉𝑔)𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = (𝜌𝑉𝑔)𝑜𝑖𝑙

(𝜌𝑉)𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = (𝜌𝑉)𝑜𝑖𝑙

𝜋 𝜋
0.55 × 1000 × × (0.62 − 0.32 ) × ℎ = 0.84 × 1000 × × (0.62 − 0.32 ) × ℎ̅
4 4

0.55
∴ ℎ̅ = × ℎ = 0.66ℎ
0.84

1 1
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = |𝑂𝐵| = ℎ̅ = (0.655ℎ) = 0.33ℎ
2 2

1
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = |𝑂𝐺| = ℎ = 0.5ℎ
2

|𝐵𝐺| = |𝑂𝐺| − |𝑂𝐵|

|𝐵𝐺| = 0.5ℎ − 0.33ℎ = 0.17ℎ

𝜋
𝐼= (0.64 − 0.34 ) = 0.00596 𝑚4
64

𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = × (0.62 − 0.32 ) × ℎ̅ = 0.212ℎ̅
4

𝐼 0.00596 0.00596 0.043

|𝐵𝑀| = = = =
𝑉 ̅
0.212ℎ 0.212 × (0.66ℎ) ℎ

For stability;

Ing Jonjo Page 91

 |𝐵𝑀| ≥ |𝐵𝐺|

0.043
≥ 0.17ℎ
ℎ

0.253 ≥ 0.1725ℎ2

ℎ ≤ √0.253 = 0.503 𝑚

ℎ̅ = 0.66ℎ = 0.66 × 0.503 = 0.332 𝑚

22. A cylinder has a diameter of 0.3 and a relative density of 0.8. What is the maximum
permissible length in order that it may float with its axis vertical?
Solution

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

(𝜌𝑉𝑔)𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = (𝜌𝑉𝑔)𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

1000 × 0.8 × 9.81 × 𝜋(0.15)2 × 𝐿 = 1000 × 9.81 × 𝜋(0.15)2 𝐻

∴ 0.8𝐿 = 𝐻

1 0.8𝐿
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = |𝑂𝐵| = 𝐻= = 0.4𝐿
2 2

Ing Jonjo Page 92

 𝐿
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = |𝑂𝐺| = = 0.5𝐿
2

|𝐵𝐺| = |𝑂𝐺| − |𝑂𝐵|

|𝐵𝐺| = 0.5𝐿 − 0.4𝐿 = 0.1𝐿

𝜋 4
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼 = 𝑅
4

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻

𝜋 4
𝐼 𝑅 𝑅2 (0.15)2 0.007
∴ |𝐵𝑀| = = 4 = = =
𝑉 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻 4𝐻 4(0.8𝐿) 𝐿

Considering the limiting case for stability;

|𝐵𝑀| ≥ |𝐵𝐺|

0.007
≥ 0.1𝐿
𝐿

𝐿2 ≤ 0.07

𝐿 ≤ √0.07 = 0.265 𝑚

23. Show that a solid cylinder of length L, Radius R and specific gravity s will float in
stable equilibrium with its axis vertical if 𝑹 > 𝑳√{𝟐𝒔(𝟏 − 𝒔)}
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 93

 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

(𝜌𝑉𝑔)𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = (𝜌𝑉𝑔)𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟

1000𝑠 × 9.81 × 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐿 = 1000 × 9.81 × 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻

∴ 𝑠𝐿 = 𝐻

1 𝑠𝐿
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = |𝑂𝐵| = 𝐻=
2 2

𝐿
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = |𝑂𝐺| =
2

|𝐵𝐺| = |𝑂𝐺| − |𝑂𝐵|

𝐿 𝑠𝐿 𝐿
|𝐵𝐺| = − = (1 − 𝑠)
2 2 2

𝜋 4
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼 = 𝑅
4

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝜋𝑅 2 𝐻

Ing Jonjo Page 94

 𝜋 4
𝐼 𝑅 𝑅2 𝑅2
∴ |𝐵𝑀| = = 4 2 = =
𝑉 𝜋𝑅 𝐻 4𝐻 4𝑠𝐿

Considering the limiting case for stability;

|𝐵𝑀| ≥ |𝐵𝐺|

𝑅2 𝐿
≥ (1 − 𝑠)
4𝑠𝐿 2

𝑅 2 ≥ 2𝐿2 𝑠(1 − 𝑠)

𝑹 ≥ 𝑳√𝟐𝒔(1 − 𝑠)

24. A right solid cone with apex angle equal to 60° is of density S relative to that of the
liquid in which it floats with the apex downwards. Determine the range of values of
S to ensure that the cone is in stable equilibrium
Solution

Let D be the diameter of the cone and H the vertical height of the cone. The diameter
of the water-line plane is d and the depth of immersion h

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑

Ing Jonjo Page 95

 1 𝐷 2 1 𝑑 2
𝑆 × 𝜌𝑔 × 𝜋 ( ) 𝐻 = 𝜌𝑔 × 𝜋 ( ) ℎ
3 2 3 2

𝑆𝐷 2 𝐻 = 𝑑2 ℎ

𝑆𝐷2 𝐻 𝐷 2
∴ℎ= =𝑆 ) 𝐻
(
𝑑2 𝑑

From the geometry of the cone, using similar triangles

𝐷 𝑑 𝐷 𝐻
= ⇒( )=
𝐻 ℎ 𝑑 ℎ

𝐻 2
∴ ℎ = 𝑆( ) 𝐻
ℎ

ℎ3 = 𝑆𝐻 3

1
ℎ = 𝑆 3𝐻

3 3 1
|𝑂𝐵| = ℎ = 𝑆 3𝐻
4 4

But 𝑑 = 2ℎ tan 30° = 2√3⁄3 ℎ

4
𝜋 4 𝜋 𝜋 16 4 𝜋 4
𝐼= 𝑑 = × (2√3⁄3 ℎ) = × ℎ = ℎ
64 64 64 9 36

𝜋 1 4 𝜋 4
= (𝑆 3 𝐻) = (𝑆 3 𝐻 4 )
36 36

2
2√3⁄ ℎ
1 2 1 𝑑 2 1 3 ) ×ℎ
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑒 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 ℎ = 𝜋 ( ) ℎ = 𝜋 (
3 3 2 3 2

3
1 3 1 1 𝜋
= 𝜋ℎ = 𝜋 (𝑆 𝐻) = (𝑆𝐻 3 )
3
9 9 9

Ing Jonjo Page 96

 𝜋 4
(𝑆 3𝐻4)
𝐼 36 1 1
|𝐵𝑀| = = 𝜋 = 𝑆 3𝐻
𝑉 (𝑆𝐻 3 ) 4
9

|𝐵𝐺| = |𝑂𝐺| − |𝑂𝐵|

3 3 1
|𝐵𝐺| = 𝐻 − 𝑆 3𝐻
4 4

For stability of the cone |𝐺𝑀| > |𝐺𝐵|

1 1 3 3 1
𝑆 3𝐻 ≥ 𝐻 − 𝑆 3𝐻
4 4 4

1 1 3 3 1
𝑆3 ≥ − 𝑆3
4 4 4

1 1
𝑆 3 ≥ 3 − 3𝑆 3

1
4𝑆 3 ≤ 3

27
𝑆≤
64

25. Show that a buoy 1.8 m diameter and 2.4 m high with a mass of 1800 𝑘𝑔 will not
float with its axis vertical in seawater (density 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3). What pull must be
applied to a vertical chain fastened to the centre of the base so that the buoy will just
float with its axis vertical?

Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 97

 1
|𝑂𝐺| = × 2.4 𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚
2

ℎ
|𝐺𝐵| = 1.2 −
2

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛

1800 × 9.81 = 1025 × 9.81 × 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏

𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 1.756 𝑚3

𝜋
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = × 𝑑2 × ℎ
4

𝜋
1.756 = × 1.82 × ℎ ⇒ ℎ = 0.690 𝑚
4

0.690
∴ |𝐵𝐺| = 1.2 − = 0.855 𝑚
2

𝜋 𝜋
𝐼= × 𝑑4 = × (1.8)4 = 0.515 𝑚4
64 64

𝐼 0.515
|𝐵𝑀| = = = 0.293
𝑉 1.756

|𝐵𝑀| = |𝐵𝐺| + |𝐺𝑀| ⇒ |𝐺𝑀| = 0.293 − 0.855 = −0.562 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 98

 Since |𝐺𝑀| is negative, the buoy is unstable.

The tension will alter the position of the centre of gravity of the buoy to a new location 𝐺̅
and the centre of buoyancy will move to a new position 𝐵̅ The new draught of the buoy
becomes ℎ̅ Let the tension required to hold the buoy in a vertical position be T.

Recall

𝜋
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = × 𝑑2 × ℎ̅
4

𝜋
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = × 1.82 × ℎ̅ = 2.545ℎ̅
4

For equilibrium of forces

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛

𝜌𝑔𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝑇 + 𝑊

1025 × 9.81 × 2.545ℎ̅ = 𝑇 + 17658

25591ℎ̅ = 𝑇 + 17658

𝑇 + 17658
ℎ̅ =
25591
Ing Jonjo Page 99
 𝜋 𝜋
𝐼= × 𝑑4 = × (1.8)4 = 0.515 𝑚4
64 64

𝐼 0.515 0.202
|𝐵𝑀| = = =
𝑉 2.545ℎ̅ ℎ̅

0.202 5169
|𝐵𝑀| = =
𝑇 + 17658
{ } 𝑇 + 17658
25591

5169 1 𝑇 + 17658
|𝐵̅ 𝐺̅ | = + ( )
𝑇 + 17658 2 25591

5169 𝑇 + 17658
∴ |𝐵̅ 𝐺̅ | = +
𝑇 + 17658 51182

5169 𝑇 + 17658
|𝐺𝑀| = 1.2 − −
𝑇 + 17658 51182

For equilibrium taking moments about G

5169 𝑇 + 17658
1.2𝑇 = (𝑇 + 17658) [1.2 − − ]
𝑇 + 17658 51182

(𝑇 + 7554)2
1.2𝑇 = 1.2(𝑇 + 17658) − 5169 −
51182

(𝑇 + 17658)2
= 16021
51182

(𝑇 + 17658)2 = 820 × 106

𝑇 + 17658 = √820 × 106 = 28635 𝑁

𝑇 = 28635 − 17658 = 10997 𝑁 = 11 𝑘𝑁

26. A cylindrical buoy 1.35 m in diameter and 1.8 m high has a mass of 770 kg. Show
that it will float with its axis vertical in seawater of density 1025 kg/m3. If one end
of a vertical chain is fastened to the base, find the pull required just to keep the buoy
vertical. The centre of gravity of the buoy is 0.9 m from its base.
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 100

 |𝑂𝐺| = 𝑚

ℎ
|𝐺𝐵| = −
2

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛 = 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑛𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑜𝑛 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛

770 × 9.81 = 1025 × 9.81 × 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏

𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 0.75 𝑚3

𝜋
𝐵𝑢𝑡 𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = × 𝑑2 × ℎ
4

𝜋
0.75 = × 1.352 × ℎ ⇒ ℎ = 0.524 𝑚
4

0.524
∴ |𝐵𝐺| = 0.9 − = 0.638 𝑚
2

𝜋 𝜋
𝐼= × 𝑑4 = × (1.35)4 = 0.163 𝑚4
64 64

𝐼 0.163
|𝐵𝑀| = = = 0.217
𝑉 0.75

|𝐵𝑀| = |𝐵𝐺| + |𝐺𝑀| ⇒ |𝐺𝑀| = 0.217 − 0.638 = −0.421 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 101

 Since |𝐺𝑀| is negative, the buoy is unstable.

The tension will alter the position of the centre of gravity of the buoy to a new location 𝐺̅
and the centre of buoyancy will move to a new position 𝐵̅ The new draught of the buoy
becomes ℎ̅ Let the tension required to hold the buoy in a vertical position be T.

Recall

𝜋
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = × 𝑑2 × ℎ̅
4

𝜋
𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = × 1.352 × ℎ̅ = 1.431ℎ̅
4

For equilibrium of forces

𝐵𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝐹𝑜𝑟𝑐𝑒 = 𝑇𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑖𝑛 𝑐𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒 + 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛

𝜌𝑔𝑉𝑠𝑢𝑏 = 𝑇 + 𝑊

1025 × 9.81 × 1.431ℎ̅ = 𝑇 + 7554

14374ℎ̅ = 𝑇 + 7554

𝑇 + 7554
ℎ̅ =
14374

Ing Jonjo Page 102

 𝜋 𝜋
𝐼= × 𝑑4 = × (1.35)4 = 0.163 𝑚4
64 64

𝐼 0.163 0.114
|𝐵𝑀| = = =
𝑉 1.431ℎ̅ ℎ̅

0.114 1639
|𝐵𝑀| = =
𝑇 + 7554
{ } 𝑇 + 7554
14374

1639 1 𝑇 + 7554
|𝐵̅ 𝐺̅ | = + ( )
𝑇 + 7554 2 14374

1639 𝑇 + 7554
∴ |𝐵̅ 𝐺̅ | = +
𝑇 + 7554 28748

1639 𝑇 + 7554
|𝐺𝑀| = 0.9 − −
𝑇 + 7554 28748

For equilibrium taking moments about G

1639 𝑇 + 7554
0.9𝑇 = (𝑇 + 7554) [0.9 − − ]
𝑇 + 7554 28748

(𝑇 + 7554)2
0.9𝑇 = 0.9(𝑇 + 7554) − 5160 −
28748

(𝑇 + 7554)2
= 5160
28748

(𝑇 + 7554)2 = 148 × 106

𝑇 + 7554 = √148 × 106 = 12179 𝑁

𝑇 = 12179 − 7554 = 4625 𝑁 = 4.625 𝑘𝑁

27. A solid buoy made of material 0.6 times as dense as seawater floats in seawater. The
buoy consists of an upright cylinder 1.2 m in diameter and 1.5 m long with the
addition at the lower end of a hemisphere 1.2 m diameter of the same material. A
chain is attached to the lowest point of the hemisphere. Find the required vertical
pull on the chain so that the buoy just floats with the axis of the cylindrical portion

Ing Jonjo Page 103

 just vertical. The centroid of a hemisphere of radius r is 3/8r from the centre of
curvature. Seawater has a density 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
Solution

28. A rectangular pontoon 10.5 m long, 7.2 m broad and 2.4 m deep has a mass of
70000kg. It carries on its upper deck a horizontal boiler of 4.8 m diameter and a
mass 50000 kg. The centre of gravity of the boiler and the pontoon may be assumed
to be at their centre of figure and in the same vertical line. Find the metacentric
height. Density of seawater 1025 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3
Solution

29. A buoy floating in sea water of density 1025kgm-3 is conical in shape with a
diameter across the top of 1.2m and a vertex angle of 60°. Its mass is 300kg and its
centre of
gravity is 750 mm from the vertex. A flashing beacon is to be fitted to the top of the

Ing Jonjo Page 104

 buoy. If this unit has a mass of 55kg what is the maximum height of its centre of
gravity above
the top of the buoy if the whole assembly is not to be unstable? (The centre of
volume of a cone of height h is at a distance h from the vertex.)
Solution

355
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = = 0.3463 𝑚3
1025

1
∴ 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 0.3463
3

1 𝑟
𝜋 × 𝑟 2 × ℎ = 0.3463 𝑏𝑢𝑡 ℎ = = √3𝑟
3 tan 30°

1 √3
𝜋 × 𝑟 2 × √3𝑟 = 0.3463 ⇒ 𝜋 × 𝑟 3 = 0.3463
3 3

𝑟 3 = 0.191 ⇒ 𝑟 = 0.576 𝑚
𝜋 4
𝐼 𝑟 𝑟2 3𝑟 2 3𝑟 3 × 0.576
|𝐵𝑀| = = 4 = = = = = 0.249 𝑚
𝑉 1 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ 4ℎ 4(√3𝑟) 4√3 4√3
3

Ing Jonjo Page 105

 3
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝐵 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑜𝑝 = 𝐻 − ℎ
4

𝑅 3
= − (√3𝑟)
tan 30° 4

𝑅 3
= − (√3𝑟)
tan 30° 4

0.6 3
= − (√3 × 0.576)
tan 30° 4

= 0.291 𝑚

𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = (0.2912 − 0.2493) m = 0.0419 m below top

This is limiting position of G. Let beacon be x metres above top. Then moments
about axis in top:

300(0.6√3 − 0.75) − 55𝑥 = 355 × 0.0419

𝑥 = 1.302 𝑚

30. A rectangular pontoon 10m by 4m in plan weighs 280kN. A steel tube weighing
34kN is placed longitudinally on the deck. When the tube is in a central position, the
centre of gravity for the combined weight lies on the vertical axis of symmetry 250
mm above the water surface. Find (a) the metacentric height, (b) the maximum
distance the tube may be rolled laterally across the deck if the angle of heel is not to
exceed 5°.

Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 106

 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑜𝑜𝑛 + 𝑙𝑜𝑎𝑑 = 280 + 34 = 314 𝑘𝑁

314 × 1000
𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 = ℎ = = 0.781 𝑚
1025 × 9.81 × 10 × 4

1
𝐼 × 10 × 43
|𝐵𝑀| = = 12 = 1.707 𝑚
𝑉 4 × 10 × 0.781

1
𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑣𝑒 𝐵 = |𝐵𝐺| = 0.25 + (0.781) = 0.640 𝑚
2

|𝐺𝑀| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐵𝐺| = 1.707 − 0.640 = 1.067 𝑚

W is the weight of the ship. Taking moments about G and for small θ such that
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝜃 ≈ 𝜃 and 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜃 ≈ 1,

(𝑊 + 𝑃) × |𝐺𝑀| × 𝜃 = 𝑃𝑥

5𝜋
314 × 1.067 × = 34𝑥
180

𝑥 = 0.860 𝑚

31. A raft is formed of 3 cylinders, each 1.2 m diameter, symmetrically placed with their
axis horizontal, the extreme breadth over the cylinders being 6m. The fore-and-aft

Ing Jonjo Page 107

 axis is parallel to the axis of the cylinders. When laden the raft floats with the
cylinders half immersed and its centre of gravity in this condition is 1.2 m above the
centre cylinder axis. Calculate the transverse metacentric height
Solution

Each cylinder is 1.2 m wide, and as the overall breadth is 6 m, the distance y between the
centrelines
of the cylinders is 2𝑦 + 1.2 = 6, thus y = 2.4 m.

1 4𝐷 1 4 × 1.2
𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑚𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑙𝑒𝑠 𝑖𝑠 = ( ) = ( ) = 0.255
2 3𝜋 2 3𝜋

∴ |𝐵𝐺| = 1.2 + 0.255 = 1.455 𝑚

𝐵𝐷 3
The second moment of area about the centreline of each cylinder is 12
, hence

Ing Jonjo Page 108

 𝐵𝐷 3 𝐵𝐷 3 𝐵𝐷 3
𝐼𝑅𝑎𝑓𝑡 = + 2( + 𝐵𝐷𝑦 2 ) = + 2𝐵𝐷𝑦 2
12 12 4

10 × 1. 23
= + 2(10 × 1.2 × 2. 42 ) = 142.6 𝑚2
4

1 𝜋
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑟𝑎𝑓𝑡 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝑉 = 3 × × × 1. 22 × 10 = 16.97 𝑚3
2 4

𝐼 142.6
|𝐵𝑀| = = = 8.40 𝑚
𝑉 16.97

|𝐺𝑀| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐵𝐺|

= 8.40 − 1.455 = 6.95 𝑚

32. A cylinder with closed ends is 300 mm diameter and 450 mm high, has a mass of 27
kg and has a small hole in the bottom. It is lowered into water so that its axis
remains vertical. Calculate the depth to which it will sink, the height to which the
water will rise in it and the air pressure inside it. Disregard the effect of the
thickness of the walls but assume that it is uniform and that the compression of the
air is isothermal. Atmospheric pressure is 1.02 bars. Determine also whether the
cylinder will be stable in the vertical position when in equilibrium.
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 109

 Let 𝑯 be the height of the cylinder, 𝒉 the height to which the fluid rise in the cylinder and
𝒚 the depth of immersion in the water. The pressure inside of the cylinder is taken as 𝑷

By Archimedes principle, the weight of the cylinder is equal to the volume of fluid displaced.
Therefore,

𝜋
1000 × 9.81 × × 𝐷 2 × (𝑦 − ℎ) = 27 × 9.81
4

27 × 9.81 27
𝑦−ℎ = 𝜋 = 𝜋 = 0.38197 𝑚
1000 × 9.81 × 4 × 𝐷 2 1000 × 4 × 0.32

𝑇ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑠

𝑃𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒 = 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 + 𝜌𝑔𝑦 = 𝑃 + 𝜌𝑔ℎ

∴ 𝑃 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 𝜌𝑔(𝑦 − ℎ)

= 1000 × 9.81 × 0.38197 = 3747 𝑁/𝑚2

For isothermal compression, 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡

𝜋 𝜋
∴𝑃× × 𝐷 2 × (𝐻 − ℎ) = 𝑃𝐴𝑡𝑚 × × 𝐷 2 × 𝐻
4 4

𝑃 − 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚
∴ℎ=( )𝐻
𝑃

3747
∴ℎ=( ) × 450 = 16.5 𝑚𝑚
1.02 × 105

𝑦 − ℎ = 0.38197

𝑦 = 0.38197 + 0.0165 = 0.3955 𝑚 = 39.85 𝑚𝑚

1 1
𝑃𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = |𝑂𝐵| = 𝑦 = × 39.85 = 19.925 𝑚𝑚
2 2

1 1
𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑏𝑜𝑡𝑡𝑜𝑚 = |𝑂𝐺| = 𝐻 = × 450 = 225 𝑚𝑚
2 2

|𝐵𝐺| = |𝑂𝐺| − |𝑂𝐵|

|𝐵𝐺| = 225 − 19.925 = 205.075 𝑚𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 110

 𝜋 4
𝑆𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝐼 = 𝐷
64

𝜋 2
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑢𝑏𝑚𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑑 = 𝐷 𝑦
4

𝜋 4
𝐼 64 𝐷 𝐷2 3002
∴ |𝐵𝑀| = = 𝜋 = = = 142.225 𝑚𝑚
𝑉 𝐷 2𝑦 16𝑦 16 × 39.85
4

𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = |𝐺𝑀| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐵𝐺|

= 142.225 − 205.075 = −62.85 𝑚𝑚

𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 |𝐺𝑀| 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑒𝑔𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒, 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑏𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑏𝑙𝑒

PERIODIC TIME OF OSCILLATION

2
33. Derive the expression 2𝜋√(𝐾 ⁄𝑔ℎ) for the period of oscillations of a floating body

about a position of stability, assuming that it oscillates about its centre of gravity. K
is the relevant radius of gyration and h is the metacentric height.
Solution

At stable condition the weight and buoyant forces act on the same line. The buoyant
force 𝑭 equals the weight of the body. The weight of the body acts at 𝐺, and buoyant
Ing Jonjo Page 111
 force acts at 𝐵. At stable condition the forces act along the same line. After the tilt,
the centre of buoyancy moves to a new position and W and F form a couple which
tries to restore the original position of the body.

𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑜𝑢𝑝𝑙𝑒 = 𝑊 × |𝐺𝐴| = 𝑊 × ℎ × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃

𝑑2 𝜃
𝐴𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑜𝑑𝑦 = –
𝑑𝑡 2

𝐼𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒
= 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑖𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑎 𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑥𝑖𝑠
× 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛

𝑑2𝜃
= −𝐼
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2𝜃2
= −𝑚𝑘
𝑑𝑡 2

Equating it to the restoring couple

𝑑2 𝜃 2
𝑊 × ℎ × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = −𝑚𝑘
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2 𝜃
𝑚𝑔 × ℎ × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 = −𝑚𝑘 2
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2 𝜃 2
𝑚𝑔 × ℎ × 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + 𝑚𝑘 =0
𝑑𝑡 2

𝑘 2 𝑑2𝜃
ℎ𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 + =0
𝑔 𝑑𝑡 2

For small angles sin θ = θ in radians

𝑘 2 𝑑2𝜃
+ ℎ𝜃 = 0
𝑔 𝑑𝑡 2

𝑑2𝜃 𝑔ℎ
2
+ ( 2) 𝜃 = 0
𝑑𝑡 𝑘

Ing Jonjo Page 112

 The classical solution for the differential equation is

𝑔ℎ 𝑔ℎ
𝜃 = 𝐴 sin {√ 2
} 𝑡 + 𝐵 cos {√ 2 } 𝑡
𝑘 𝑘

Applying initial conditions;

𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = 0, 𝜃=0

𝑇
𝐴𝑡 𝑡 = , 𝜃=0
2

∴ 𝐵 = 0,

𝑔ℎ 𝑇
0 = 𝐴 sin {√ }
𝑘2 2

As A cannot be zero, we have

𝑔ℎ 𝑇
sin {√ } =0
𝑘2 2

𝑔ℎ 𝑇
sin {√ } = sin 𝜋
𝑘2 2

𝑔ℎ 𝑇
√ × =𝜋
𝑘2 2

𝑘2
𝑇 = 2𝜋√
𝑔ℎ

Ing Jonjo Page 113

 34. A solid cylinder 1m in diameter and 0.8m high is of uniform relative density 0.85.
Calculate the periodic time of small oscillations when the cylinder floats with its axis
vertical in still water
Solution

Using Archimedes principle

𝐷𝑟𝑎𝑢𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = ℎ = 0.85 × 0.8 = 0.68 𝑚

1
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑢𝑜𝑦𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑦 = |𝑂𝐵| = × 0.68 = 0.34 𝑚
2

1
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 = |𝑂𝐺| = × 0.8 = 0.4 𝑀
2

∴ |𝐵𝐺| = 0.4 − 0.34 = 0.06 𝑚

𝜋
𝐼 ×1
|𝐵𝑀| = = 𝜋 64 = 0.092 𝑚
𝑉 × 1 × 0.68
4

𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = |𝐺𝑀| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐵𝐺| = 0.092 − 0.06 = 0.032 𝑚

0.5
𝑅𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑦𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟 = 𝑘 = = 0.35
√2

𝑘2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
|𝐺𝑀|𝑔

0.352
= 2𝜋√ = 3.92 𝑠
0.032 × 9.81

35. A ship has displacement of 5000 metric tonnes. The second moment of area of the
waterline section about a fore and aft axis is 12 000m4 and the centre of buoyancy is
2m below the centre of gravity. The radius of gyration is 3.7m. Calculate the period
of Oscillation. Sea water has a density of 1025 kg m-3
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 114

 |𝐵𝐺| = 2 𝑚

5000 × 103
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 = = 4878 𝑚3
1025

𝐼 12000
|𝐵𝑀| = = = 2.46 𝑚
𝑉 4878

𝑀𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 = |𝐺𝑀| = |𝐵𝑀| − |𝐵𝐺|

= 2.46 − 2 = 0.46 𝑚

𝑘2
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑𝑖𝑐 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 = 𝑇 = 2𝜋√
|𝐺𝑀|𝑔

3.72
= 2𝜋√ = 11 𝑠
0.46 × 9.81

36. A pontoon 6 𝑚 × 2.4 𝑚 × 1.2 𝑚 deep, which may be considered to be a hollow

rectangular box with walls 12.5 mm thick, is made of steel weighing 7750 𝑘𝑔𝑚−3.
Calculate the period of oscillation about the longer axis when floating in fresh water.
Secondary effects of thickness may be disregarded
Solution

Ing Jonjo Page 115

 STABILITY OF A VESSEL CARRYING LIQUID IN
TANKS WITH A FREE SURFACE

37. Derive an expression for the effective metacentric height of a vessel which has two
longitudinal tanks symmetrically arranged about its axis and containing liquid with
a free surface. V is the displacement volume of the vessel, 𝑉1 and 𝑉2 are the volumes
of a liquid of specific weight 𝜔, carried in the tanks, 𝐼 is the second moment of area
of the water plane of the vessel, 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are the second moments of area of the free
surfaces of the liquid in the tanks
Solution

The stability of a vessel carrying liquid in tanks with a free surface (Fig. 3.22) is
affected adversely by the movement of the centre of gravity of the liquid in the tanks
as the vessel heels. Thus, G1 will move to 𝐺1 ′ and G2 to 𝐺2 ′ . The distance moved is
calculated in the same way as the movement BB′ of the centre of buoyancy, given by
equation :

𝐼1 𝐼2
𝐺1 𝐺1′ = 𝜃 𝐺2 𝐺2′ = 𝜃
𝑉1 𝑉2

Ing Jonjo Page 116

 Where 𝐼1 and 𝐼2 are the second moments of area of the free surfaces, and 𝑉1 and 𝑉2
the
volumes, of the liquid in the tanks. As a result of the movement of 𝐺1 and 𝐺2 , the
centre of gravity G of the whole vessel and contents will move to G′. If V is the
volume
of water displaced by the vessel and ρ is the mass density of water,

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑣𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑒𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑑 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉.

𝐼𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑙𝑖𝑞𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝜌1 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘𝑠 𝑖𝑠 𝑉1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑉2 ,

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑖𝑟𝑠𝑡 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝜌1 𝑔𝑉1,

𝑊𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝜌1 𝑔𝑉2

Taking moments to find the change in the centre of gravity of the vessel and
contents,

𝜌𝑔𝑉 × 𝐺𝐺′ = 𝜌1 𝑔𝑉1 × 𝐺1 𝐺1 ′ + 𝜌1 𝑔𝑉2 × 𝐺2 𝐺2 ′

𝐼1 𝐼2
= 𝜌1 𝑔𝑉1 × 𝜃 + 𝜌1 𝑔𝑉2 × 𝜃
𝑉1 𝑉2

1 𝜌1
∴ 𝐺𝐺′ = ( ) 𝜃(𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )
𝑉 𝜌

In the tilted position, the new vertical through 𝐵′ intersects the original vertical
through
G at the meta-centre M, but the weight W acts through 𝐺′ instead of G and its line of
action cuts the original vertical at N, reducing the metacentric height from GM to NM

𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑁𝑀 = 𝒉𝑩 + 𝐵𝑀 − (ℎ𝐺 + 𝐺𝑁)

𝐼 𝐺𝐺′
𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐵𝑀 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐺𝑁 =
𝑉 𝜃

𝐼 1 𝜌1
𝐸𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡, 𝑁𝑀 = 𝒉𝑩 + − [ℎ𝐺 + ( ) (𝐼1 + 𝐼2 )]
𝑉 𝑉 𝜌

Ing Jonjo Page 117

 38. A tank barge of unladen weight 1000 𝑘𝑁 is 24 m long, 4.5 m wide, and the centre of
the structure is 1.2 m above the keel. It is dived into two tanks, each 18 m long and
1.8 m wide, the base of the tanks being 0.3 m above the keel. One tank is partially
filled with 45000 litres of oil of specific gravity 0.89, the other tank is empty. The
draught under these conditions is 2.1 m and the centre of buoyancy is then 0.9 m
below the surfaces. To what angle will the barge tilt? Take the moment of inertia of
the water-line plane as 75 per cent of the circumscribing rectangle.
Solution

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 45,000 𝐿 = 45 𝑚3

𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 18 × 1.8 𝑚2 = 32.4 𝑚2

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 45 𝑚3
𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = = = 1.389 𝑚
𝐶𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑠 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 32.4 𝑚2

𝐶𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘

1
= 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙 + (𝐷𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘)
2

1
𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 0.3 𝑚 + (1.389 𝑚) = 1 𝑚
2

𝑘𝑔⁄
𝑊𝑒𝑜𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 45 𝑚3 × 0.89 × 1000 × 9.81 = 393 𝑘𝑁
𝑚3

𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 = 1000 𝑘𝑁

𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑏𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒 + 𝑜𝑖𝑙 = 1000 + 393 = 1393 𝑘𝑁

𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑡𝑦 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1.2 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑜𝑖𝑙 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 1 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙

If HG is the height of centre of gravity of the oil and tank

(1000 × 1.2) + (393 × 1)

|𝐻𝐺| = = 1.14 𝑚 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑘𝑒𝑒𝑙
1393

Note the height to the centre of buoyancy from the keel is given as

Ing Jonjo Page 118

 |𝐻𝐵| = 2.1 𝑚 − 0.9 𝑚 = 1.2 𝑚

The effective metacentric height is given as

|𝑁𝑀| = |𝐻𝐵| − |𝐻𝐺| + {|𝐵𝑀| − |𝐺𝑁|}

𝐼 𝑤1 𝐼1
𝑊ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, |𝐵𝑀| = |𝐺𝑁| =
𝑉 𝑤𝑉

𝐼 𝑤1 𝐼1
|𝑁𝑀| = |𝐻𝐵| − |𝐻𝐺| + { − }
𝑉 𝑤𝑉

24 × 4. 53 24 × 1. 83
𝐼 = 0.75 × = 136.68 𝑚4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐼1 = = 8.75 𝑚4
12 12

136.68 × 9.81 (0.89 × 8.75 × 9.81)

|𝑁𝑀| = 1.2 𝑚 − 1.14 𝑚 + { − }=1𝑚
1393 (1 × 1393)

For stability of the barge

𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟 𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 = 𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡

393 𝑘𝑁 × 1 𝑚 = 1393𝑘𝑁 × 1 𝑚 × 𝜃

393 180
𝜃 = 1393×1 = 0.28 𝑟𝑎𝑑 = 0.28 × 𝜋
= 16°

Ing Jonjo Page 119

 39. A rectangular tank 90cm long and 60cm wide is mounted on bearings so that it is
free to turn on a longitudinal axis. The tank has a mass of 68kg and its centre of
gravity is 15cm above the bottom. When the tank is slowly filled with water it hangs
in stable equilibrium until the depth of water is 45cm after which it becomes
unstable. How far is the axis of the bearings above the bottom of the tank?
Solution

𝑅𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑊 × |𝑃𝐺𝑂 | × 𝜃

𝑂𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑚𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝜔𝑉 × |𝐺′𝑁|

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 = 𝑉 = 0.9 × 0.6 × 0.45 = 0.243 𝑚3

|𝑃𝐺𝑜 | = ℎ − 0.15

|𝑃𝐺| = ℎ − 0.225

1
𝐼= × 0.9 × 0.63 = 0.01625 𝑚4
12

|𝐺′𝑁| = |𝐺𝐺′| − |𝐺𝑁| = |𝐺𝐺 ′ | − |𝑃𝐺|𝜃

Ing Jonjo Page 120

 𝐼
|𝐺′𝑁| = 𝜃 − 𝜃(ℎ − 0.225)
𝑉

For stability of the tank, the righting moment must be equal to the overturning
moment

𝑊 × |𝑃𝐺𝑂 | × 𝜃 = 𝜔𝑉 × |𝐺′𝑁|

𝐼
𝑊 × (ℎ − 0.15)𝜃 = 𝜔𝑉 {𝜃 − 𝜃(ℎ − 0.225)}
𝑉

𝐼
𝑊 × (ℎ − 0.15) = 𝜔𝑉 { − (ℎ − 0.225)}
𝑉

𝑊(ℎ − 0.15) = 𝜔𝐼 − 𝜔𝑉(ℎ − 0.225)

𝑊(ℎ − 0.15) + 𝜔𝑉(ℎ − 0.225) = 𝜔𝐼

(𝜔𝑉 + 𝑊)ℎ = 𝜔𝐼 + 0.15𝑊 + 0.225𝜔𝑉

𝜔𝐼 + 0.15𝑊 + 0.225𝜔𝑉
ℎ=
𝜔𝑉 + 𝑊

0.01625(9810) + 0.15(68 × 9.81) + 0.225(9810)(0.243)

ℎ=
(9810)(0.243) + (68 × 9.81)

∴ ℎ = 0.261 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 121

Ing Jonjo Page 122
 RELATIVE EQUILIBRIUM

1. A vessel partly filled with liquid and moving with a constant linear acceleration has
its liquid surface inclined at 45°. Determine the acceleration.
Solution

Consider a fluid element O Of mass m at the free surface of the fluid. Since the fluid is at relative to
the tank it will have the same acceleration

𝑃 = 𝑚𝑎

The accelerating force P is a resultant of the weight of the fluid particle acting vertically downwards
and the pressure force acting normal to the free surface.

For equilibrium,

𝑃 = 𝑊 tan 𝜃

𝑚𝑎 = 𝑚𝑔 tan 𝜃

𝑎
tan 𝜃 =
𝑔

∴ 𝑎 = 𝑔 tan 𝜃 = 9.81 tan 45° = 9.81 𝑚𝑠 −2

Ing Jonjo Page 123

 2. A u-tube has a horizontal part 0.6 m long with vertical end limbs. If the whole tube is
rotated about a vertical axis 0.45 m from one end and 0.15 from the other, calculate
the speed when the difference of level between the tubes is 0.25 m

𝜔2 𝑟 2 𝜔2 𝑟12 𝜔2 𝑟22
𝑦= ⇒ 𝑦1 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦2 =
2𝑔 2𝑔 2𝑔

𝜔2 2
∴ 𝑦2 − 𝑦1 = (𝑟 − 𝑟22 )
2𝑔 1

𝜔2
0.25 = (0.452 − 0.152 )
2 × 9.81

𝜔 = √27.25 = 5.22 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

60 × 5.22
𝑁= = 49.85 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛
2𝜋

Ing Jonjo Page 124

 3. A closed airtight tank 4 m high and 1 m in diameter contains water to a depth of 3.3
m. The air in the tank is at a pressure of 40 kN m-2 gauge. What are the absolute
pressures at the centre and circumference of the base of the tank when it is rotating
about its vertical axis at a speed of 180 rev min-1? At this speed the water wets the
top surface of the tank
Solution

Assumptions: -No water is lost

-Volume of paraboloid equals half the volume of the circumscribing cylinder

-The water wets the top of the tank during rotation

2𝜋 × 180
𝜔= = 6𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1
60

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = 𝜋 × 0.52 × 3.3 = 2.592 𝑚3

𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 = 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 − 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑

1
= 𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 − (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟)
2

1
⇒ 2.592 = {𝜋 × 0.52 × 4} − { × 𝜋 × 0.52 × 𝐿𝑂 }
2

∴ 𝐿𝑂 = 1.4 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 125

 ∴ 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑖𝑛 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝐿1 = 4 − 𝐿𝑂 = 4 − 1.4 = 2.6 𝑚

At the centre of the tank, the pressure is due to the hydrostatic head and the air pressure.

40 × 103
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑖𝑟 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ = = 4.08 𝑚
1000 × 9.81

𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑃𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 2.6 + 4.08 = 6.68 𝑚

101.325 × 103
𝐻𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑎𝑡𝑚𝑜𝑠𝑝ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = ℎ = = 10.33 𝑚
1000 × 9.81

∴ 𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 + 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 = 6.68 + 10.33

= 17.01 𝑚

𝜌𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑃𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑑𝑢𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑘 = 𝑝 = +𝐶
2

𝐴𝑡 𝑟 = 0, 𝑃 = 40 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2 ⇒ 𝐶 = 40 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2

𝜌𝜔2 𝑟 2
∴𝑝= + 40 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2
2

Therefore, the pressure at the circumference when 𝑟 = 0.5 𝑚 is given by

1000 × (6𝜋)2 × (0.5)2

𝑝= + 40 × 103 𝑁𝑚−2 = 84.415 𝑘𝑁𝑚−2
2

This pressure equates to,

84415
ℎ= = 8.6 𝑚
1000 × 9.81

𝐺𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝑔𝑎𝑢𝑔𝑒 = 8.6 𝑚 + 2.6 𝑚 = 11.2 𝑚

𝐴𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒 = 𝑃𝐴𝑏𝑠 = 11.2 𝑚 + 10.33 𝑚 = 21.53 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 126

 4. A tube ABCD has the end A open to the atmosphere and the end D closed. The
portion ABC is vertical while the portion CD is a quadrant of radius 250 mm with its
centre at B, the whole being arranged to rotate about its vertical axis ABC. If the tube
is completely filled with water to a height in the vertical limb of 300 mm above C
find (a) the speed of rotation which will make the pressure head at D equal to the
pressure head at C, (b) the value and position of the maximum pressure head in the
curved portion CD when running at this speed
Solution

Since the point C is on the centre line of rotation, then the pressure at C is purely
hydrostatic

𝑃 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.3 = 2943 𝑁𝑚−1

Pressure at D is a combination of hydrostatic and rotational forces.

𝐻𝑦𝑑𝑟𝑜𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑔𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 1000 × 9.81 × 0.05 = 490.5 𝑁𝑚−2

𝜌𝜔 2 𝑟 2
Pressure due to rotation at D is given by the expression 𝑝 = +𝐶
2

𝐴𝑡 𝑟 = 0, 𝑃 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = 0

𝜌𝜔2 𝑟 2
∴𝑝=
2

Ing Jonjo Page 127

 Therefore, the pressure at D when 𝑟 = 0.25 𝑚 is given by

1000 × 𝜔2 × (0.25)2
𝑝= = 31.25𝜔2
2

∴ 𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐷 = 490.5 + 31.25𝜔2

Since pressure at C is equal to the pressure at D, we have

490.5 + 31.25𝜔2 = 2943

𝜔 = 8.86 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑠 −1

60 × 8.86
𝑁= = 84.6 𝑟𝑝𝑚
2𝜋

At any radius , at height ∆𝑧 from point D, the pressure is obtained as

𝜌𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝑃𝑇 = 490.5 + 𝜌𝑔∆𝑧 +
2

𝑃𝑇 = 490.5 + 9810∆𝑧 + 39249.8𝑟 2

𝑃𝑇 = 490.5 + 9810∆𝑧 + 39249.8(0.0625 − ∆𝑧 2 )

Ing Jonjo Page 128

 Total hydrostatic pressure Rotational pressure Total pressure
∆𝑍
490.5 + 9810∆𝑧 39249.8(0.0625 − ∆𝑧 2 ) 490.5 + 9810∆𝑧 + 39249.8(0.0625 − ∆𝑧 2 )
0 490.5 2453.1 2943.6
0.01 588.6 2449.2 3037.8
0.02 686.7 2437.4 3124.1
0.03 784.8 2417.8 3202.6
0.04 882.9 2390.3 3273.2
0.05 981 2355.0 3336.0
0.06 1079.1 2311.8 3390.9
0.07 1177.2 2260.8 3438.0
0.08 1275.3 2201.9 3477.2
0.09 1373.4 2135.2 3508.6
0.1 1471.5 2060.6 3532.1
0.11 1569.6 1978.2 3547.8
0.12 1667.7 1887.9 3555.6
0.13 1765.8 1789.8 3555.6
0.14 1863.9 1683.8 3547.7
0.15 1962 1570.0 3532.0
0.16 2060.1 1448.3 3508.4
0.17 2158.2 1318.8 3477.0
0.18 2256.3 1181.4 3437.7
0.19 2354.4 1036.2 3390.6
0.2 2452.5 883.1 3335.6
0.21 2550.6 722.2 3272.8
0.22 2648.7 553.4 3202.1
0.23 2746.8 376.8 3123.6
0.24 2844.9 192.3 3037.2
0.25 2943 0.0 2943.0
0.26 3041.1 -200.2 2840.9
0.27 3139.2 -408.2 2731.0
0.28 3237.3 -624.1 2613.2
0.29 3335.4 -847.8 2487.6
0.3 3433.5 -1079.4 2354.1

Ing Jonjo Page 129

 From the chart, the maximum pressure head is 𝑃 = 3556.5 𝑁𝑚−2

3556.5
⇒ℎ= = 0.362 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
1000 × 9.81

This pressure occurs at 0.12 m below point D on the curved portion

5. A pipe 25 mm in diameter is connected to the centre of the top of a drum 0.5 m in

diameter, the cylindrical axis of the pipe and the drum being vertical. Water is
poured into the drum through the pipe until the water level stands in the pipe 0.6 m
above the top of the drum. If the drum and pipe are now rotated about their vertical
axis at 600 rev/min what will be the upward force exerted on the top of the
drum?

Ing Jonjo Page 130

Ing Jonjo Page 131
 6. A vessel 1.4 m wide and 2.0 m long is filled to a depth of 0.8 m with a liquid of mass
density 840 kg m-3. What will be the force in N on the bottom of the vessel (a) when
being accelerated vertically upwards at 4 m/s, (b) when the acceleration ceases and
the vessel continues to move at a constant velocity of 7 m/s vertically upwards?

7. A cylindrical vessel, 100 mm in diameter and 0.3 m high, contains water when at
rest to a depth of 225 mm. if the vessel is rotated about its longitudinal axis, which is
vertical, calculate from first principles the speed at which the water will commence
to spill over the edge, and the speed when the axial depth is zero.

Ing Jonjo Page 132

 1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑎𝑏𝑜𝑙𝑜𝑖𝑑 = (𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑐𝑖𝑟𝑐𝑢𝑚𝑠𝑐𝑟𝑖𝑏𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑐𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟)
2

𝜋 2 1 𝜋
𝐷 𝑍 = ( 𝐷 2 𝐻) ⇒ 𝐻 = 2𝑍
4 2 4

8. A glass tube, internal diameter 50 mm and length 300 mm, has its axis vertical. It is
closed at both ends and contains a liquid filling three-fourths of the volume of the
tube. The tube is made to revolve about its axis. Find the speed in rev/min when the
bottom of the cup formed by the liquid is at the bottom of the tube. This
arrangement is used as a speed indicator. Plot a graph showing the relation between
speed in rev/min and the depth of the vortex below the top of the tube.
9. A flat cylindrical disc of 0.45 m diameter, keyed on to the lower end of a 75 mm
diameter shaft, serves as a hydraulic footstep bearing. Its lower face is plane and

Ing Jonjo Page 133

 bears against radiating ribs cast in the pressure cylinder, while its upper face carries
a series of radial ribs which bear against the plane upper lid of the pressure
cylinder. Water above rotates with the disc, that below is stationary and the upper
and lower sides are in free communication round the edge of the disc. Determine the
resulting pressure on the shaft at 400 rev/min.

10. What is the greatest speed in revolutions per minute at which an open cylindrical
tank 0.6 m in diameter may be rotated about its vertical axis, the tank being 0.9 m
high and two-thirds filled with water when stationary, if (a) no water is to spill over
the sides, (b) the water spills over the sides and the bottom of the tank is free of
water for a radius of 150 mm about the vertical axis?

Ing Jonjo Page 134

 11. A tube AOB has the part OB, 300 mm long, bent upwards so that the angle AOB is
45°, AO is vertical and the end B is closed. The tube AOB is completely filled with
water to a height of 230 mm above O. Find the number of revolutions per min of the
tube about the axis OA so that the pressure at B is the same as the pressure at O.
What is the least pressure in OB and where does it occur?
Solution

𝜔2 𝑟 2
𝐻=
2𝑔

𝜔2 (0.3 cos 45°)2

0.3 sin 45° =
2(9.81)

𝜔 = 9.61𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠

60
𝑁 = 9.61 × = 91.8 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑚𝑖𝑛
2𝜋

𝜔2 𝑟 2 𝜔2 (𝑅 cos 𝜃)2
𝑍= =
2𝑔 2𝑔

The minimum pressure occurs at point (C) where (Zc is max.)

𝑍𝐶 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 − 𝑍

𝜔2 (𝑅 cos 𝜃)2
𝑍𝐶 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 −
2𝑔

𝑑𝑦 2𝜔2 𝑅 cos2 𝜃
= 0 ⇒ sin 𝜃 − =0
𝑑𝑅 2𝑔

𝜔2 𝑅 cos2 𝜃
sin 𝜃 − =0
𝑔

𝜔2 𝑅 cos 2 𝜃
sin 𝜃 =
𝑔

𝑔 sin 𝜃
𝑅=
𝜔 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝜃

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 9.81 sin 45°
𝑅= = 0.150 𝑚
9.612 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 45

𝜔2 (𝑅 cos 𝜃)2 9.612 × (0.150 cos 45°)

𝑍= = = 0.053
2𝑔 2(9.81)

𝑍𝐶 = 𝑅 sin 𝜃 − 𝑍 = 0.150 sin 45° − 0.053 = 0.053

𝑀𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑚𝑢𝑚 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = 𝜌𝑔(0.23 − 𝑧𝑐 )

ℎ = (0.23 − 𝑧𝑐 )

ℎ = (0.23 − 0.053) = 0.177𝑚

12. A hydraulic footsteps bearing on a 100 mm diameter shaft consists of a 500 mm

diameter disc rotating in water in a pressure cylinder. The lower face of the disc is
plane and is supported by radial ribs on the base of the pressure cylinder. The lower
face of the disc is plane and is supported by radial ribs on the base of the pressure
cylinder, its upper face has radial ribs and the upper surface of the pressure cylinder
is plane. The two portions of the cylinder are in free communication with each other
around the periphery of the dis. Find the load which the bearing will support at 500
rev/min without pressure between the disc and the fixed ribs.
13. A cylindrical bucket containing water is swung in a vertical plane so that the bottom
of the bucket describes a circle 2 m in diameter at constant speed. The bucket is 350
mm deep and 300 mm diameter and contains water to a depth of 300 mm. Calculate
the minimum speed of rotation if no water is to escape from the bucket.
14. A conical vessel, with base uppermost, is rotated about its axis which is vertical. The
vessel was completely filled with water when at rest. After rotating the vessel at 60
rev/min only 150 litres of water remain in it. Calculate the height of the cone if the
diameter of the base is 1 metre.
Solution

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 2𝜋 × 60
𝜔= = 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
60

𝜔2 𝑥 2 (2𝜋)2 (0.5)2
𝑦= = = 0.503 𝑚
2𝑔 2(9.81)

1 1
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑎𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑛𝑔 = 𝜋𝑟 2 𝐻 − 𝜋𝑟 2 𝑦
3 2

1 1
0.15 = 𝜋(0.3)2 𝐻 − 𝜋(0.5)2 (0.503)
3 2

0.15 = 0.262ℎ − 0.197

ℎ = 1.32 𝑚

Ing Jonjo Page 137