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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
137 views224 pagesIntoduction To Petromod
introduction to petromodfundamentals
Uploaded by
Syed Adnan Haider ZaidiCopyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF or read online on Scribd
/ 224
Kheweam Neue? a ball ea
Introduction to PetroMod
Workflow/Solutions Training
Version 2012.1
‘Schlumberger Information Solutions
September, 2012
Schlumberger eee ee
PEC coe- ace Eee Copyright Notice
© 2012 Schlumberger. All rights reserved.
No part of this manual may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or
translated in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopying and recording, without the prior written permission of
Schlumberger Information Solutions, 5599 San Felipe, Suite100, Houston, TX
77086-2722.
Disclaimer
Use of this product is governed by the License Agreement. Schlumberger
makes no warranties, express, implied, or statutory, with respect to the product
described herein and disclaims without limitation any warranties of
merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. Schlumberger reserves the
tight to revise the information in this manual at any time without notice.
Trademark Information
Software application marks used in this publication, unless otherwise indicated,
are trademarks of Schlumberger. Certain other products and product names
are trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective companies or
organizations. Bae eet ee ee
ae
eel eesee
oe Table of Contents
About this Training
Course Outline . ee enexaee gai 1
PetroMod Contacts ... .
Module 1: Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling.
Module 2: 1D Modeling ......:secccccarerccerscccnsacncasesees’ 63
Introduction ........... Spee eth ‘ 68
Phase 1 - Input 7 71
Phase 2 - Boundary Conditions ..... ape 7
Phase 3 - Simulation as avn C2
Phase 4 - Output . ae of : + 85
Phase 5 - Calibration ...... ca weeneeses OO
Module 3: 2D Modeling
Phase 1 - Input * ae
Phase 2 - Boundary Conditions i 152
Phase 3 - Simulation at oasyswes IBF
Phase 4 - Output 7 167
Phase 5 -Calibration = Settmmet smaeeswss ATO)
Module 4: 3D Modeling ..
Phase 1- Input ....... : : 181
Phase 2 - Boundary Conditions eiedcHeeie 208
Phase 3 - Simulation ti 213
Phase 4 - Output . coceee eee cee 215
Phase 5 - Calibration 27
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.4 i Introduction to Patoted, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger
About this Training
PetroMod* petroleum systems modeling software combines seismic, well,
and geological information to model the evolution of a sedimentary basin.
PetroMod software will predict if and how a reservoir has been charged with
hydrocarbons, including the source and timing of hydrocarbon generation,
migration routes, quantities, and hydrocarbon type in the subsurface or at
surface conditions,
PetroMod software provides a standardized user interface across the entire
1D, 2D, and 3D software suite. It uses the same simulators in 1D, 2D, and 3D
to ensure all technical features and tools are available and identical in all
dimensions. It also enables multiple simulation methods (ie., Darcy, flow path
(ay tracing), invasion percolation (IP), and the PetroMod hybrid Darcy/fiow
path/IP simulator) to be used with the same data models.
PetroMod oil and gas migration modeling technology is the most advanced
‘commercially available tool, and the only commercial system with fully PVT
controlled modeling of n-component/3-phase relationships during the entire
migration process. The 2D and 3D migration modeling technology uses flash
calculations throughout the entire model and its geologic history. This delivers
‘an improved understanding and prediction of petroleum properties and oil
versus gas probability assessments.
Course Outline
This course offers a complete introductory review of the workflow of the 1D/
2D/3D packages with hands-on exercises.
Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
+ Overview of concepts and theoretical aspects of Petroleum Systems
Modeling
PetroMod 1D Training
+ PetroMod 1D introduction and workflow exercises: input data and
boundary conditions
+ Entering calibration data using the Well Editor and calibrating models
* Introduction to editors: creating and editing lithotypes
+ Some special tasks: erosion editing, ete.
PetroMod 2D Training
+ Building 2D sections from various data sources: seismic, well data,
geologic sections
+ Creating and editing horizons and faults
+ Assigning properties: ithofacies, organofacies, geologic ages, QC, and
pitfalls
Introduction to PeroMod, Version 2012.1
About this Training Schlumberger
+ Running the simulator
+ Analyzing results (output modules) and extracting data, for example ‘0
4D
PetroMod 3D Training
+ Constructing 3D models from maps.
+ Editing horizons and faults
+ Assigning properties and geologic ages, QC, and pitfalls
+ Running the simulator
+ Analyzing results (output modules) and extracting data to 1D, 2D and
map viewers
PetroMod Contacts
General Enquiries
Schlumberger Aachen Technology Center
Ritterstrage 23,
52072 Aachen
Germany
\wwnw.petromod.com
Tel. +49 (0)241 51586-10
Fax +49 (0)241 5156-90
Sales Enquiries
Asia
Zailani Kadir
PetroMod Business Development Manager
Tel: #60 3 2166 7788
Fax: +60 3 2164 5749
Email: [email protected]
Kuala Lumpur
Malaysia
Europe and Africa:
Franz Nemes
PetroMod Sales Representative
Tel: +43 664 34122 54
Email: [email protected]
Vienna
Austria
lriroducionto Peto, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger
Middle East
Aziza Moumen Bouhlel
PetroMod Business Development Manager
Tel: +97 143 067279
Fax: +97 155 7520011
Email: [email protected]
Dubai
United Arab Emirates
Global:
Bjorn Wygrala
PetroMod Business Development Manager
Tel: +49 241 51586 13
Fax: +49 241 51586 90
Email: [email protected]
Aachen
Germany
Technical Support
Please submit support requests via the Customer Care Center incident
tracking system. The system allows you to submit new requests and view
previous requests. You will also receive email updates regarding the status of
your request. Requests are resolved by local experts. The Customer Care
Center is accessed via the Support Portal.
‘Support Portal Login:
hittps://support.slb.com/default.aspx
Introduction o PetroMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger
NOTES
Irvoduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Zieel Day
Z2Dy@ cle ten
Schlumberger
NOTES
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumoerger
Introduction o PetoMod, Versio 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
Module 1 Introduction to Petroleum
Systems Modeling
Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
ST
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.4 1 Introduction to Pettoleum Systems Modeting ‘Schlumberger
Background Information
This presentation provides an overview of Petroleum Systems Modeling
For more in-depth knowledge, please refer tothe following literature:
= Hantschel,T.& Kauerauf, A. 2009 “Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems
Modeling’, 476 pp. Springer-Verlag. ISBN $78-3-540-72317-2"
= Alen, PA. & Allen, JR, 2005 ‘Basin Analysis ~ Principles and Applications’, 549 pp.
Blackwell. ISBN 978-0-632-05207-3
Peters, KE, Walters, C.C. & Moldowan, J.M, 2006 “The Biomarker Guide Vol. 1 & 2
‘Cambridge Press, ISBN 978-0-521-78158-9 & 978-0.521-83762.0
= Magoon, L.B, & Dow, W.G. 1967 "The Petroleum System ~ From Source to Trap’, 655 pp.
AAPG Memoir 60. ISBN 0-89181-338-1
‘= Tissot, BP. & Welte, DH, 1964 "Petroleum Formation and Occurence’, 689 pp. Springer-
Verlag. ISBN 0-387-08698-6
Schlumberger
Table of Contents
Introduction
Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
‘Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
PNOARwNa
Schlumberger
8 lnroductin to Pavol, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
Table of Contents
Introduction
Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
PNOARON oe
1. Introduction
Fist wel oir ied in China (47 0) Little Exploration History...
Ding af 240m we ing it stched fo
‘area pls in order to rece Keogene
forlemes
Nogaostence
19°10 20" conuy. Easy fd
¢
Costs $$$
Late 20" and 21 cont: igh echadogy
ay
+ cones vn metros
gat we
ii stave acass
+ HTH resonis
Introduction o PetroMod, Version 2012.1 8 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
1. Introduction
Life cycle of an oil field Cost!!!
Exploration — -Dicowy
xporson and
Delineation Appraisal
a Delineation! — «Evasion ct econ
Appraisal seeedexs Development
Development -Gsintetervnestanding
resent
Maturity,
Maturity + vaca
time
Schlumberger
1. Introduction
Exploration costs
Seismic: X.000,000 to XX, 000,000 USS
‘Acquistion of the exploration rights: X.000,000 to XX,000,000 US$
‘Wikdcat and Exploration wells: X,000,000 to XXX, 000,000 USS
Exploration Risk ??
time
Schlumberger
10
Inroduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
1. Introduction
Trap
Petroleum System fective
Geologi components and processes nocessar io generat and stro
hydtocarbors,ncudng mature soutes rock ston pata,
ovo tap ard seal Approprae relative ting oermaton of
these laments and the processescf generation mgiat>n and
Scoupulan arenecesearylorhydrozarbonsio
sccumulte and be preserved,
(seus Schitenberger Ciel Gssay) ‘
tock
Carterrock
Schlumberger
1. Introduction
Is there any Mature source rock in _Given a certain scenario, which
the.area? it yes when did it start/end amounts and composition of
Pee hydrocarbons can we expect
7
Exploration Risk
‘Where are the main uncertainties and
i i Which geological conditions
wierd wo neato invest in __must be satisfied in order to charge the
further studies to get more ~~ potential reservoir?
information 2
Schlumberger
Introduction to PettoMod, Version 2012.1 " Introduction to Petroleum Systems Madeling
‘Schlumberger
1. Introduction
+ Depth Maps + General Geological + Geological Age
+ Facies Maps Mm ai
rolion
S + Erosion
FH ~ Thermal Events
2.) *Diagenosis ote. §
+ Source Rock Information
ae
+ Sure Rock potential
«Thermal History Paleo Water
Paleo Heat Flow el
1
Schlumberger
1. Introduction
: + pants tte
+r fw itorae
-Srubtall “te
“Pees etn
* Calibration cecilia
cee *Seears
mae + Local Grid Refinement
‘ane eg oepeens) Cary Pai fing ance sys
= a 1706. peas
-Paaur Catron Pe Rucereate) yop
erp, -ewiayetyPnenee 2
“= Pruid Calibration - ‘ce
Schlumberger
2
Irvoducton to PtroVod, Versioe 2012.4 ‘Schlumberger
Introdueton to Petroleum Systems Nodetng
. Introduction
Accumulation
Schlumberger
Introduction
fi
“General Geological XY = Geological Age
Information
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.4 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling ‘Schlumberger
Table of Contents
Introduction
. Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
erNonroens
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis
Structural Evolution
= Lithospheric scale (syn-tt stretching, post rt subsidence, basin type) down to prospect
scale of even higher resolution (structural contol on sedimentaton and local subsidence,
structural rap formation)
{Sequence} Stratigraphic Evolution
*= Time constraints of depositional and erosional events
* Paleo-environments (water-depth, depositional environments, clita)
Sedimentation rates
= Accommodation space analysis
Lithological Facies Distribution and Evoluti
= Lateral facies variations (well corelation, sequence stratigraphy!)
= Lithological properties (well analysis, core analysis, outsop information, analogues)
Schlumberger
14
Inroduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger Introduction o Petroleum Systems Modeling
2. Basin Analysis - Accommodation Space
Processes of Basin Formation
Searevel,
fivtuatons
‘Acsommodation S300
| i ‘Space in which
tet ny
a
Accommodation Space
Subsidence Tectonic Subsidence
Active Casal Extension :
«Gril Led tppen,ebduten) Isostatic Subsidence
Sediment Load, Volare ace Load
+ Thermal Relaxation ‘Thermal Subsidence
1+ "Cok descending conection steams
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Subsidence Mechanisms
Active Crustal Extension
tonic Subsi
~
SY
Pure-shear Simple-shear ~~”
= McKenzie 1978 = Wemicke, 1985
* Devons atpasvecontnena magn = Developed in the Basin and Range
Province, SW-U.S.A
= Development of shallow dipping
listric detachment faults into the
lover itosphere Sehlumberyer
Introution to PetroMod, Version 2012.1
15 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Subsidence Mechanisms
Load = Isostatic Subsidence =
“tnt Constant load
Time
pe ome
Tme3 et Ea
Migration L
| $
geal Subsidence
tie
ste fp
Semumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Subsidence Mechanisms
later filed bain subscence Gd
jl
§ Getstncas
i=
3
6§
3
Thea see hte
¢ » & & & wo wm im Wo wo a0
Tune anc en of sta 9
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Nodeling
2. Basin Analysis — Subsidence Mechanisms
i)
. Basin Analysis - Sediment Supply
‘supply
‘Secimont Supply
4g “filing = redutin of accommodetion space
Important sediment supply
— ‘climate
Seaiavel
‘etutions
Schlumberger
Introduction to PeroMed, Version 2012.4 Introduction to Petroleum Sysiems Modeling ‘Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Clastic Depositional Environments
peso Gove aos
2. Basin Analysis - Carbonate Depositional
Environments
\ sabtha eolianite
restricted
eae ai
karst =
s shoal
18 Introduction o PetroMd, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger Introduction o Petroleum Systems Nodeling
2. Basin Analysis — Basin Classification
bal tectoni
a
Divergent Thermal Saq
F—o, ‘Rit Basins * Cratonic Basins
2 Cad + Passive Margins
¢ Convergent
[ = Backers Basile Tectonic Subsidence
AI, *Fore-are Basins \sostatic Subsidence
cf + Intra-are Basins
+ Foreland Basins ‘Thermal Subsidence
¢
t Svike-slip
Vqe=c, *Pull-apart Basins
al
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Basin Classification
Basins in their global tectonic settings
a
Divergent ‘Thermal Sag
V—o, * Rift Basins * Cratonic Basins
Fl + Passive Margins
% Convergent
* Back-arc Basins Toctonic Subsidence
At Foreae Basins Isostatic Subsidence
oe + Intra-arc Basins
+ Foreland Basins Thermal Subsidence
oe
J Strike-sip
» Pull-apart Basins
"em,
a
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.1 18 Introduction to Petroleum Sysiems Modeling Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Rift Basins
Duration ‘Viking Graben - North Sea
= Several My to 170 My
(East Greeniand Rit)
Examples
= EastAfrican Rift System
= Rhine Graben
= Gulfof Suez
Architecture
‘= Hal-grabens (10-50 km) (ste Fom Bogie rand Wien ad Soar 7)
= Fluvial-continental fo marine sedimentation
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Rift Basins
* Half-graben Architecture
* Growth Faults
* Shoulder Uplift and Erosion
2 Inroducion fo Peto, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
2. Basin Analysis — Rift Basins
in supuafi ra
‘Sruawsonession
from Enel, 6, (1982)
2. Basin Analysis - Basin Classification
Basins in their global te ings,
Divergent Thermal Sag
rm, “Rit Basins * Cratonie Basins
of + Passive Margins
a Convergent
+ Back-arc Basins
Arte, Fore-ac Basins
o + Intra-are Basins
+ Foreland Basins
rE Stike-sip
Veeac, *Pul-apart Basins
a
Introduction to PetroMd, Version 2012.1 a Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
2, Basin Analysis — Passive Margins
‘Basal, landward rift graben (syn-rif)
Post-it (breakup) unconformity
Sediment succession with on-otfiap
determined by sequence stratigraphy
(Exxon's model)
‘Thermal subsidence, flexural custal
deformation/subsidence
Sait end shale digpitism
Can be tectoncally active
Gravity sides
Volcanic or non-volcanic (Heat Flow)
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis - Basin Classification
Basins in their global tectonic settings
g
Divergent Thermal Sag
Frm Rit Basins * Cratonic Basins
o » Passive Margins
% Convergent
| SPACE BTS Tectonic Subsidence
“qo, Fore-aercBasins _—_gostatic Subsidence
ie + Intra-arc Basins
+ Foreland Basins The il Subsidence
E ‘Strike-siip
Yeo, *Pull-apart Basins
ee
Schlumberger
2 Introduction o PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
2. Basin Analysis — Subduction-related Basins
ont
sae ten)
‘= Trenches, subduction complexes
= Fore-arcbasins
= bbearcbasins
= Backarcbasins
2. Basin Analysis — Foreland Basins
‘Subduction leading to Cont-Cont Collision
cr Are-Continent Collision
= Alpine Molasse Basins
= Ebro Basin (Pyrenees)
= lndus-Ganges-Bratmaputra Basin
(Himalaye)
~
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.1 2 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Basin Classification
Basins in their global tectonic settings
{ Divergent
Yoo, * Rift Basins
o + Passive Margins
+ Back-are Basins ‘Tectonic Subsidence
(AI + Fore-arc Basins Ieostatio Sebattence
oo + Intra-are Basins 4
« Foreland Basing ‘Thermal Subsidence
t Convergent
Strike-slip
(A, s Pulrapart Basins
%
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Strike-slip Basins
= Small scale basins resulting from en-
echeion faults stepping ge casein
* Extreme subsidence and sedimentation
rates * Faults with ‘Flower Structure”
"Shor lived (some Ma) = Frequent fault inversion
4 Introduction to Peto, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger
Introduction to Petroleum Systems Hodeting
a °° Pa bes
+ Passive Margins
2. Basin Analysis — Basin Classification
‘Thermal Sag
* Cratonic Basins
= Mostly continental
* Long lived (often >100 Ma)
Ree aeie Tectonic Subsidence
Fo, + Fore-arc Basins Isostatic Subsidence
a oliite-sre Basis Thermal Subsidence
f + Foreland Basins errecacersecaecaral
‘Stike-sip
Ao -Pul-apart Basins
oy
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Cratonic Basins
* Thermal sag oe ae oe
* Large basins, more or less circular Wy
* Shalow depth
sane
po
Sp! cao.
sas Scere
Schlumberger
Introduction to PettoMod, Version 2012.1
B Inroueton to Petoloum Systams Modeling Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Basin Classification
Basins in their global tectonic settings
Divergent
ft Basi ‘Thermal Saq_
fe—o + RiftBasins =
<7 3. spas Mains Cratonic Basins
Convergent
* Back-arc Basins
+ Fore-arc Basins Special
+ Intra-are Basins * Impact Craters
+ Foreland Basins =Voleances
Sitrike-slip *Sinkholes
+ Pul-apart Basins
°
: Schlumberyer
Impact craters are special basins, not related to tectonic movements
Schlumberger
%
Irroductn to PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Vodeling
2. Basin Analysis — Special Basins
Cenotes, special sinkholes in Yucatan, Mexico
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis - Special Basins
Cenotes, special sinkholes in Yucatan, Mexico
Introduction to PetroMd, Version 2012.4 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeing
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis - Special Basins
afer creracrOUS [TERT
Impact craters as Hydrocarbon target?
Crank Yoe_Cfanon toms Coce_ Sener
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Special Basins
(Gas fees peripera to Ava
Nap rom Petrotscnical Resources
‘Avak impact crater,
Alaska North Slope
Schlumberger
Introduction ta PettoMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger
Introduction to Petroleum Systems Nodeling
‘Avak impact crater,
Alaska North Slope
Peolod mueent stu: Setne, 0,
2. Basin Analysis - Special Basins
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Important for Basin Modeler
IS
Presont Oay Surface oat
0 60 70 60. Go 100 110 120 130 140 160 160 170
Neat Flow q mv’)
Schlumberger
Introduction to PettoMod, Version 2012.1
2 Inodueton to Peboleum Systems Modeling
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis — Important for Basin Modelers
air
Schlumberger
2. Basin Analysis - Key Questions
Where can | (not exclusively) expect.
‘Soutoe rocks - reducing conditions in the sediments
- lacustrine environments
= restricted marine lagoons, pelagic)
- peat swamps
itto0
- Fluvial systems
Reels, platorm carbonates
- Beach deposits
-Eolian deposits (Dune-sands)
- Turbidites:
Seal rocks
~ shales in fluvial systems (food plains)
- marine/lacustrine shales
~ salt
Schlumberger
30
Iriroducion o PetoMd, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
2. Basin Analysis - Summary
* Structural analysis allows classification of basins.
= Analog-based assumptions can be made between basins of the same
type, age, etc. (e.g., conjugate margins).
= Knowing the basin type and its depositional environment, seismic
attributes, and sequence stratigraphy concepts helps to make facies
assumptions.
= Thermal history is strongly dependent on the basin type.
Schlumberger
Table of Contents
Introduction
Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
SPANOARRE WHS
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1, 3 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis
Geochemical Analysis
Source Rock information
Classification, Maturity estimation
Puen cee
HE correlations (source rock tratking, HC mixing)
Piers) ae a
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis - Introduction
Organic Carbon Cycles
Decomposition
Cycle 1
sein Cycle 2
Schlumberger
2
Introduction to PesoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Nodeling
3. Geochemical Analysis — Introduction
nd 0.5% TOC.
and gas accumulations. (BROOKS & Carbonate sediments: >0.3% TOC
FLEET, 1987) ‘2. MATURITY OF ORGANIC MATTER
Temperature > 80 to 100 °C
‘Organic-matier-ich rock unit which, under Virinite reflectance > 0.55% R,
the influence of time and temperature, has
‘generated and expelled hydrocarbons 3. COMPOSITION OF ORGANIC MATTER
(effective source rock) which may Kerogen type
eventually have migrated into a reservoir to High hydrogenicarbon ratio -> oil
form a hyrocarbonaccuriation; a Lor argent md > pad
‘Potential source rock has not yet reached @
sufficiently high maturity level for
hydrocarbon generation. (RULLKOETTER,
jay Schlumberger
Introduction io PetroMod, Version 2012.1 3 Introduction to Petoieum Systems Modeing Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis — Organic Matter
Rock: Minerals
Organic matter: Macerals
rmacerals are organic substances, or optically homogeneous aggregates of organic
substances, possessing cstinctve physical and chemical properties, and occurring naturally in
the sedimentary metamorphic, and igneous materials ofthe earth.”
‘SPACKMAN 1956
Macerals are classified according to the original plant material. rom these criteria the three
Maceral groups Liptinite, Vitrinite and Inertinite are derived.
mostly from algae or spores
higher land plant tissues
higher land plant tissues with a higher C,
Vitrinite Reflectance: Maturity Indicator
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis — Organic Matter
The organic matter in sedimentary rocks is generally grouped into
bitumen and kerogen.
* The term BITUMEN describes the organic constituent of fhe-grained sedimentary rocks that
is fusible and soluble in common organic solvents
* The term KEROGEN describes the organic constituent ofthe sedimentary rocks tat is
nether soluble in aqueous solvents nor in common organic solvents
Bitumentnitial Oi!
Reactive Kerogen
Inert Kerogen (no hydrocarbon potential)
Schlumberger
4 Introduction to PeiroMod, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger
Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
3, Geochemical Analysis -
= Thermal maturation of kerogen
depends linearly on time and
Maturity
Sedimentary Basins:
Natural maturation through geological time
exponentially on temperature.
*= The amount of HC generated is
determined by the Kerogen type
and heating rate.
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis - Maturity
‘Sweeney & Burnham (1990)
Maturity ranking using Vitrinite
Reflectance (VR)
Immature
ssa __f
Early 01
Main Oil
‘Oil Window'd oii zone
0
iagenesis
Catagenesis
43 WR, Late Oil
Wet Gast tert
‘Gas Window'4 Gas Zone = Motagonesis
Dry Gas
ee
Overmature
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.1
6 Introduction to Petoleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis — RockEval Pyrolysis
Sedimentary Basins:
Natural maturation through geological time
+ Thermal maturation of kerogen
depends linearly on time and
exponentially on temperature.
Laboratory: RockEval Pyrolysis (Artificial Maturation)
+ The amount of HC generated is
determined by the kerogen type
and heating rate. Issore po
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis — RockEval Pyrolysis
teal = 81482 :
i SUIS) °
8 g
5 Pwoysistemperatug
Tine Schlumberger
36 Invoduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger Introduction io Petroleum Systems Modeling
3. Geochemical Analysis — RockEval Pyrolysis
SS, [mgHC/gRock] = hydrocarbons present in a rock in a free or adsorbed state
during pyrolysis. They are first volatlized at moderate temperatures
S, [mgHC/gRock] = the hydrocarbons and hydrocerbon-lke compounds
(kerogen) which are set free at increased temperatures
$, [mgCO,/gRock] = the carbon dioxide trapped and set free at around 380
degrees during the RockEval pyrolysis
H= the Hydrogen Index: calculated as S,lorganic carbon(TOC)
O1= the Oxygen Index: calculated as Sy/organic carbon(TOC)
Genetic potential: calculated as S,+ S,
P1= Production Index: calculated as $,/(S,+ S,)
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis - Kerogen Type
Atomic HIC HI (mg Hig 700)
Ty ree
eg
a 0 D Cr a ee)
ome oe o1macossT96)
siempre m a
Introduetion o PettoMod, Version 2012.1 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis - Kerogen Type
‘Tectonic Setng Depostiona Envionment Litofacios —__Kerogen Type
‘A: Marine Soues Rocke
1M Resticueboaen ost oy are sh 1
12 Restisacbssn ‘none, sue wiv ly Caste 's
1S Epcot seamay ‘axe ‘Sta cabonste '
18 Upmaing etl ra ‘Anas eraysacoic Sha. caonat,
et phesparte a8
AS Openocean Djearonc or secic roost she a
B-Nor-marie Soues Rooks
a
=
3
Py
cs
Strong simplification of Kerogen Types in a geological environment!
‘Scientific background:
Costa aan
Pai bin
Openiacustine
Resrecnceshe 's
Ngo fa Dyess or saree Stone sae om
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis — Multicomponent Kinetics
4. Primary Reactions
en 2 co
fore ee
Kerogen ty CHC14
Kerogen 4 cise
2. Secondary Reactions
‘The amount of oil and gas
wae |e generated can be predicted
mas, [Hae using kinetic modeling.
Schlumberger
8
Inroducion io PetoMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger
Introduction to Petroleum Systems Nodeling
TOC? = 83.33 (HF) (TOC)
[HP (1-9 x (83.33 - TOC’) + Hi (TOC)
3. Geochemical Analysis - Original vs. Measured TOC
(1200 - [HP /(1 - PIA} |
He (1200 - Hit /(1 - PPO
f
Toe
Toc
He
He
Pre
PE
= original Hydrogen Index (assumption)
yeasured HI
fractional conversion kerogen-petroleum
= otiginal Production Index (assumed 0.02)
= measured Pl [= S1S1 + S2)] from RockEval
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis - Original vs. Measured TOC
‘Steaseme = 1000 (TOC?- TOC / (83:33 - TOC)
ExpEM= 1 — (1 PPI — PHT APCT-PP) x 100
‘Stexoatsa= Expelled petroleum from RackEval
ExpEff = Expulsion Efficiency of a Source Rock
0 P fl TOC? (wi%) $19+S20 S|, ExpEff (4%)
900 0.02 7 108 993 90.2 93
800 0.02 95 82 67.1 576 90
700 0.02 93. 66 474 376 85
600 0.02 90 56 40 244 78
500 0.02 86 48 244 14.3, 68
400 0.02 81 42 174 70 50
300 0.02 m1 38 5 12 15
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1
39 Introduction to Petolaum Systems Modeling ‘Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis - SR-HC-Correlation and
Biodegradation
Source Rock to Hydrocarbon Correlation: By analyzing oil in a
reservoir, assumptions concerning the related source rock can be
made. If source rocks were drilled and analyzed, the mixing behavior of
an oil can be determined (source rock tracking).
Biodegradation: The activity of the microbes is controlled by reservoir
temperature. Bacteria can be active from surface temperatures up to
around 80 degC. Some species have been observed to survive in
temperature ranges above 100 degC. Because bacteria require the
availability of water to survive, the effect of biodegradation is biggest at
oil-water contact.
Schlumberger
3. Geochemical Analysis - Summary
= The amount of HC generated is determined by the kerogen type and
heating rate.
* The amount of oll and gas generated can be predicted using kinetic
modeling
"= The thermal maturation of kerogen depends linearly on time and
exponentially on temperature.
Schlumberger
40 Inroducin to PeboMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger
Table of Contents
Introduction
Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
PNOA Pens
Introduction o Petroleum Systems Nodetng
Schlumberger
4. Temperature Modeling
Schlumberger
Introduetion to PetroMad, Version 2012.1 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modaing Schlumberger
4. Temperature Modeling - Boundary Conditions
Radiogente Heat fom Basement
Mantle Heat
Schlumberger
4. Temperature Modeling - Boundary Conditions
Schlumberger
42 Invoducton o PeboMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction o Petroleum Systems Nodeling
4. Temperature Modeling - Boundary Conditions
Model: T=?
++ Radlogenis Heat from
Basin infil (sales)
‘The heat flow g (Wim is defined
as the amount of heat energy [J]
transfered per unit time [s] and per
unit ae [m"]
Schlumberger
4. Temperature Modeling - Boundary Conditions
Part 1. Crustal Heat Flow Processor
Input = Processing Be}
1, Calculating Tectonic Subsidence
(Waps)
2, Translating Tectonic Subsidence into
Stretching Factors
3. Smoothing the (ductile) Mantle
Stretching
TREE 4 Catulating Heat Fow Maps and
E correcting Paleo Water Depth Maps
‘= | (cotional}
‘Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.4
43 Introduction to Petroleum Sysiems Nodeling Schlumberger
4. Temperature Modeling - Boundary Conditions
Part 2. Present Day Surface Heat Flows
Conceptual
extrapolation
Schlumberger
4. Temperature Modeling — Heat Transfer
Heat Transfer Processes
Conduction: Diffusive process
hereby kinetic energy i
transferred by intermolecular
collision. Itis the most important
process in the crust and
lithosphere
Convection: The heat energy is
transported by motion of a fluid,
[Most important process in the
asthenosphere. adiogenie Heat from Basement
(Electromagnetic radiation is not Mantis Heet
Important for subsurface heat flow.)
Schlumberger
a Inroducion to PeboMed, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger
Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
4. Temperature Modeling - Heat Transfer
‘Thermal conductivity A [Wim] is the ability of a body to transfer heat energy via
conduction. 1203 4 8 6 7 Wimk
The bulk thermal conductivity lux consists
of 2 elements:
~ the rock matrix thermal conductivity lex
- the thermal conductivity ofthe pore
filings, e.9., water ha
Thermal conductivity itselfis a
function of temperature.
4. Temperature Modeling — Heat Transfer
Transient Effect - Rapid Sedimentation/Erosion
Rapid uplift =
positive HF
anomaly
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.1
4 Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
4. Temperature Modeling — Heat Transfer
Temperature Effects at Salt Domes
Tsotherms are bent
upwards at Top of Salt
‘Schlumberger
normal / hydrostatic
pressure
high porreabity lomaton
‘ow permeabityfrmaton
NO ORANAGE
high penmeabity fomaton
Burial Depth
Hydrostatic Pore Lithostatic
PressurePressure Pressure
Schlumberyer
Invoducion e Petolod, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger Introduction fo Petroleum Systems Modeling
4. Pressure Modeling — Fracturing
Hydraulic Fracturing
a) Pressure b)
PoePss reas)
ahaha
Fale
Ineease a Peresiiy
k=kemp(f(u0)/ 4)
f.. Fete of Pameatiilyheraate
Decrease of Calan Pressure
‘Schlumberger
Table of Contents
Introduction
Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
SPANPAPONS
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.4 a7 Intoduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Generation and Migration
Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Generation & Migration - Examples in
Your Own Backyard!
8 Intoducon o PeboMed, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Nadeling
5, Petroleum Generation & Migration - Source Rocks in
Outcrop (Kimmeridge Bay, Dorset, UK)
Schlumberyer
5. Petroleum Generation & Migration - Source Rocks
More Than Just Nice Pictures!
Schlumberger
Introduction to PettoMod, Version 2012.1 49 Inoduction to Ptroloum Systams Modeling
‘Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Generation
k, _ Kerogento hydrocarbon compound
| (eg., bulk petroleum, oil or gas, methane, C15+,
2)
Reaction rate of the compound i
cy factor of the compound i (s')
‘of the compound i (kcal/mol or kdimol)
ky
A
5
T .. Temperature (°C/"F)
T Model Input E, At which threshold (energy) does the reaction start?
‘A, How often does this reaction occur once the threshold is
reached?
A, E, Kinetic properties
Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Generation
; | e
: ae
EL Aj
i Ai Kinetic properties
Examples of A for different Kinetics
A: Bulk Petroleum
B: 2components: Oil and Gas
C: 44components: From Methane to Heavy Oil
50
Introduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger Introduction o Petroleum Systems Modeling
5. Petroleum Generation
‘Thermal Calibration =:
Temperature (°C) _Virinite Reftectance R,
Bitiitene
igbiteatia
5. Petroleum Generation Through Geological Time
Oil & Gas generation in
Aptian layer
Compounds:
Oiland Gas
Phase: Solid quid &
a
Vapor Generation =
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.4, at Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
‘Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Generation Through Geological Time
Transformation Ratio
(TR):
How much ofthe
kerogen potential has
been transformed to
He?
“Critical Moment” of a
source rock:
TR=50%
Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Migration
Why do hydrocarbons migrate?
Hydrocarbons are lighter than water
(buoyancy),
How do hydrocarbons migrate?
Hydrocarbons migrate as a separate
phase from the higher potential to a
lower potential on the direct way
(topography and pressure driven),
Spilling
Break Through
Gray ese
He dunn Hoan]
Equilibrium
Approach
Migration Mechanism
Migration Rate
Hydrodynamic
(0.1 to 100 miyear
‘Compaction
(0.001 to t miyear
Buoyancy Meters por day (ges)
Diffusion Ht 10m/ ma,
Schlumberger
Introduction to Petolad, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger Introduction to Petoleum Systems Wodeling
5. Petroleum Migration-Darcy Flow:
Based on Equations of Flow Through Porous Media
‘Advantages:
+ Good general defniton of carer and seal system
+ Easy inclusion of complex migration and transport prooesses such es multiphase
migration, ges diffusion and PVT controls
+ Only method that fully integrates pressures into the modeling process.
Disadvantages:
+ Long processing ‘imes, especially with large 3D data models
+ For acceptable processing fms, models must be simplified with resuting oss of
information.
+ Pitfals: Cannot accurately handle accumulations end breakthroughs Schlumberger
(eg, thin reserva’ problem); property scaling (@.., saturation of large cols).
5. Petroleum Migration-Flow Path: Geometrical Surface
Analysis (Buoyancy-Driven Migration)
Advantages:
+ Fast processing
+ High resolution modelling
+ Accurale reservoir geometries can be included.
Disadvantages:
+ Incomplete physical model of petroleum migration
‘Arbitrary defintions ofthe migraton system, eg, of seals
Not suitable for complex migration processes in certain types of petroleum systems
Pitalls: Misleading simplicity (eq., not taking into aacount faces changes In caries in
simple mode!s) Schlumbe
Introduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.4 53 Introduction to Petoleum Systems Modeling ‘Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Migration-Invasion Percolation: Buoyancy-
Driven Migration Integrating Capillary Entry Pressure
Advantages:
+ High-resolution modeling (Seismic Facies Refinement)
+ Suitabe for complex migration processes
+ Fauitmigration,
Disadvantages:
+ Long processing times, especialy wih large 3D data models
Schlumberger
5. Petroleum Generation and Migration
Resevvol
System
%
\
‘Schlumberger
cy Intocucton lo PetoMd, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
Table of Contents
Introduction
Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
er Aarons
Schiumberger
6. The Petroleum Systems Concept
Petroleum
A mineral oil occuring in subsurface rocks and atthe surface which is a naturally
coccurting mixture of hydrocarbon and non-hydrocarbon compounds. it may occur
in the gaseous, quid, or sold state depending on the nature of these compounds.
and the existent conditions of temperature and pressure. Common synonyms are
hydrocarbons and oil and gas.
System
‘Aregulaly interacting or interdependent group of items forming a unified whole
whose organization forms a network for distributing something, such as telephone,
highway, blood, or petroleum.
Schlumberger
Inttaduction to PetvoMod, Version 2012.4 55 Introduction to Petroleum Sysiems Modeling Schlumberger
6. The Petroleum Systems Concept
Petroleum System: A natural system encompassing a pod of
active source rock and all related cil and gas, and which includes
allof the geologic elements and processes that are essential for
a hydrocarbon accumulation to exis.
6. The Petroleum Systems Concept
Petroleum Systems Model: A digital data model of an entire petroleum system in which the
interelated processes and their results can be simulated in order to understand and predict them,
‘The mode! is dvnamio; it provides a
complete record through geologic time.
Models mostly comprise merged
‘Petroleum systems.
Schlumberger
56 Introduction to PetoMod, Version 20121 Schlumberger Introduction to Potroloum Systems Modeling
6. The Petroleum Systems Concept:
Geological Elements
Pod of Active Source Rock
‘continuous volume of source rock tha is generating an expelng petroleum at the citcal moment ands,
the provenance for ses of neice) reted peta stows, seneandaccuratons 2
petroleum systom. A pod of mature source rock may be active, inactive, oF spent
Reservoir Rock
‘A subsurface volume of rock that has suficient pcosity and permeability to permit the migration and
‘zocumulaton of petroleum under adequete trap conditions.
Seal Rock
‘shale or other impermeable rock that can withstand sufcientcapilary pressure to act asa baer to tha
passage of petroleum migrating inthe subsurface It overties the reservoir rack to form atrap or conduit.
Also known as roof rock and cap rock
Overburden Rock
“The sedimentary rock sequence which compresses and consolidates the material below. In a petroleum
system the overburden rock overies the source rock and contributes to its thermal maturation because of
higher temperatures at greater depths.
Schlumberger
6. The Petroleum Systems Concept:
Geological Processes
2Processes
+ Trap Formation: driven by structural evolutionfacies changes
+ Generation ~ Migration - Accumulation ~ Preservation: driven by temperature and pressure
+ Critical Moment of the Petroleum System:
‘The time that best depicts the generation — migration - accumulation of hydrocarbons in a
petroleum system. A map and a cross section drawn atthe crfcal moment best shows the
‘geographic and stratigraphic extent ofthe system,
‘The four elements - Source Rock, Reservoir Rock, Seal Rock and a suficient amount of
COverourden - must bein place before the ertical moment.
+ Subcondition: Generating Source Rock: usualy defined a a Transformation Ratio (TR) of 50%
+ Preservation Time
The me after ganeration-riaration accumulation of petroleum takes place and encompasses
any changes tothe petroleum accumulations upto present day.
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1, 57 Introduction to Petoieum Systems Nodeling Schlumberger
6. Petroleum Systems Modeling:
A Decision Support System
= ae Kerey jamie
“Quay | Geomety \
| cemeniaton
Be | frases Pinata
degtadaton é
iis sls on
= Sours
= = om
Thema) at Kinaties |] [Biogenic | saree \)) Carter
[Properties i ou) [Paar | (cearss| Been
Schlumberger
Table of Contents
1, — Introduction
2. Basin Analysis (Theory)
3. Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
4, Temperature Modeling (PSM)
5. Generation and Migration (PSM)
6. The Petroleum Systems Concept
7. Limitations of PSM
8. Summary
‘Schlumberger
8 Intoducon fo PetoMod, Version 2012.4 ‘Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
7. Limitations of PSM
Upscaling
= Simplification
High resolution grid
7
Tithor
100% limestone
Berriasian:
= 70% limestone
= 30% shale
7. Limitations of PSM
Upscaling
* Simplification
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 EI Irroduton to Petroleum Systems Modeling
Schlumberger
7. Limitations of PSM
Upscaling
= Simplification ss P
Input data quality
= Always consider input data quality and density
when analyzing output data.
= Output is never better than input data.
=e
Table of Contents
Introduction
Basin Analysis (Theory)
Geochemical Analysis (Theory)
Temperature Modeling (PSM)
Generation and Migration (PSM)
The Petroleum Systems Concept
Limitations of PSM
Summary
ONOARON=
Schlumberger
Irroducion to PevoMod, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling
8. Summary
The numerical PSM will allow for:
+ Testing the proposed basin evolution story against measured data (Calibration)
+ Quantifying petroleum systems elements
* Quantifying key uncertainty factors for hydrocarbon exploration
+ Giving advise for further exploration strategy.
‘The numerical PSM creates scenarios. it will not generate data without input or
determine final well positon without further investigation
Petroleum Systems Modeling is not a magic tool! But using itn an inteligent way with
‘geoiogical understanding cen provide many answers and help to reduce exploration risk!
‘Schlumberger
8. Petroleum Systems Modeling as a Decision Support
System
Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.4 at Introduction to Petroleum Systems Modeling ‘Schlumberger
8. PetroMod as a 4D Petroleum Systems Modeling Tool
Phases
62 Insoductono PeroMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger 10 Modeling
Module 2 jodeli
1D Modeling
ATU Ca
Introduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.4 83 1D Modeling Schlumberger
Background Information
This presentation provides an overview of Petroleum Systems Modeling.
For more in-depth knowledge, please refer to the following literature:
* Hantschel, . & Kauerauf, A.|. 2009 “Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems
Modeling’, 476 pp. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-72317-2
* Allen, PA. & Allen, J.R. 2008 “Basin Analysis - Principles and Applications’, 549 pp.
Blackwell ISBN 978-0-632-05207-3
= Peters, KE., Walters, C.C. & Moldowan, J.M, 2005 “The Biomarker Guide Vol. 1 & 2°
Cambridge Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78158-9 & 978-0-521-83762-0
= Magoon, L.B. & Dow, W.G. 1994 “The Petroleum System — From Source to Trap’, |
655 pp. AAPG Memoir 60. ISBN 0-89181-338-1
* Tissot, BP. & Welte, D.H. 1984 “Petroleum Formation and Occurrence’, 699 pp.
Springer-Verlag. ISBN 0-387-08698-8
:
& Introduction to PetoMod, Version 20124 ‘Schlumberger 10 Modeling
Petroleum Systems Modeling as a Decision Support
| System
‘Schlumberger
This slide represents the uncertainties in Petroleum Systems Modeling related to the
three essential factors in Petroleum Systems Modeling:
+ Reservoir ~ Petroleum System Element
+ Trap Formation — Petroleum System Process
+ Charge - Source Rock (Petroleum System Element), Maturation (Petroleum System
Process) and Migration (Petroleum System Process)
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 6 1D Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 1D Modeling Workflow
oo
Schlumberger
This is the workflow for 1D modeling.
‘The different phases indicate the steps needed to answer the main question:
‘What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
Input data and boundary conditions form the model that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The mode! can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module.
Introduction to PetoMed, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger 10 Modeling
PetroMod 1D Modelling Workflow: Detailed Checklist
g Simulation
Schlumberger
This is the 1D modeling workflow that forms the "backbone” of the 1D part of the course. The
crucial objective for the entire modeling process is:
To understand the Petroleum System(s) and the associated uncertainties.
The aim of every modeling workfiow is to reduce these uncertainties as far as possible and
limit the effects of uncertainties on the different PSE (Petroleum System Elements).
Introduction to PetioNod, Version 2012.1 a 1D Modeling Schlumberger
Introduction
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Introduction
Schlumberger,
This slide shows the area in the northern North Sea from where the data have been taken.
6 Introduction to PeroMod, Vorion 2012.4 Schlumberger
10 Moding
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Introduction
Ess rac
Ge iGe dm Drenden
een 3 ae G
PetroMod 1D module and the license-free Towtae
Wel Edt mode 5 : g j
li {cielo ore 10. North Sea = #
SS —— oie
Schlumberger
The two modules we will use in this session are PetroMod 1D and the Well Editor forthe
calibration data,
Before starting, always create the Project Directory.
Start the PetroMod modules by clicking once on the relevant icon.
Introduction to PettoMad, Version 2012.4
6 {D Modeling Schlumberger
PetroMod 1D Modeling Workflow
eo | Objective mee
Tioatentee | EB
ua PAD SWIT/ HE
‘Schlumberger
This is the workflow for 1D modeling,
‘The different phases indicate the steps needed to answer the main question
What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
Input data and boundary conditions form the model that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The model can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module.
You are now ready to start with Phase 1 — Input.
7 Inroducon to PetoMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger 1D Modeling
Phase 1 - Input
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Input Data
The input data in PetroMod 1D:
The 4 boxes on the left are
+ Model pane (which includes all opened models)
+ Input pane (where the input data and boundary conditions can be modified)
+ Simulation pane (where simulator options can be introduced and modified)
+ Output pane (will only have content after simulation and contains different ways of
plotting the output data)
Most of the Input Workspace works with ‘standard’ Excel functionalities such as dragging,
copying, and pasting. Numbers can be copied, while text options (such as Kinetics) are
selected by right-clicking
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 a 1D Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Input Data
+ Enter thickness, depositional ages and ithologies
+ Options:
+ Insert data manually
+ Copy data from a spreadsheet (e.g., MS Excel)
+ Import data (PDUPC, other formats...)
‘+ Import stratigraphy from Well Picks.
Input data in 1D Petroleum Systems Modeling (PSM) consists of geological data such as
chronostratigraphy, thicknesses, lithologies and erosional events,
All these data can be entered in the Input Workspace using copy-and-paste from Excel
Sheets, Alternatively, you can type the values directly into the table,
n Irroduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 10 Modeling
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Input Data
odelinout (Stratigraphy Depth, Age Assignment and Lihology)
Schlumberger
The input data need to be entered in the Input Workspace. Thicknesses are automatically
calculated from Top and Base Depths.
‘The user can select either Top, Base or Thickness input)
Ages cannot overiap (yellow warning cells) or jump in geologic time
Lithologies can be selected from the available database or from extra, mixed
lithologies (mixed lithologies will be handled in the PetroMod 2D modeling exercise)
PSE refers to the Petroleum System Elements of which the main ones are Source
Rock (SR), Reservoir Rock (RES) and Seal Rocks (Seal).
Total Organic Carbon (TOC) values and Hydrogen Index (HI) are original values that,
need to be filled in.
Kinetics are available from the kinetics database.
Database access cells (lithologies, kinetics, PSE, etc.) can be accessed in three ways, see
next slide.
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.4, B 10 Modeling
‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D
4 Right-click in cll-> Modiy Ces -> Pick from ist
ile-cck coll > Pick rom ist
ec ato ist
Three different ways to access PetroMod database information (e.g. lithologies, kinetics,
PSE).
1m
Iriroducion to PetoMed, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger
1D Modeing
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Input Data
SRGDEENEDUSEDEESS|
visitnevdslserdeel
SHEE
‘Schlumberger
Enter these data in the Input Workspace.
‘The kinetics have to be selected from
list. The choice of kinetics is up to the user, but
PetroMod provides a guidance tool (Kinetic Wizard; explained in PetroMod 2D modeling).
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1
% 1D Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 1D Modeling Workflow
ies mg,
tcl
Schlumberger
This is the workflow for 1D modeling,
The different phases indicate the steps needed to answer the main question:
What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
Input data and boundary conditions form the mode! that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model.
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The model can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module,
We have successfully completed Phase 1. Next, we will enter the boundary conditions,
% Introduction a Peto, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 1D Modetng
Phase 2 - Boundary Conditions
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Boundary Conditions
Inputmanualy or opy from
Excel data sheet
Boundary conditions are essential in Petroleum Systems Modelling. The three boundary
conditions are:
+ Paleo Water Depth (PWD) - the water depth of the basin during deposition of
sediments through geologic time (positive numbers indicate subaqueous
sedimentation; negative numbers are for uplifted, i.e. erosion-sensitive, areas).
+ Sediment-Water Interface Temperature (SWIT) - the temperature of the interface
between sediment and water (derived from PWD) through time (upper temperature
condition).
+ Heat Flow (HF) ~ the amount of heat through the basin in mWim? (milliWatts per
square meter)
Invoducton to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 7 1D Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Boundary Conditions
Paleo Water Depth
Schlumberger
For this model we will assume a Paleo Water Depth of 100m.
7% Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger
1D Modeling
Boundary Conditions: Sediment Water Interface
Temperature (SWIT) a)
Schlumberger
‘The Automatic SWIT function is based on the Ph.D. Thesis of Wygrala (1989) and
calculates the temperature of the interface through time based on the geographical position
of the basin.
Make sure the box at [2] is checked!
Introduction o PetroMod, Version 2012.1 1D Nadeting Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Boundary Conditions
Heat Flow (HF)
Schiumterge
The Heat Flow function can be edited by either dragging the red curve to create Heat Flow
peaks and/or troughs, or by typing in the heat flow values.
0 Irroduction to PotoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 1D Modeling
PetroMod 1D Modeling Workflow
Cras
This is the workflow for 1D modeling.
The different phases indicate the steps needed to answer the main question:
What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
Input data and boundary conditions form the model that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model.
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
‘the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The model can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module.
We have successfully entered the input data and boundary conditions. Now itis time to
simulate the model
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 a 4D Modeling Schlumberger
Phase 3 - Simulation
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Simulation
Schlumberger
The Simulator pane on the left opens the simulation options
2
Use previous run — uses the outcomes of previous simulations to generate faster and
more refined results (only applicable when earlier simulation runs have been
completed)
Number of runs — the more runs, the better the simulation.
Maximum cell thickness — controls the thickness of the modeled cells in the Z-
direction. Higher values mean less resolution and faster simulations.
Maximum time step duration — controls the time steps of the modeled cells. Higher
values mean less resolution and faster simulations.
Generation — once selected, any source rock properties and kinetics are used to
generate petroleum from kerogen.
Equation of state - SRK or Peng Robinson are further explained in Hantschel, T. &
Kauerauf, A. 2009. Fundamentals of Basin Modeling pp. 476, Springer, May 2009,
ISBN # 9783540723172.
Risk — check to incorporate PetroRisk uncertainty modeling runs,
Kinetics — everything is set to default and involves all components of the kinetics.
Standard involves PetroMod_Oil and PetroMod_Gas.
Pressure outflow below and above salt — refers to models that include salt layers.
Tools ~ select or deselect tools that can be chosen in the Input pane. No tools are used
in this exercise.
Introduction to PetoVed, Versior 2012.1 Schlumberger 1D Modeling
‘The model is ready for a fi jon. Click the ‘RUN’ button to start.
Schlumberger
Introduction to Petroted, Version 2012.1 8 10 Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMed 1D Modeling Workflow
Analyze
This is the workflow for 1D modeling,
‘The different phases indicate the steps needed to answer the main question:
What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
Input data and boundary conditions form the model that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model,
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The model can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module.
We have successfully completed Phases 1 — 3. Time to look at the output!
8 Inroductin to PetoMod, Version 2012.4 Schlumberger 1D Modeling
Phase 4 - Output
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output
Schlumberger
The different plots are visible in the Output pane:
+ Docking Plots ~ these are docked in the Output Plot Window. Open
shift the plots in the window.
+ Default Plots — pop-up window showing the output plots.
+ Thumbnails - smaller plots to be used in presentations,
more plots will
The outputs in 1D PSM are:
+ Depth plots — temperature, maturity, porosity, pressure and thermal conductivity.
+ Time plots - temperature, maturity, porosity, pressure and thermal conductivity.
+ Burial Histories — temperature, maturity, porosity, pressure and thermal conductivity.
+ Different overlays can be selected by right-clicking on the curves.
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 85 ‘1D Modeling Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output
4. Output 10 result data canbe copiedint other
applications sch as MS PowerPoint and Excel
2, Images cen be copied dred, eg, into PowerPoint
te ep of Coy & Paste
‘Schlumberger,
Images can be copied to PowerPoint.
Data can be copied for use in Excel.
This is true for all the data plots (default, docking and thumbnail).
‘The user can choose between Linear or Logarithmic plots.
cy Intron to PeboMod, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger 1D Modeling
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output
Observe the other options of the output view.
Open and change depth plots.
Export data: =
Look at the Puig eer graphs
- ——
eps
The Burial History plot contains a lot of useful information. Overlays can be shown, lithologies
displayed and times with increased burial (here Paleocene) are visible.
Inroducton to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 a 1D Modeling Schlumberger
PetroMod 1D Modeling Workflow
Tools}
Scant
7 a
ms
This is the workflow for 1D modeling.
The different phases indicate the steps needed to answer the main question:
What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
Input data and boundary conditions form the model that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model.
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The model can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module.
Having checked the output, the next step is to calibrate the model
8 Inroducion o PtroMed, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger 10 Modeling
Phase 5 - Calibration
PetroMod 2012.1:
1D Calibration Data in the Well Editor
Schlumberger
To calibrate your model you need to introduce Calibration Data. Usually these include:
+ Temperature (T) measurements (try to find out where the data originates from, how it
is measured and if it is correct)
+ Vitrinite Reflectance (VR or Ro) measurements (data validation is also crucial here.
Good VR data has large error bars (min-max values).
Calibration data are introduced in the Well Editor as they represent (pseudo) well data. To
open the Well Editor, click the Editors tab on the PetroMod Command Menu and single
click the Wells icon.
Introduction t PetroMod, Version 2012.4, cy 1D Nadeling Schlumberger
sve cals
Import ,
Write esv
Unit Settings.
Quit cele
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The coordinates also need to be introduced. This is especially important in 2D and 3D
Modeling,
To see the changes made in the Well Editor, select "Reread Project Data” in PetroMod 1D.
0 Irroducton o PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 1D Modeling
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Calibration Data
‘The model does not need to be simulated again in order to see the calibration data. The data
is separate from the model. Updating the Editors is sufficient to display calibration date.
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 20121 ot 1D Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output & Calibration
‘Schlumberger,
The two typical calibration curves are the Maturity (Vitrinite Reflectance) and Temperature
curves.
The Temperature curve in particular shows that the temperatures in the model are higher
than the red temperatures measured in the well.
The Vitrinite Reflectance curve indicates slightly lower VR measurements in the deeperand
higher VR values in the shallower part of the model. However, notice the absence of error
bars,
2 Irvoducon to PetoMed, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 10 Modeling
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Calibration
Schlumberger
‘Two typical changes can be made to calibrate the model to the observed measurements (the
2 main unknowns in PSM):
+ Amount and timing of erosion
+ Heat Flow through time
The effects of erosion and HF on the curves is discussed in this training.
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1, 9 10 Modeling ‘Schlumiberg
PetroMod 1D Modeling Workflow
eat “tee:
co
[rere
Schlumberger
This is the workflow for 1D modeling.
The different phase:
What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
ate the steps needed to answer the main question:
Input data and boundary conditions form the model that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model.
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The model can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module.
9 bnroduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 1D Modeling
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Calibration
The curves fit much better to the calibration data,
Erosion in geologic history creates a sudden increase in VR with depth; the value of Vk
shifted to a sudden higher value.
Still pay attention to the quality of the data and make sure you know where the
measurements come from!
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 % 1D Modeling Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output
The Burial History plot shows the erosion events; there is uplift instead of burial.
96 Introduction to PettoMod, Versior 2012.1 Schlumberger
10 Modeling
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output
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‘The Maturity overlay (VR zones defined by Sweeney & Burnham (1990) ) helps to identity
the main oil and gas windows.
Introduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.4 11 Modeling Schlumberger
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output
Schlumberger,
Transformation Ratio (TR) is the main maturity indicator in PetroMod. Here, the TR is
shown for the deepest source rock, the Hugin Fm.
Discuss:
+ Generation behavior
+ Critical moment
+ Factors that influence this curve
98 Inroducon to PetoMod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 1D Modeling
PetroMod 2012.1: 1D Output
‘Time plots ‘Burial history plots:
Temperature = Temperature
= Vite Refectanoa (VR or Ro) -Porosityd
= Transformation Ratio (TR) + Transfomaton Ratio
Generation Mass
= Expulsion PSE chart,
Petroleum Systems Events chetin 1D
Depth plots:
= Temperature
- Vite Refectance
Porosity
Pressure
+ Thermal Conductivity.
Schlumberger
Which output plot answers relevant questions in the overall exploration cycle?
Introduction to PettoMod, Version 2012.1 9 41D Madeling Schlumber
PetroMod 1D Modeling Workflow
cs
Schlumberger
This is the workflow for 1D modeling.
The different phases indicate the steps needed to answer the main question:
What is the nature of our Petroleum System(s) and how can we reduce the related
uncertainties?
Input data and boundary conditions form the model that is going to be simulated. The output
data and calibration data are then used to refine the model.
In cases where no calibration data is available (such as frontier exploration areas) or where
the quality or validity of the data is questionable, calibration is not possible. The model can
then be “risked” using PetroRisk, the PetroMod uncertainty modeling module.
This completes the 1D Workflow and the PetroMod 1D Trai
ig!
100 Intoducion to PeboMed, Versior 2012.1 Schlumberger 20 Modetng
Module 3 2D Model
2D Modeling
AT aed
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 101 20 Modeling Schlumberger
Background Information
‘This presentation provides an overview of Basin & Petroleum Systems Modeling
For more in-depth knowledge, please refer othe fllowing literature:
= Hantschel, 7. & Kaverauf, Al. 2009 ‘Fundamentals of Basin and Petroleum Systems,
Modeling’, 476 pp. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 978-3-540-72317-2
= Allen, PA. & Allon, JR. 2005 "Basin Analysis ~ Principles and Applications’, 849 pp. Blackwell
ISBN 978-0-632-05207-3
Peters, KE., Walters, C.C. & Moldowan, J.M. 2005 "The Biomarker Guide Vol. 1 & 2°
Cambridge Press. ISBN 978-0-521-78168-9 & 978-0-621-83762.0
11 Magoon, LB. & Dow, W.G, 1997 “The Petroleum System — From Source to Trap’, 655 pp.
‘AAPG Memoir 60, ISBN 0-89181-338-1
= Tissol, BP. & Welle, DH, 1984 Petroleum Formation and Occurrence’, 689 pp. Springer-
Verlag. ISBN 0-387-08698-6
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102 Intotucton to PetoNod, Version 2012.4 ‘Schlumberger 20 Modeling
Petroleum Systems Modeling as a Decision Support
System
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This slide represents the uncertainties in Petroleum Systems Modeling related to reservoir,
trap and charge.
Introduction to PettoMod, Version 2012.1 20 Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2D Modeling Workflow
This is the 2D modeling workflow that forms the “backbone for the 2D part of the coursa. To
keep track of where we are, the slide will be used throughout to indicate the transition from
one phase to the next. The specific tools are shown in every step.
The crucial objective for the entire modeling process is:
To understand the Petroleum System(s) and the associated uncertainties.
The aim of every modeling workflow is to reduce these uncertainties as far as possible and
limit the effects of uncertainties on the different PSE (Petroleum System Elements).
104 Introduction to PetroMad, Version 2012.1 | Schlumberger 2D Modeling
PetroMod 2D Modeling Workflow — Detailed Checklist
Schlumberger
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1 105 20 Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2D Modeling Workflow
This is the 2D modeling workflow that forms the “backbone” for the 2D part of the course. To
keep track of where we are, the slide will be used throughout to indicate the transition from
‘one phase to the next, The specific tools are shown in every step.
The crucial objective for the entire modeling process is:
To understand the Petroleum System(s) and the associated uncertainties.
The aim of every modeling workflow is to reduce these uncertainties as far as possible and
limit the effects of uncertainties on the different PSE (Petroleum System Elements)
Phase 1 concerns the input Data. In the first part, we will look at the input data for 2D
modeling - cross-sections (sketches/images or seismic interpretation files). These are
handied in PetroBuilder. The digitized cross-sections define the geometry, the first data point.
106 Introduction to Petolod, Version 2012.1 Schlumberger 20 Modeling
Phase 1 - Input
PetroMod 2D — Before You Start
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First create your project directory.
Project directories do not need to be model specific (1D PetroMod models are automatically
stored in the pm‘ folder, 2D PetroMod models in the pm2d and 3D PetroMlod models in
the pm3d folders). Nonetheless, itis a good habit to create different folders for each project.
‘and to name them accordingly. If you have a 2D model only (as is the case here with the
Norwegian Basin), itis @ good idea to include "2D" in your project directory name. In this way,
you can immediately see that the project consists of 2D models only. The same is true for
‘combined 1D/3D projects or other project combinations.
Intoduction to PettoMod, Version 2012.1 107 20 Modeling ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2D - Before You Start
PetroMod has a clear data structure (which is an advantage over similar modeling
packages) including a folder specifically for images. When opening an image from PetroMod
(2D or 3D), the image folder is automatically selected,
108 Invoducion to Peto, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger 2D Modeling
PetroMod 2D - Starting the 2D Model Building Process
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2D modeling takes place in PetroBuilder 2D which is opened from the PetroMod Command
Menu
7 First make sure that the Project Directory is properly set to the folder containing your model!
Intoduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.1
109 20 Moding ‘Schlumberger
PetroMod 2D - Starting the 2D Model Building Process
© cseteneeste 83
To build a 2D model you need an input section. This is usually an image and/or a 2D
seismic interpreted section (horizons and faults can be loaded either together or separately).
For this workflow, we will use an image from a publication on the Area Of Interest (AO).
110 Irroduction to PeboMe, Version 2012.1 | Schlumberger 20 Modeling
PetroMod 2D — Starting the 2D Model Building Process
Enter the maximum extent of the input image. In your own model, you can check this data,
beforehand to make sure you enter the right values. It wil differ according to the type of input
data (image or section).
The Grid resolution refers to the horizontal resolution of grid cells. For this model we will use
a value of 761 cells.
Remember - increasing the number of cells increases the resolution of the model but also
slows dovin the modelling process!
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 2012.4 itt 20 Medeing Schlumberger
PetroMod 2D — Starting the 2D Model Building Process
412 Irvoduction to PetoMod, Version 2012.1 | Schlumberger 20 Wodoing
PetroMod 2D — Starting the 2D Model Building Process
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‘The background image can be (re)positioned with the pencil button (2). The Edit
Background Image dialog pops up.
The opacity of the image can be modified using the slider or the value in the box (3).
Introduction to PetroMod, Version 20121 113 20 Modeling Schlumberger
PetroMod 2D - Adjust Background Image
‘Agusitetaciground inage to male te wal eorsons ol yur model
Use me ick mars ofthe mage as qudlnos
Resize: Sto 160 km nx srecion
“600 13850 min Dap drecton
114 Iniroducon to Peto, Version 2012.1 ‘Schlumberger 20 Modeling
PetroMod 2D — Digitize Pre-grid Faults
Click the Digitize Pre-grid Faults button on the Toolbar (box 4 in the
‘As with seismic interpretation, start with fault interpretation. The faults can be selected n any
order, but itis easiest to work your way from left to right or vice versa. As soon as you have
