1.2 Muscular System

1.
2 Muscular system
Types of muscles
gravity skeletal striated voluntary extend
intestines cardiovascular smooth conscious cardiac
smooth heart veins organs skill
Complete the paragraphs below using the terms in the word bank above.
1) smooth muscle:
This muscle contracts without voluntary control. It is found in the walls of our
internal organs This muscle is positioned in the diaphragm, eyes, blood vessels,
stomach, intestines, bladder and in the uterus of females. It is also sometimes called ’
……………………….muscle’ because it lacks the stripes which are visible in striated
muscle. Another example is when this type of muscle lines the walls of the
……………………….to push blood back to the heart from the lower body. This is necessary
because the blood has to move against ……………………….
2). Cardiac muscle:
This is a special type of cardiovascular muscle that is found only in the walls of the
heart It contracts the heart to pump blood through it. It is different from other
involuntary muscles as it contracts rhythmically and never tires. It can be trained like
any other muscle which is why we take part in ……………………….exercise.
3) Skeletal muscle:
This muscle is found all of the body and is responsible for movement through
……………………….thought. When a footballer kicks a ball he is using this type of muscle
in order to ……………………….the leg and make contact. It is this type of muscle which we
use to generate the ……………………….that we use in sport.
Smooth muscle
- Location = in the walls of the arteries and organs (stomach, esophagus)

- Appearance = narrow, non-striated, uni-nucleated fibers
- Contraction =involuntary
- Involuntary muscle due to the inability to control its movements
Cardiac muscle
- Location → located in the walls of the heart

- Appearance → striated, branched (many layers) , nucleated (more than one nucleus per
- fiber)
- Contraction → Involuntary
Skeletal muscle
- Location: attached to the skeleton via tendons

- appearance → striated, multi-nucleated fibers
- Contraction → voluntary
- Function: contracting to facilitate movement of the skeleton
Key terms:
• Epimysium – The outer connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle, holding it
together.
• Perimysium – The connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fasciculus.
• Endomysoium – A sheath of connective tissue that covers each muscle fiber.
• Muscle fiber – An individual muscle cell
• Myofibril - The contractile element of skeletal muscle.
• Sarcomere – The basic functional unit of a myofibril.
• Actin – A thin protein filament that acts with myosin filaments to produce muscle
action.
• Myosin – One of the proteins that form filaments that produce muscle action.
Functions of muscles
Outline 4 functions of muscles
1. Movement - to exert force onto tendons (attach muscle to bone)

2. Generate body heat (85%)
3. Stabilize and maintain positions
4. Moves food and blood
Properties of muscles
Describe the following characteristics of muscles
ability to receive and respond to stimuli via generation of an electrical impulse which
contractility causes contraction of muscle cells.
Thick (myosin) and thin (actin) slide past each other to contract
is capable of being readily activated into action
excitability that muscle responds to stimulation by nerves and hormones, making it possible for
the nervous system to regulate activity
ability of a muscle to lengthen
extensibility Muscle extensibility refers to the ability of a muscle group to lengthen. Involving both
contractile muscle and ligaments
ability of muscle to return to normal size
elasticity Ability of your muscle and joints to stretch and contract in different directions while
retaining their normal length and tension at rest
Atrophy The wasting of muscle tissue ( sometimes due to injury if the muscle isn't being used
for a while.
means that muscle that was there has degenerated. - It can happen because of disuse
(like if you have a broken bone that's in a cast for a period of time)
Hypertrophy The increase of size of muscle tissue
A non-tumorous enlargement of an organ or a tissue as a result of an increase in the
size rather than the number of constituent cells
● Fiber Hypertrophy: An increase in the size of existing individual muscle fibers.
- Muscle tissues are controlled by nerve stimuli and fed by capillaries
Isometric contraction:
- Muscle contracts but doesn't shorten
Isotonic contraction:
- Muscle that contracts with movement

- Concentric (contracts and shortens) and eccentric (contracts and lengthens)
contractions
- EPIMYSIUM - the outer connective tissue that surrounds an entire muscle, holding it
together
- PERIMYSIUM - The connective tissue sheath surrounding each muscle fasciculus
- ENDOMYSOIUM - A sheath of connective tissue that covers each muscle fibers.
-
- Skeletal muscle → Fasiculli → Muscle fiber → Myofibrils → Sacromere → Myofilaments → Actin and Myosin
Myofibrils and Myofilaments:
Myofibrils:
- the muscle cells are filled with cylindrical structures called myofibrils
- Muscle cells are made up of groups of myofibrils
Myofilaments:
- Within the myofibrils

- Responsible for contraction of myofibrils, so mucule as a whole
- 2 kinds: myosin (thick filaments) and Actin (thin filaments)
- Generate force
Sacomere
- the functional contractile unit of myofibrils of the straited tissue
Origin and Insertion of muscles
When a muscle contracts, only one bone moves leaving the other stationary. The points at
which the tendons are attached to the bone are known as the origin and the Insertion .
● The origin is where the tendon of the muscle joins the stationary bone(s).
● The insertion is where the tendon of the muscle joins the movable bone(s).
Muscles of the body

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1.

2). Cardiac muscle:

- Location = in the walls of the arteries and organs (stomach, esophagus)

- Location → located in the walls of the heart

- Location: attached to the skeleton via tendons

Outline 4 functions of muscles

1. Movement - to exert force onto tendons (attach muscle to bone)

Describe the following characteristics of muscles

● Fiber Hypertrophy: An increase in the size of existing individual muscle fibers.

- Muscle tissues are controlled by nerve stimuli and fed by capillaries

- Muscle contracts but doesn't shorten

- Muscle that contracts with movement

- Within the myofibrils

- the functional contractile unit of myofibrils of the straited tissue

Origin and Insertion of muscles

Muscles of the body

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