Twisting, turning tubes in tanks of steamy, colorful liquids.

It is no wonder many still consider designing

heat transfer equipment a type of sorcery. Most finishers work diligently at perfecting the chemical,
physical and production details required for consistent quality finishes, and they understand that
temperature control is critical. However, few fully understand how to specify heat transfer equipment and
how the design affects production and operating costs.
Specifying heating equipment does not need to be confusing. Factors that affect how you boil a pot of
water for spaghetti are the same as those influencing heat transfer equipment in the finishing shop. How
much water is in the pot? How long should it take to heat up? How hot will the water get? How hot is the
burner? How much of the pot is in contact with the burner?
These factors, along with the kind of material heated and how well it is mixed, are used to turn "a little of
this and a pinch of that" into precise measurements. Simple calculations determine the proper size
heating coil and can help solve a heat-transfer problem.

A few simple equations

Equation No. 1 combines all the factors that determine the surface area of the heat transfer device.
A = Q/U T. A = area; Q = total heat input required; U = number describing the heat transfer

coefficient or degree of influence of materials, agitation, viscosity and other system details. The U-factor is
usually developed from past experience.
T is a difference in temperature. There are actually two variations of T that will be used in

calculations. The first ( T1) is the difference in temperature of the solution in the tank before and after

heating.
For example, a solution is at 70F before heating and must be elevated to 140F: T1 = 140 - 70 =70F.

This variation of T1 will be used in the equation MCpDT.

The second variation of temperature ( T2) is between the heating medium (steam or hot water) and

the final temperature of the solution.

For example, suppose the final solution temperature is 140F and the temperature of the steam at 10 psi is
239F. T2 = 239 - 140 = 99F. The value of T2 variation will be used in the basic equation A =

Q/U T.
As you calculate the required surface area of the heat transfer device, you see where each T value

is used. To solve the basic equation (A = Q/U T), you must first determine the value of Q, or the total

heat input needed to elevate the solution temperature to a final temperature.

Q is usually measured in Btus, which is the amount of heat needed to heat one pound of water one
degree F. The amount of heat needed to heat a tank can be determined using equation two: Q = MCp
T. M= the weight of the solution to be heated; Cp = the specific heat or factor that describes the

relative amount of heat needed by different materials to be heated the same amount; T1 = the

difference in solution temperature before and after heating.

To see how Q is determined, consider the following situation: a 3 × 10-ft, well-agitated finishing tank
contains 4 ft of water at 70F and the temperature needs to be raised to 140F.
Knowing there are 120 cu ft of water in the tank and that water weighs 62.4 lb/cu ft, the equation (Q =
MCp T) can be solved: M=120 cu ft × 62.4 lb/cu ft = 7,488 lb

Referring to Table I
Cp = 1.00 (specific heat of water)
T1 = 140 - 70 = 70F

Completing the calculation

Q = MCp T

Q = 7,488 × 1.00 × 70 = 524,160 Btus.

This heat requirement measure does not indicate how quickly the tank will be heated, however. In theory,
if the tank were perfectly insulated and used 1 Btu/hr for heating, it TABLE I—Specific Heat (Cp)
would take 60 years to heat one tank. In a finishing shop, heat up time of Commonly Used Materials
is usually two to four hours.
Material Cp
524,160 Btus ÷ 4 = 131,040 Btus/hr Water (By Definition) 1.00
15 pct Sulfuric Acid 0.88
Other factors affecting Q Oil 0.42
Steel 0.11
In addition to Btus, other heat input is needed to make up for heat lost Aluminum 0.23
to the environment as well as to materials in the tank such as parts and Zinc 0.09
racks.
In most finishing systems, heat lost to the atmosphere is more important than heat lost to the work;
therefore, heat lost to work is usually ignored. However, if one were to pickle steel sheets that had been
outside in very cold weather, an extra heating factor would have to be considered.
Heat losses to the air can be calculated using information in Table II.
The 3 × 10-ft tank surface loses 48,000 Btu/hr at 140F. This figure is derived from a heat loss figure of
1,600 Btu/hr/sq ft (Table II, 140F) multiplied by the sq ft (1,600 × 30=48,000). This means you would have
to add an additional 48,000 Btu/hr to achieve the desired heat up.
If the heat-up time were four hours, the total Btus/hr needed would be TABLE II—Heat Losses to the
179,040 (131,010 + 48,000). The total Btus/hr required is the final Air (up to 5 ft/sec air velocity)
value of Q in the basic equation A = Q/U T. Tank Maximum Heat
Temperature Loss
(F) (Btu/hr/sq ft)
80 200
Determining the U factor 100 500
120 900
The next factor in calculating heat transfer surface area is the heat 140 1600
transfer coefficient or U factor. This varies depending on how well the 160 2750
tank is mixed or agitated and how viscous the solution is. For most 180 4900
watery finishing solutions Table III figures apply. For this example, steam will be used to heat the well-
agitated tank. Therefore, a U factor of 150 will be used.
Work temperature vs. media temperature. The second DT needed to calculate heat transfer surface area
is the temperature difference between the material being heated and the media providing the heat. In
finishing plants, heat is usually provided by hot water or steam. For this example, steam is used. Using
the data in Table IV, T2 can be determined as shown.

Assuming a steam pressure of 10 psig, the temperature of the steam delivered to the finishing tank would

TABLE III—
be 239F. Since the solution will be heated to 140F, the Typical Heat Transfer Coefficients—"U"
T2 = 239-140 = 99F.
Type Heating U-Value U-Value
Medium (Agitated Tank) (Still Tank)
Steam 150 100
Hot Water 125 75
Completing the basic equation

Now that the basic values have been determined for all of the variables in equation A = Q/U T, we

can solve it. In order to heat the solution to 140F in four hours you need the following:
Q = 179,040 Btu/hr
U = 150
T2 = 99F.
TABLE IV—
Steam Pressure vs. Steam
Completing the equation Temp.
A = 179,040/150 × 99 = 170,040/14,850 = 12.06 sq ft.
Steam Steam Temp.
Pressure (F)
Surface area vs. heat transfer device configuration (Psig) 227
5 239
When the surface area of a heat transfer device has been calculated, 10 266
the next consideration is the configuration of the device. In many 25 297
finishing plants in-tank heating/cooling coils are used. When a coil is to 50
be immersed, there are several major considerations.
Coils must be sized and installed so they do not interfere with material moving into or out of the tank. The
most common form of damage to an in-tank coil is mechanical. In tanks with current-carrying racks,
accidental contact between a rack and coil may cause an electrical arc, resulting in a hole in the coil.
Coils should be installed to ensure the entire coil body is immersed. This assures that the rated heat
transfer surface is operating at maximum effectiveness.
 TABLE V—Heat-Transfer Coil Sizes vs.
Surface Areas
Coil Dimensions
There are many coil styles available Surface Area Width Length Tubes
(sq ft) (Inches) (Inches)
A typical style is shown in Fig. 1. In a typical heat 4.6 12.5 24 8
transfer coil a one-inch outside diameter tubing is 5.6 12.5 30 8
used. Tubes are welded on 1.5 inch centers between 6.7 12.5 36 8
two manifolds, one of which includes an inlet and 6.8 18.5 24 12
outlet riser for the heating medium. 8.4 18.5 30 12
8.8 12.5 48 8
Before determining the length and width of the coil, 9.4 24.5 24 16
measure the length of the tank wall and the solution 10.0 18.5 36 12
depth. For this example, the tank walls are 3-ft wide 10.9 12.5 60 8
and 10-ft long, and the solution is 4-ft deep. 11.5 24.5 30 16
Considering each possibility, the coil would need to be 11.5 30.5 24 20
sized to fit within an area that is 3 × 4 ft or one that is 13.2 18.5 48 12
10 × 4 ft. 13.6 24.5 36 16
13.7 12.5 72 8
In sizing heat transfer coils it is important to select the 13.7 36.5 24 24
configuration with the smallest width and longest 14.2 30.5 30 20
length compatible with tank size to provide the best 15.1 12.5 84 8
heat distribution. Using data found in Table V, you can 15.8 42.5 24 28
determine that a coil width of 18.5 inches and a length 16.3 18.5 60 12
of 48 inches provides 13.2 sq ft of surface area. 16.8 30.5 36 20
Moving further down the chart you find a coil of 13.7 16.8 36.5 30 24
sq ft with a width of 12.5 inches and a length of 72 17.2 12.5 96 8
inches. It, too, has slightly more than the required 17.8 24.5 48 16
12.06 sq ft. 18.0 48.5 24 32
Although both coils will fit,we selected the 13.7-sq-ft 19.2 12.5 108 8
coil which offers the best combination of performance 19.5 18.5 72 12
and economy. The coil would be installed along the 19.5 42.5 30 28
10-ft wall of the tank. If the installation had to be along 20.0 36.5 36 24
the 3-ft wall, a coil with 13.7 sq ft of surface area and dimensions of 36.5 wide by 24 inches long (Table V)
could be used. Assuming that the solution depth would never go below 4 feet, this coil would function
properly.

The right calculations save time and money

Why is it important to calculate surface area when determining the size of heating coils? Heat transfer
devices, particularly ones fabricated from a costly material such as titanium or stainless steel, can be
expensive. Since most heat transfer devices are priced according to size, it simply does not pay to
purchase larger devices than are necessary to accomplish the task. Using the information in this article
will help determine how much area you will need after you establish how long heat up should take and
what temperature you must maintain.
A little pencil pushing can go a long way toward improving operating efficiency and lowering heat transfer
equipment costs.