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Booting Linux: Chanik Park Cipark@postech - Edu

Booting Linux Chanik Park CS 512 Advanced Operating System. Six stages - - BIOS selects the boot device BIOS loads the bootsector. Bootsector loads setup, decompression routines and compressed kernel image.

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Deepak Soni
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98 views

Booting Linux: Chanik Park Cipark@postech - Edu

Booting Linux Chanik Park CS 512 Advanced Operating System. Six stages - - BIOS selects the boot device BIOS loads the bootsector. Bootsector loads setup, decompression routines and compressed kernel image.

Uploaded by

Deepak Soni
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Booting Linux

Chanik Park [email protected]

2004

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CS 512 Advanced Operating System

Booting Process Overview


Based on IA32 architecture Six stages

BIOS selects the boot device BIOS loads the bootsector from the boot device Linux bootsector (arch/i386/boot/bootsect.S) LILO (or other bootloaders) bootsector Bootsector loads setup, decompression routines and compressed kernel image The kernel is uncompressed in protected mode Low-level initialization is performed by asm code High-level C initialization

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Boot Process Overview (Cont)

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Boot Loaders
Operation

decide what to load (by prompting user). load kernel and possibly additional data, such as initrd or parameters for kernel (retrieved from firmware or boot command line). set up an execution environment suitable for kernel (e.g., put CPU in privileged mode). run kernel.

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CS 512 Advanced Operating System

Taxonomy

Specialized loaders : LinuxBIOS, syslinux, Netboot General loaders running under another operating system : LOADLIN, ArLo File system aware general loaders running on firmware : Shoelace (Minix FS), GRUB, SILO File system unaware general loaders running on firmware : LILO requires map installer (/sbin/lilo)

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FS-Aware vs FS-Unaware Boot Loaders

Standard Linux FS ? GRUB


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few change in boot loader/map installer LILO


CS 512 Advanced Operating System

Evolution of standard Linux file system vs bootloader (FS-aware ?)

Shoelace LILO GRUB New LILO ?

time

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i386 Dependency
1024 cylinder limit (due to BIOS)
LILO uses BIOS for all disk operations EDD (Enhanced Disk Drive Spec) in 1995 Support for EDD added to LILO in 1999

Memory size limit


1MB due to real mode : 4+16 bit address space (Image) compressed kernel (zImage) bigger kernel (bzImage) 16MB due to 8+16 protected mode (i286) 64MB due to BIOS

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Loading bzImage

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Adding New Features ?


where ? in boot loader or in the kernel Situation

large # of architectures and a large # of boot loaders per architecture

So, changes in boot loaders are not likely to be feasible. Then, extensions of boot process within the kernel.

Be architecture-independent !

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CS 512 Advanced Operating System

Root File System for Kernel


Operations

Mount root file system Need to know where it is. Need driver to access the media. Run user-space programs Early days : a set of pre-compiled kernels containing only a small number of drivers each (due to conflicting drivers) load module chosen by user ? Now : let the boot loader load kernel modules Initial RAM disk called initrd : a single file to make the work of boot loader simple
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Loading drivers into kernel ?

2004

initrd

Usage either for regular root file system or as an intermediate environment before switching to real root file system : run /linuxrc before switching Main limitation Memory for initrd file, RAM disk, any other data kernel needs at that time, and kernel Thus, the size of compressed initrd ~ 1/3 of memory not occupied by kernel (see figure)
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Changing root file system


Q : changing a carpet while standing on it ? A1 : jump up change_root A2 : roll out a new one next to the old one and walk over pivot_root other ?

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CS 512 Advanced Operating System

Ultimate Boot Loader


An ultimate boot loader can be made to access any resources the kernel can access

Kernel itself can access any resources. many file systems, RAID, TCP/IP, NFS, SMB, DHCP, HTTP, Whats missing ? A method to boot a Linux kernel from within Linux bootimg LOBOS Two Kernel Monte Etc. * Assignment #1 : report on bootimg, LOBOS, (1 week)

LinuxBIOS : put Linux kernel in flash EPROM (feature-rich boot loader)


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Evolution of Boot Concepts


The humble beginning (1991)

Linux boots stand-alone from floppy Shoelace is used to boot from Minix filesystem on hard disk 1992 LILO (from any) / BOOTLIN (from DOS) 1994 LOADLIN replaces BOOTLIN / SYSLINUX reads FAT floppies 1995 GRUB, a modern FS-aware boot loader 1991 root FS device can be set in kernel image 1995 NFS root mounts root FS from NFS server 1996 initial RAM disk support added to kernel / change_root mechanism 2000 pivot_root / union root mount / early freeing of initrd memory pages
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Beyond Minix (1992 ~ 1995)


Root file system abstraction (1991 ~ 2000)


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Kernel image abstraction


1996 Netboot boots from Ethernet, using TFTP 1999 GRUB supports TFTP boot 2000 Linux boots Linux / LinuxBIOS

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CS 512 Advanced Operating System

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