men

Alternating Current -

g
A2 : an electric current which periodically .. 1--

reverses direction
,
is contrast to (DC) · > t
- >
E

which flows only is one direction Direct Current Alternating

Current -

Advantages of ·
AC over DC Disadvantages of AC over DC .

Al Shock is Attractive while DC shock is repulsive

· AC generation is easy and economical ·
,

AC be easily converted to DC by rectifer

So, 20V A 2'n dangereous than z20V DC .

· can

be transmitted AC can't be used in electroplating process because

energy lon is min can
·
, Do ,
·
,

q
over long distances here const .
I with const -
Polarity is needed
.

A C VOLTAGE applied to a resistor .

V- Voltage
I
>
im
it
~
i= current
Lets Assume Voltage produced by
im
+
- &
vm
Alternating
Source => V Vmsinct = R
7

↓ Applying
KVL :

voltage generated by Voltage lost by Resistor sinlit

o
source = .

-
V = IR

Vm Sin wit = I R
Vm-Peak Voltage
-
Im -
Peak Current
>
I =
V sin ut.
-Angular frequency
.
R

Im Sinut
I =
k = Im note :

V is alway preater than I

↳ The Voltage and Current are in phase

as we multiplying I with
a re

something which is aqual to V .

↳ there is no
phase (0) difference ·

2) An AC Voltage is represented by Ecor2

cos(50nt ·

How time will this current by Zero in Is

?
many note : if in this question instead
of
504

I
W = W 2πf 25

1 is given then will

=

the
=

F cos 0 , Answer

2th+ = 50# be
·+ 1 times

f > in Ase, there are 25 cyles

25
-
=
.

= -

f
E ·

Good
in ch
there willo
be

s
IT for current
it is becase
for two cycles there
Unlike Cost ,
are

sind starts
5 Zero .

from zero .
 w

Co- to
=
=> WT = 2

T
·

Average Values :
f Lwit1 Easwet
(
&
e = 0 >
-

Let J or <
f> demotes -

- 2A
Average value of
.Scos
function
[sinotsI= s -
a

-
= E
- Crit< = 0 >
-

4n
*

=ae
⑤
-Fant
P
↳
[sun (whc E I seo
=Kit
.

ete
·
=
=

·
D

f E -J
2

cos2ut E2 (sent]I fanzwt To e

y Cos 2whS = -

=
+

Value complete Cycle

=> Average of AC over a T :

Graphically :

mathematically : -

onee
· >
: i =
im sinwt
.

:
Isinnt [ Area
=
Area = -

the would be
to
Average .
Zero
.
=

andVoltageizorwer depends
·Averagevalueoften
P = I R

an it not e.

Value
=> Average of Power :

P= i R = in AC ,
i = im Sincl

↳ P= in Sinot .
R

then
Average Value
of Power Isin2wt =
:

==
sin. it
2

m E =
e
-
a

-
-

L
↑

jidt
·

Al

.. or
Parg =2
 i
:
=
im sincol

I
· end =
MS Crootmeansquare)Value oe
=> for current Is

then
athoda
antha mean
mean

on
Kandupidichu
square root
.
,
irms
=
I'dt
de
Engintat -

a
· *

↳ i
irms in t
(function)rms =
5 707
=
.

unction)"at
=

Idt enimilarly for Vrms

VM 707
=
= 0 .

value by finding RMS Value in AC formulas

significance of RMS
DC
↳ ->
,
we can now use

like P IV IP R AC
Vyp in
= = =

AverageValueofPowerintemsofRM =e
=> in
*

=B = im e e
R

from Ohm's law

Phasor
·

=> Diagrams :

Phasors
·
are arrows rotating in the anti-clockwise direction
·

they are ventors but they represent scalar quantities

.

-
T
A
isinut
· Vertical Components of phasor will represent ut

the sinusoidally Varying quantity .

The magnitude of the phasor value Um and In

· is
peak of
Im Sin Lit

I↑
-
-V

~
M
=> PHASOR for resistive circuits :
1
- - -

↳ umsinst >
-

AC Voltage Applied to an inductor

LE
Let the voltage across the source be

V Um Sin wit
vacsource
=
.

A
inductor wire has resistance in real life
Assumption : some

to study only inductor - Al effect we Assure it has

no/negligible veristance
.
 ↳ Appling KVL :

by source Voltage lost by inductor

voltage generated -
to

Voltage lost by inductor

voltage generated by source =

Im sincot =
Lid >
- solve this differential equateo

Sum sin cot d fldi =

here constant of intigration
is zeno .
bozeVo
↳
Umseiwtdtdi Front
Li = i cosot + i
-Vcoo
=
=
= =
e

*
2C 2 sin
-
: - cs0 =
(0-4(z)
WL

Note :
Voltage and Current here has a
phase differene
in other words :
Lags behind Voltage by 98"
ant

u
·
Phasor diagram :
Graphical Diagram :

S ②

-i

↳ Inductive Reactance :) x2) :

↳ the the flow of Alternating

opposing nature of inductor to current

comparing with ohm'sae

: i = Kim (wto (2)
WL
=
)
Em= k
*

WL - SI
units : es Lohm)
X =

Note : "Xcdf and <L if AC of very high frequency is

passed the no current passed
, .

but for DC (f =
. If there
0) is no resistance, inductor passes DC with no resitance
.

AC Voltage Applied through a capacitor

·
.

↳ Let the AL voltage source be

(V = Um Sin wt) .

↳ Applying KUL

. Generated by
Voltage Source -

Voltage lost by capacitor = 0

.

VC
V-4
V a
& N
= =
=0
=> = = I =

differentiating both side wit t

d WVm
dND Cd(Vmiint)
=
= i = = 2 = CVm Cost W - I = < .
Sin t
Mike
als d
* Note :
here current leady Voltage by 90
i
# = Sin /W + -(2)
+
Phase difference is 90%
/c
 phasor a
-V

Capacitive Reactance (Xc)

↳ :
- wits
i = im ohn's
Vo
Sin ot tok with law
=S =
comparing
/Cu
graphically :
- Xc = %*> SI Units :
John) er

s
-

Note: as Xcd
-i Asfraquery increases Resistance
.
decrease ithe -T
the blocks and Act circuit
capacitor DC as
open
-

-
the capacitor Allows Ac frees e high frequency
·
.

AC voltage through LC-P circuit. #** *****

n
-nox-Im

Easi
As inductor capacitor and Resistor connected in
...
-
-

are F Um

vi
,

>
d

series current is same but Voltage V is different . i >i

, .

k--
Vp> -

i = im sin not from Phasor diagraph .

W

Va
-
>
-

VL = im XL
Um = V +
(V -

Vc)2 umsinwt

vc =
im XR
Vm = i -
R2 + (x2 x2) -

kn .
2
= R + (x Y -

z-impedence
Vp im R
= =
=

↳ the total resistance produced by LCR .

from this fig : special cases :

and i
V
t

=*
Xc
in X Hand
= =

.
=
Xc ; > E
-
= R > -

x i R
*
- V and
i are is same
phase
.

I tanb
I
= then its an Resertor dominant circuit .

- R-
k (ii) .
X
: >Xc: >
-

Tan = the

↓ .
v lead i by phose Angle &
so
,
the alternating voltage in the series
then its an inductance dominant circit .

LCR circuit would be V = Umsin(wt + P]

(iii) . Xc > Xc : >
-
tan = -ve .

Resonance : V lags i by phose Angle

=> :

then it's dominant circuit

a capacitance .

In LC circuit when , - between i 4 V is zen

- -

then the circuit is called a resonant

circu > .
- take a look a case
(i) .
⑳

(Wr = some Angular Frequency) In

f(Wr)
"

WrL = (2TF)
↳
= i i
=
X =
X I =

=, mate
*

E f
:

resonating frequency zi min

. If I is Max
a
.
,

(f frequences
-

= resonating Maximum
- = R =
minimum ; I = 1 = .

z
 => Quality Factor (2-Factor) .

circuit
of sharpness of the resonance LCR
of
an .
↳ measure

to the
of voltage developed industance
↳ ratio acros the or
capacitance Voltage Across R .

↳
a factor ((or)
=
age Across -

= -factor
=
=
RWC
voltage Across R .

iron core -

Ne: ·
r .
2-factor denotes the sharpness of turning
the Secondary
factor denotes sharper
in current
.
2 .

High -
2 peak Primary cit

-
coil
2- factor demoty lower rade of energy loss
.
.
3 High >
-
>
-

110/120 220/240
.
4
for R= 0 Q-factor = 8
, .

volts
volts
*

Step up > -

Sup = V Up = Is Fr

>
-
=RANSFORMERS
-
*

step down =

>
Ns < Np S Vs < Up
= => Is > Ip

Principle : Mutual Induction

↳
.

Iron Core
construction : Two coily :
primary and secondary
secondary
.

Primary
Iron core
wi wit
Silicon-Alluminiums Core (For Minimum fluxloss]
3 >
-
>
-

220/240 00
/ , zo

Volts volts
Working And theory :
-

The value induced in Secondary Alternating Voltage Applied

of Emp wil due to to Primary coil
depends upon number of turns inSecondary wil

To study the working we consider an Ideal transformer in Istoil has negligible/No resistance ·

Up primals wil Votage Vs-Secondary coil voltage

Ep -Np
&
-

Up = =
O
.

d Ep-primaly wil emf Es =

Secondary coll Emt

Vs =
E = -
Ns
- Np-No of turn's in Primary wil
.

Ns-No of . turns in #il

dt
-change i flux-trag Fla

OA =
·

N > for
- an ideal transformer :

input power
= Output power -

Power = VI
↳

Vet
Us is
Up ip =

↳ Es
=

=
Energy Ess in Transformer
:

There always flux leakage

>
- problem : · are some

D .
Flux leakage · its due to poor design of
the cre/Air gaps.

-
> solution : can be reduced be winding the primacy and
secondary
on over the other
.

Problem The wounded wine alway have some resistance

>
:

-
2 .
Resistance of winding
↳ solution : Minimised by Using thick wires for wounding .

>
- problem : O induces edds current in iron come -f can heating
o

3)
. Eddy Currents
> solution
-
: reduced by having a laminated come .

>
- Problem :
Magnetising of core is
repededly reversed by an
Alternation
4) Hysterisis flux which results loss heat
Mag in
of Energy as .
.

-
> solution : We low hysteris's magnetic material .