DIFFERENTIATION

1.DERIVATIVE
1.1 “FIRST PRINCIPLES FROM MATRIC”
The definition of thederivative of f (x )is

f (x+ h)−f ( x)
f ' (x)=lim .
h→0 h

By means of the definition of the derivative

determine f ' (x)∈each case if f (x)=¿
( a ) 3 x +7(b) 2+8 x−5 x 2
1
(c ) (d ) √ 3 x+ 1
( x−2 )

1.2 RULES OF DIFFERENTIATION:

n
1.2 .1 POWER RULE : If f ( x )=x
n−1
then f '(x )=n x .
20 19
For example if f ( x)=3 x → f ' ( x )=60 x .
1.2.2 PRODUCT RULE :
D x [ f (x)g (x) ] =f (x )g ' (x)+ g(x )f ' (x ).
For example if
h ( x )=( x +1 ) ( 2 x2 +8 x−5 ) find h' (x)
3

1.2 .3QUOTIENT RULE :

Dx [ ]
f (x ) g(x )f ' (x )−f (x) g '(x )
g(x )
=
[ g (x) ]
2
2 { g(x )≠ 0 }
3 x −x−2
eg if h( x)= 2
find h' (x )
4 x +5
EXTENDED EXAMPLES
POWER RULE → PRODUCT /QUOTIENT RULES
1. h( x)= √( 8 x −5 x ) ( 13 x + 4 ) , find h ' (x ).
2 2
 √ ( )
1
4 x2 4 x2
2. If h ( x ) = 3 = 3
, find h ' (x ).
( 3 x−1 ) ( 3 x−1 )

EXERCISE
1. DIFFERENTIATE :
3
(a)f (x)=( x −3 x +8 )
2

−5
(b) g(x )=( 8 x−7 )
1
(c ) p(s)= 10
( 8−5 s +7 s2 )
(d ) f (w)=( 2 w 2−3 w+1 ) ( 3 w +2 )
4

( )
2 2
3 x −5
(e )f (x)= 2
2 x +7

√( )
2 7
4 x −7
(f ) h(x )= 3
x +1
(g) f (x )=[ ( 2 x+1 ) +1 ]
10 10

7 x ( x 2+1 )
(h) N (x)=
( 3 x +10 )4

3. Calculate the points on the graph :

3.1 of f ( x )=x 2 where the slope of

the tangent line is−2 .

3.2 of f ( x )=x 3 where the slope of

the tangent line is12 .

3
1
3.3 of f ( x )= x + x 2 wherethe slope of
3
the tangent line is3 .
4
1
3.4 of f ( x )= x wherethe slope of
4
the tangent line is8 .
4. Calculate the points on the graph :

4.1 of f ( x )=x 2 where the slope of

1
the normal line is−
4
.

4.2 of f ( x )=−x3 where the slope of

1
the normal line is
27
.
3
1
4.3 of f ( x )= x + x 2 wherethe slope of
3
the normal line is 1 .
4
1
3.4 of f ( x )= x wherethe slope of
4
the normal line is−1 .

MORE TANGENTS and NORMALS

Find equation of theTANGENT LINE :
3
1 1 2
3.1 ¿ the graph of y= x + x , x >0 ,
3 2
that is∥¿ the line 4 x−2 y+ 6=0.

3
1
3.2 ¿ the graph y= x that passes
3
thru ' the point P (3 ; 9 ) .

3.3 ¿ the graph y =√ 3 x −3 , x <0 ,

2

that is perpendicular ¿ the

line 3 y + x=0.
 4. Find an equation of the NORMAL LINE :

3
2
4.1 ¿ the graph of y=4− x at the
9
point P (−3 ; 2 ) .

1
4.2 ¿ the graph of f ( x )= 3
, x >0 ,
x
having a slope of 27.

2
4.3 ¿ the graph of y=( x−2 ) which
is∥¿ theline 12 x−3 y=36.

dy
5. DETERMINE dx IF :
3 2
(a) y=u ∧u=x +1.
(b) y=√ u ∧u=5 x −4 x + x +2.
4 7 3 2

5
(c ) y = ∧u=√ x + 2 x −9 x +2 .
3 2
u

7 3 2
( d ) y= 3 ∧u= ( x 2 +1 ) .
√u
√

8 6
; u=( x + x + 1 )
3 2
( e ) y= 4
√u 3

11
(f ) y=
u
8
4 4
√
; u= ( 4 x +3 x + 11 x )
2 3

6. DETERMINE THE THIRD

DERIVATIVE FOR EACH OF THE
FOLLOWING

(a) H (s)=√ s (b) g(z )=√ 3 z +1

3

(c )k (r )=( 4 r +7 )5 (d)f (x)= √ x 2

3

( e ) y=√ x3 (f ) y=√ x 4
5 3
2. MARGINAL FUNCTIONS IN
ECONOMICS
A.
(i)Cost Function ,C (x ): Normally defined as
x
a function of given restricted domain .
a
(ii)Marginal Cost Function , C '(x ): Rate of change of Cost Function .
C(x )
(iii) Average Cost Function: C(x )=
x
(iv) Marginal Average Cost Function:C ' (x)

B.
(i)Demand equation : p=f (x ),
normally given .
(ii)Revenue Function : R(x )= px=xf (x )
(iii) Marginal revenue Function: R ' (x)
(iv)Profit Function: P( x)=R (x)−C (x )

C.
−pf ' ( p)
Elasticity of Demand : E( p)=
f ( p)
(i)E( p)>1 : Demand is elastic ≡
↑ p → ↓ R (x)↔↓ p → R( x)↑
(ii)E ( p)=1 : Demand is unitary ≡
↑ p → R( x )¿ remain constant . ( R '(x )=0 ) .
(iii) E( p)<1 : Demand is inelastic ≡
↑ p → ↑ R (x)↔↓ p →↓ R(x )

EXAMPLE:
1. Consider C(x )=200 x +300 000
¿ p=−0 , 04 x+ 800 x ∈ [ 0 , 20 000 ]
(a) DETERMINE :
(i)C ' (x)
(ii) C(x )
 (iii)C ' (x)
(iv)R ( x)
(v) P(x)
(vi) R '(x )
(b)(i)ind the elasticity of demand E( p)ur result . i¿ Find the elasticity of demand E ( p)
(ii)Compute∧interpret :
E(300), E(400)∧E(600)

2. Consider∈rands
3 2
C (x)=0,000002 x −0 ,02 x + 120 x +60 000
¿ p=−0,006 x+180 x ∈ [ 0 , 30 000 ]
(a) DETERMINE :
(i)C ' (x)
(ii)C(x )
(iii)C ' (x)
(iv)R (x)
(v) P(x)
(vi) R '(x )
(b)ind the elasticity of demand E ( p)ur result .i ¿ Find elasticity of demand E( p), compute
¿ interpret E(60), E(90)∧E(120)

2. DIFFERENTIALS
(i)Increment ∈ x : ∆ x=x 2−x 1
(ii)Increment ∈ y : ∆ y=f (x+ ∆ x)−f (x )
as x changes ¿ x ¿ x+ ∆ x .
(iii)differential dx of x :dx=∆ x
(iv)differential dy of y :
dy =f '(x )∆ x=f ' (x)dx

EXAMPLE
2.1 . Find the increment ∈ x as x changes
¿ 4 ¿ 4,025.
2
2.2 . Let y=x . Find ∆ x∧∆ y as x changes
¿ 1 ¿ 0 , 99.
3
2.3 . Let y=x .
(a) Find the differential dy of y .
(b) As x changes ¿1 ¿ 0 , 99 :
 (i)Use dy ¿ approximate
the change ∈ y , ∆ y .

(ii) Find the actual change

¿ y.

2.4 . Use differentials ¿ approximate

(i) √ 37 , 5
(ii) √26 ,5
3

(iii) √ 17
4

(iv) √ 21 , 5
(v) √ 66 ,5
3

(vi) √ 79
4

3. OPTIMISATION - DERIVATIVE TESTS:

3 2
3.1 .1 f ( x ) =x −3 x −24 x+ 32

By using the appropriate Derivative Tests

determine:
(a) the intervals for which f increases/decreases
(b) the relative extrema
(c) the concavity
(d) the points of inflection
(e) the absolute extrema on [−2 ,5 ] .
2
3.1.2 f ( x )= 3 x −2 x −6 x +4
3 2

By using the appropriate Derivative Tests

determine:
(a) the intervals for which f increases/decreases
(b) the relative extrema
(c) the concavity
(d) the points of inflection
(e) the absolute extrema on [−3 , 3 ] .
 1
3.1.3 f ( x )= 3 x − x −3 x + 4
3 2

By using the appropriate Derivative Tests

determine:
(a) the intervals for which f increases/decreases
(b) the relative extrema
(c) the concavity
(d) the points of inflection
(e) the absolute extrema on [−3 , 3 ] .
3.2 For each of the following pairs of price-demand
and cost equations determine
(a). the revenue function and x for which the
maximum revenue is realised as well as the
corresponding price
(b). the profit function and x for which the profit is
maximised and this maximum profit with its
confirmation
(c). the value of x for which the marginal revenue
equals the average cost and this minimum average
cost
(d). Determine the elasticity of demand and the
value of p for which the elasticity of demand is
perfectly elastic.
3.2 .1. p=−0,00035 x +14
2
C ( x )=0,0001 x +5 x+16 200

3.2 .2. p=−0,00025 x +10

2
C ( x )=0,00025 x +4 x+7 680
 3.2 .3 . p=−0,0004 x +8
2
C ( x )=0,0002 x +4 x +1 440

3.2 .4 . p=−0,000125 x +6
C ( x )=0,0001 x 2 +2 ,5 x +5 600
3.3