Antiferromagnetic Bosonic T - J Models and Their Quantum Simulation in Tweezer Arrays

Antiferromagnetic bosonic t – J models
and their quantum simulation in tweezer arrays
Lukas Homeier,1, 2, 3, 4, ∗ Timothy J. Harris,1, 2 Tizian Blatz,1, 2 Sebastian Geier,5, 4

Simon Hollerith,4 Ulrich Schollwöck,1, 2 Fabian Grusdt,1, 2 and Annabelle Bohrdt6, 2, 3, 4, †
1
Department of Physics and Arnold Sommerfeld Center for Theoretical Physics (ASC),
Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Theresienstr. 37, München D-80333, Germany
2
Munich Center for Quantum Science and Technology (MCQST), Schellingstr. 4, München D-80799, Germany
3
ITAMP, Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
4
Department of Physics, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138, USA
5
Physikalisches Institut, Universität Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 226, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
arXiv:2305.02322v4 [cond-mat.quant-gas] 4 Jun 2024
6
Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg D-93053, Germany
(Dated: June 6, 2024)
The combination of optical tweezer arrays with strong interactions – via dipole-exchange of
molecules and van-der-Waals interactions of Rydberg atoms – has opened the door for the ex-
ploration of a wide variety of quantum spin models. A next significant step will be the combination
of such settings with mobile dopants: This will enable to simulate the physics believed to underlie
many strongly correlated quantum materials. Here we propose an experimental scheme to real-
ize bosonic t – J models via encoding the local Hilbert space in a set of three internal atomic or
molecular states. By engineering antiferromagnetic (AFM) couplings between spins, competition
between charge motion and magnetic order similar to that in high-Tc cuprates can be realized. Since
the ground states of the 2D bosonic AFM t – J model we propose to realize have not been studied
extensively before, we start by analyzing the case of two dopants – the simplest instance in which
their bosonic statistics plays a role, and contrast our results to the fermionic case. We perform
large-scale density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations on six-legged cylinders, and
find a strong tendency for bosonic holes to form stripes. This demonstrates that bosonic, AFM
t – J models may contain similar physics as the collective phases in strongly correlated electrons.
Introduction.—Trapping, manipulating and control- background raises several interesting questions, but has
ling individual qubits in optical tweezer arrays [1–6] has so far remained elusive due to the ferromagnetic inter-
enabled the observation of intriguing many-body physics. actions in spin-1/2 Bose-Hubbard models. For example,
Rydberg tweezer platforms stand out with their large the microscopic mechanism of hole pairing might not be
Ising or dipolar interaction strengths [7, 8], while cold specific to the Fermi-Hubbard model but instead a uni-
molecules remain coherent for seconds [9] and offer an versal feature of a broad class of related systems with
entire ladder of rotational states [10]. So far, experiments strong spin-charge correlations; such as the model dis-
have demonstrated a variety of equilibrium [11, 12] and cussed below.
dynamical phenomena [13–16] of quantum magnetism. In this Letter, (i) we study a model combining AFM
For example, the toolkit of strong interactions, geomet- spin models with mobile (hardcore) bosonic hole dopants
ric frustration and novel readout of non-local correlators in one or two spatial dimensions and (ii) we propose ex-
have revealed topological spin liquid order in Rydberg perimental schemes realizing this scenario, suitable for
tweezer arrays [11, 17]. implementation in systems of ultracold polar molecules
One goal of analog quantum simulators is to develop or Rydberg atoms, where the hole dopants are encoded
our understanding of the microscopic mechanisms under- in the internal degrees-of-freedom.
lying strong correlated quantum matter. Combining spin In particular, we map a bosonic t – J model [28–34]
models with physical tunneling t of particles [18] yields onto a pure spin model comprised of three Schwinger
doped quantum magnets, where mobile dopants frustrate bosons, which can be implemented hardware-efficiently
magnetic order [19] and the statistics of the particles using the Floquet technique in tweezer systems with
plays a crucial role. Due to its intimate connection to dipolar or van-der-Waals interactions. Here, the system
strongly correlated electrons, much effort has been in- time evolves under its natural e.g. XY interactions fol-
vested in the exploration and quantum gas microscopy lowed by a specific sequence of rotations within the three
of the Fermi-Hubbard model [20, 21] with on-site inter- internal states. The effective dynamics of the bosonic ex-
action U , using ultracold atoms in optical lattices [22– citations is then governed by a t – J Hamiltonian. The
26]. The underlying superexchange mechanism naturally tunability enables us to engineer regimes that have not
leads to AFM interactions J = 4t2 /U in fermionic sys- been accessible before, e.g. AFM XXZ interactions,
tems, while bosonic models have effective ferromagnetic J > t, explicit hole-hole (anti)binding potentials or ran-
interactions [19, 27]. domized interactions [35].
The behaviour of bosonic holes doped into an AFM With the deterministic loading and preparation of
2
a) Bosonic t J model c) Spin model mapping

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teractions can be engineered using the Floquet driving

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J Ŝjz
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The t – J model describes (hardcore) mobile spin-1/2

n̂hj + n̂#j + n̂"j = 1
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particles on a d-dimensional lattice with magnetic in-

t
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teractions; hence the local Hilbert space is spanned

by the hole and one particle states {|h⟩, |↓⟩, |↑⟩}.
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Here, we investigate bosonic particles |σ⟩ = â†j,σ |vac⟩,

Iˆj,"
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where we express P spins in the Schwinger represen-

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tation Ŝj = 21 σ,σ′ â†j,σ τσ,σ′ âj,σ′ with Pauli matri-
b) Optical tweezers
ces τ = (τ x , τ y , τ z ) and σ = ↓, ↑. Further, we introduce
|hi the (hardcore) bosonic hole operator |h⟩ = â†j,h |vac⟩.
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Iˆj,# To obtain the correct Hilbert space, the Schwinger
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bosons have to fulfill the local constraint

n̂hj + n̂↓j + n̂↑j = 1, (1)
d) Floquet sequence
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Iˆ#y
<latexit sha1_base64="5JTcHgXEqJd12LTArHBjhfT/+9M=">AAACU3icbVBNS8NAEN3E+lWtVr0IXoJB8FQS8esoetFbBauCrWWy3bRLN5uwO1FDiL/Gq/4bD/4WL24/Dqb6YOHx3szszAsSwTV63pdlz1XmFxaXlqsrq7W19frG5q2OU0VZi8YiVvcBaCa4ZC3kKNh9ohhEgWB3wfBi5N89MaV5LG8wS1gngr7kIaeARurWt9sDwPyqeMyzopu3e/GzBKXi56Jbd72GN4bzl/hT4pIpmt0NyzXtNI2YRCpA6wffS7CTg0JOBSuq7VSzBOgQ+uzBUAkR0518fELh7Bml54SxMk+iM1Z/d+QQaZ1FgamMAAd61huJ/3ojRelQl/7PAwVDhjNaVFQNSmtieNrJuUxSZJJOtgxT4WDsjMJ0elwxiiIzBKji5lCHDkABRRN5afjL5M6qidWfDfEvuT1o+MeNo+tD9+x8GvAS2SG7ZJ/45ISckUvSJC1CySt5I+/kw/q0vm3brkxKbWvas0VKsGs/3Ki1FQ==</latexit>
Iˆ#-y
<latexit sha1_base64="pruyTlTVMWfrxUUwc6xEw+N6iAc=">AAACW3icbVBNTxsxEHU2UMKWlgDi1IvVqBKXRrtV+TgieoEblRpAImk068wSK17vyp4FImuv/Jpe4b9w4L/gfByawJMsPb03M555SaGkpSh6rgX1ldUPa4318OPGp8+bza3tC5uXRmBH5Co3VwlYVFJjhyQpvCoMQpYovExGvyb+5S0aK3P9h8YF9jK40TKVAshL/SbvDoHcWfXXdQnvyX2vxlXfdQf5nQZj8ruq32xF7WgK/pbEc9Jic5z3t2ot3y7KDDUJBdZex1FBPQeGpFBYhd3SYgFiBDd47amGDG3PTU+p+DevDHiaG/808an6f4eDzNpxlvjKDGhol72J+K43UYxN7cL/LjEwQlrSsir0WFiT0qOek7ooCbWYbZmWilPOJ6HygTQoSI09AWGkP5SLIRgQ5KNfGH4/uzP0scbLIb4lFz/a8UF7//fP1vHJPOAG+8K+sj0Ws0N2zE7ZOeswwR7YP/bInmovQT0Ig41ZaVCb9+ywBQS7r0Fgt6w=</latexit>
Iˆ#-x
<latexit sha1_base64="dHhUopu1bnp/LB7uKXquxylrbpE=">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</latexit>
Iˆ"-x
<latexit sha1_base64="BRY07h19c6l8wxBAKi/YtdRqxM8=">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</latexit>
n
<latexit sha1_base64="jTylygSL0RKf9OGehO16sRzhkzw=">AAAB/HicdVDLTsJAFJ3iC/GFunQzkZi4Im2DFXdENy4hESSBhkyHC0yYTpuZqZE0+ANu9Q/cGbf+iz/gdzgFTMToSW5ycs69ufeeIOZMadv+sHIrq2vrG/nNwtb2zu5ecf+gpaJEUmjSiEeyHRAFnAloaqY5tGMJJAw43Abjq8y/vQOpWCRu9CQGPyRDwQaMEm2khugVS3bZq7iuU8F22bbdqutmxHE97wI7RslQQgvUe8XPbj+iSQhCU06U6jh2rP2USM0oh2mhmyiICR2TIXQMFSQE5aezQ6f4xCh9PIikKaHxTP05kZJQqUkYmM6Q6JH67WXiX14n0YOqnzIRJxoEnS8aJBzrCGdf4z6TQDWfGEKoZOZWTEdEEqpNNktb7uenFkww39/j/0nLLTte+axRKdUuFxHl0RE6RqfIQeeohq5RHTURRYAe0RN6th6sF+vVepu35qzFzCFagvX+BVaPlbs=</latexit>
where n̂σj = â†j,σ âj,σ and n̂hj = â†j,h âj,h are the local spin
⇡
<latexit sha1_base64="Osetpfh8iQGWsS7vlztbqWU49DE=">AAACCHicdVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWARXw0yoY90V3bisYB/QGUomzbShmYdJRizD/IA/4Fb/wJ249S/8Ab/DTFvBih4IHM65l3ty/IQzqSzrw1haXlldWy9tlDe3tnd2K3v7bRmngtAWiXksuj6WlLOIthRTnHYTQXHoc9rxx5eF37mjQrI4ulGThHohHkYsYAQrLXluIDDJ3ITlGcr7laplOjWE7Bq0TMtCdYQKYiPHOYe2VgpUwRzNfuXTHcQkDWmkCMdS9mwrUV6GhWKE07zsppImmIzxkPY0jXBIpZdNQ+fwWCsDGMRCv0jBqfpzI8OhlJPQ15MhViP52yvEv7xeqoK6l7EoSRWNyOxQkHKoYlg0AAdMUKL4RBNMBNNZIRlh3YPSPS1cuZ9FLetivn8P/ydtZNqOeXpdqzYu5hWVwCE4AifABmegAa5AE7QAAbfgETyBZ+PBeDFejbfZ6JIx3zkACzDevwD5cZsU</latexit>
⇡ ⇡ ⇡ and hole densities, respectively, see Fig. 1c.

⌧1 ⇡ ⌧2 ⇡ ⌧3 ⇡ ⌧4
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⌧5 ⌧6 ⌧7 ⌧8 ⇡ ⌧9
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2 2 2 2
The bosonic t – J Hamiltonian is given by
time
X X †
Ĥt−J = − tij âi,σ âi,h â†j,h âj,σ + h.c.
FIG. 1. Schwinger boson mapping. a) The t – J model i<j σ
describes hopping of spin-1/2 particles on a lattice with tun- XX X (2)
α
neling amplitude t together with magnetic interactions J. + Jij Ŝiα Ŝjα + Vij n̂hi n̂hj ,
For AFM interactions, the motion of holes (|h⟩) or parti- i<j α i<j
cles (|↓⟩ , |↑⟩) frustrates the spin order yielding rich physics
for both fermionic and bosonic particles. b) The latter can with α = x, y, z and the couplings can have arbitrary
be implemented in the internal states of ultracold molecules connectivity and range. The first term ∝ t describes
or Rydberg atoms spatially localized in optical lattices or on tunneling of particles, the second term ∝ J α describes
an arbitrary graph of tweezer arrays. c) The local Hilbert magnetic XXZ interactions with J x = J y = J ⊥ , and the
space {|h⟩ , |↓⟩ , |↑⟩} can be encoded in the internal rota- last term ∝ V is a hole-hole interaction.
tional states of molecules and we define the three Schwinger The model (2) gains its importance because it cap-
spins Ŝ, Î↑ and Î↓ , which allows us to exactly represent the
tures the low-energy effective theory of the repulsive
t – J Hamiltonian as a spin model. d) In the isolated three
level subspace of rotational states |N ⟩ with N = 0, 1, 2, the Fermi- or Bose-Hubbard models in the strong coupling
molecular Hamiltonian we consider has XY interactions be- regime U ≫ t [19]. However, the perturbative deriva-
tween N = 0, 1. By performing periodic rotations on the Ŝ- tion exactly determines the couplings, which for nearest-
and Îσ -Bloch spheres, the effective Floquet Hamiltonian in neighbour (NN) hopping are given by J α = ±4t2 /U
spin representation can be engineered. The duration τn and V = −J(±2 − 1)/4 for the fermionic (+) or
of individual Floquet evolution steps determines the effec- bosonic (−) models, respectively.
tive coupling strengths of the target Hamiltonian (4) (here
Our proposed scheme for realizing the model (2) in ex-
with V = 0).
periment enables broad tunability [36, 37] of the Hamil-
tonian parameters. In particular, the ability to tune the
ratio between the hole-hole interaction V and magnetic
product states, time evolution under a tunable Hamil- interactions J in our model facilitates exploration of po-
tonian in arbitrary geometry, and ultimately readout by tentially interesting pairing regimes, which we study nu-
snapshots in the Fock basis, we present a realistic exper- merically in the second part of this paper.
imental protocol to probe doped bosonic quantum mag- First, we perform an exact mapping of Hamiltonian (2)
nets. We highlight the relevance of 2D bosonic AFM t – onto a new XXZ spin model comprised of the three spin-
J models by calculating the ground state of a six-legged 1/2 Schwinger spins Ŝj , Îj,↓ and Îj,↑ with
cylinder doped with two holes using DMRG. We then
compare these results with those obtained from the tra- 1 ↑
Ŝjz = n̂j − n̂↓j Ŝj+ = â†j,↑ âj,↓
ditional fermionic t – J model. 2 (3)
1 σ
Bosonic t – J model as a spin system.—The main Iˆj,σ
z
n̂j − n̂hj Iˆj,σ
+
= â†j,σ âj,h ,

=
ingredient to realize doped spin models, such as the t – 2
J model shown in Fig. 1a, is a mapping from the original from which we obtain (up to a constant energy shift)
model onto a new model described by Schwinger bosons.
ˆα ˆα
XX XX
The new spin model is then suitable for implementions Ĥt−J = − tα
ij Ii,σ Ij,σ +
α α α
gij Ŝi Ŝj . (4)
in established experimental platforms and the desired in- i<j α,σ i<j α
3
We neglect a chemical potential term for the holes since Next, we describe a scheme to realize a t – J model with
we assume the total number of particles is conserved. The tunable XXZ magnetic interactions. To this end, we con-
form of Eq. (4) is very useful for our proposed implemen- sider the molecular Hamiltonian (6) with flip-flop inter-
tation below, but we emphasize that the Schwinger spins actions χij . By comparing this model to the t – J Hamil-
are not mutually independent, i.e. [Ŝjz , Iˆj,σ
±
] ̸= 0. tonian (4), we find that the microscopic model corre-
The hole-hole interaction renormalizes the XXZ mod- sponds to a t – J model with tunneling of |↓⟩-particles
els and we find the following couplings related to Eq. (2) only. Hence, we propose to perform consecutive, fast
and (4): rotations between all pairs of states, i.e. on the Îσ -
1 8 and Ŝ-Bloch spheres, to obtain a time-averaged Hamilto-
txij = tyij = tij tzij = − Vij nian with equal strength |↑⟩- and |↓⟩-particle tunneling.
2 9 (5) The sequence of Floquet rotations is shown in Figure 1d:
x y ⊥ z z 4
gij = gij = Jij gij = Jij − Vij . Tuning the times τn of Floquet steps allows for the im-
9
plementation of models with tunable ratios −t/J z > 0
So far, we have performed exact transformations and re- and J ⊥ /J z > 0 (Jz > 0) and V = 0. This result holds
written the t – J model in terms of Schwinger bosons. in first-order Floquet theory and is derived in the Sup-
The Schwinger spins have to fulfill the the number con- plementary Material; a comparison between the target
straint (1), which induces highly non-trivial spin-charge t – J model and Floquet time evolution using exact diag-
correlations and thus is beyond a simple spin-1/2 chain. onalization shows excellent agreement and demonstrates
Likewise, the construction can be formulated in terms of the robustness of our proposed scheme.
mutually hard-core bosonic statistics, i.e. â†j,Σ â†j,Σ′ = 0 We emphasize that the long-range interactions directly
for Σ =↓, ↑, h. transfer to the effective model and hence a t – J model
The constraint can be elegantly implemented in a spin- with r−3 tails is realized in cold molecules. Enriching the
1 manifold in e.g. ultracold molecule or Rydberg tweezer Floquet protocol by spatial rearrangements [40], pure NN
arrays. To this end, we propose two schemes, which ei- interactions or even models with arbitrary connectivity
ther utilize dipolar spin exchange interactions to engineer can be implemented in principle. Depending on the sta-
the desired dynamics by Floquet driving, or directly en- bility of DC electric fields, the fidelity of microwave tran-
ables the realization of Hamiltonian (4) in three isolated sitions and coherence times across multiple rotational
Rydberg states. levels [41, 42], effective Floquet Hamiltonians [43] of dif-
Experimental proposal: Ultracold molecules.— fering complexity can be realized; in particular in the
Ultracold polar molecules have recently demonstrated Supplementary Material we present a Floquet sequence
the realization of an anisotropic XXZ model in a qubit that gives rise to t – J – V models with 0 < V /J z < 9/4
subspace of rotational states [16], which can be achieved and J ⊥ /J z > 1/2.
by Floquet engineering. There, the system consecutively Experimental proposal: Rydberg tweezer
time evolves under the resonant dipole-dipole interac- arrays.—Rydberg atoms in optical lattices [44] and
tions followed by fast qubit rotations, i.e. driving mi- tweezer arrays have become an established platform in
crowave transitions between rotational states. the quantum simulation of magnetism [7, 8, 11, 12, 14,
Here, we extend the scheme by using three states in the 15]. In particular, tunable spin-1/2 XXZ models have
rotational manifold |N ⟩ with N = 0, 1, 2 and we identify previously been realized via Rydberg dressing [45], Flo-
the molecular states {|0⟩ , |1⟩ , |2⟩} with the local Hilbert quet engineering [46, 47] and precise selection of Rydberg
space {|h⟩ , |↓⟩ , |↑⟩} of the t – J model. The molecu- states [48].
lar Hamiltonian expressed in terms of the Schwinger The proposed model (4) requires control over interac-
spins (3) is given by tions within a three-level system. We propose a direct
implementation within three Rydberg states by identify-

χij Iî,↓
+ ˆ−
X
Ĥmol = Ij,↓ + h.c. , (6)
ing
i<j
with χij = χ(1 − 3 cos2 θij )/|rij |3 . Here, rij is the vec- |nS⟩ = |↓⟩ |n′ P ⟩ = |h⟩ |n′′ S⟩ = |↑⟩ . (7)
tor connecting lattice sites i and j, and θij is the angle
between the quantization axis and rij . In the following, The resonant dipolar exchange between states of dif-
we choose θij = π/2 and set the NN distance to rij ≡ 1. ferent parity implements long-ranged tunnelings, e.g.,
The XY coupling strength χ, is determined by the reso- the exchange interaction between the pair of atoms
nant dipole moments of the molecule [10, 38], and here we |nSi , n′ Pj ⟩ ↔ |n′ Pi , nSj ⟩ at site i and j corresponds to
only consider interactions between N = 0, 1 [39], while tunneling of ↓-particles with amplitude t↓ij ∝ rij −3
. Mod-
the state N = 2 is non-interacting. This can be achieved els with either approximate SU(2) invariant tunnelings
by using the selection rules ∆mN = 0, ±1 of the dipole or spin-dependent tunnelings can be implemented.
interactions, e.g. we propose to use |N = 0, mN = 0⟩, Further, the spin interactions can be induced by choos-
|N = 1, mN = 0⟩ and |N = 2, mN = −2⟩. ing suitable pair states |nS, n′′ S⟩, such that the resulting
4
a) Bosons b) Fermions
culation using the standard fermionic t – J model. Let
us emphasize that previous studies of the bosonic t –
J model have considered either lower dimensions, high
temperature expansions or partial AFM couplings (J z >
0, J ⊥ ≤ 0) [28–34]. In contrast, our model takes a fur-
ther step towards strongly correlated materials by study-
ing fully antiferromagnetic interactions in the spin sec-
tor (J z , J ⊥ > 0) with the cost of introducing a sign prob-
lem at low temperatures; there our model is intractable
for large-scale quantum Monte Carlo simulations.
To this end, the ground state with two holes in the
zero-magnetization sector, Ŝz = 0, of the SU(2)-invariant
FIG. 2. Bosonic vs. fermionic two-hole states. We show version of Eq. (2), J α ≡ J, was obtained from DMRG cal-
ground-state correlation functions for a t – J model with two culations on a long cylinder [53–56]; the interactions are
a) bosonic and b) fermionic holes obtained from DMRG cal- restricted to NN and have strength t/J = 2 and V /J =
culations on 20 × 6 cylinders. We find distinctly different −1/4 (see Supplementary Material). To analyze the
behaviour for bosons and fermions by evaluating the hole- structure of the obtained pair wavefunctions, we extract
hole (top) and spin-spin correlation functions (bottom). a) (i) the reduced hole-hole correlation ⟨n̂hi n̂hj ⟩/⟨n̂hi ⟩⟨n̂hj ⟩
The hole-hole correlator, centered around its reference site,
i0 = (x0 = 10, y0 = 3), shows a charge-density wave pattern and (ii) the spin-spin correlation ⟨Ŝiz Ŝjz ⟩ functions shown
around the short direction of the cylinder. Additionally, we in Fig. 2.
find a domain wall in the spin-spin correlation function with The well-known case of fermionic holes [51, 57, 58] in-
reference site i0 = (x0 = 1, y0 = 3), on the boundary (white dicates the formation of a tightly bound pair state, which
dot); hence the bosons form a stripe. b) The fermions are
can be seen from the C4-symmetric hole-hole correlations
tightly bound into an isotropic pair embedded in a homoge-
neous AFM background. For both statistics, we plot the hole (Fig. 2b, top) and the absence of a spin domain wall
density averaged around the short direction of the cylinder, across the hole-rich region (Fig. 2b, bottom). While the
which also serves as a marker for convergence of our results intuitive picture for bosons suggests the holes to con-
(see Supplementary Material). dense and similarly bunch together, we find a surprising
situation: the bosons have a tendency towards stripe for-
mation. At finite density of holes, such stripes form in
van-der-Waals interactions ∝ r−6 give rise to flip-flop J⊥ e.g. cuprate materials, describing periodic charge modu-
and Ising terms Jz [49], as demonstrated in Ref. [48]. lations bound to π-phase shifts of the spin-spin correla-
Notably, the different scaling behaviours of the tunneling tions (domain walls) across the hole-rich regions.
and spin interactions allows us to tune the ratio of t/J In our small system simulation, the two bosonic holes
over a wide range. show strong tendency to pair along the short, periodic
In the (exact) mapping from the Rydberg Hamilto- direction of the cylinder, as evident from the hole-hole
nian onto the spin model, additional terms appear from correlations (Fig. 2a, top). In contrast to the fermionic
the anisotropy in the diagonal van-der-Waals interac- case, we observe a spin domain wall across the hole-rich
tion between pair states. These terms give rise to a region (Fig. 2a, bottom), a hallmark of stripe forma-
t – J – V – W model, see Eq. (2), with spin-hole interaction. Additionally, the charge correlations show short-
tions ∝ Wij n̂hi Ŝjz . Using the states from Ref. [48], we range repulsion along the short direction, distinctly dif-
find the latter to be negligible. ferent from the structure of the C4-invariant pair of the
Spin-charge order in the bosonic t – J model.— fermionic holes but resembling the situation in a stripe.
Understanding the nature of mobile dopants in strongly Both scenarios, tightly bound pairs and stripe correla-
correlated phases of matter has a long history, motivated tions, are marking phases observed in strongly correlated
by high-Tc superconductors and more recently by lay- electrons [51, 59].
ered 2D materials [50]. The fate of the AFM Mott in- This minimal instance – comparing two-hole fermionic
sulator under doping is still debated; however, experi- and bosonic states – already shows rich phenomenology
ments in cuprates have revealed that even a few percent and demonstrates an intriguing first experimental appli-
of fermionic dopants can lead to a robust d-wave super- cation of our proposal. Future experimental and numer-
conducting ground state [20, 51]. Hence, strong pairing ical studies of the bosonic AFM t – J model can be ex-
of charge carriers – the hole dopants – mediated by mag- pected to provide a fresh perspective from which to ad-
netic interactions [52] likely plays a key role. vance our current understanding of the physics of doped
Here, we perform a first numerical study of hole Mott insulators.
dopants in the ground state of the 2D bosonic AFM Experimental probes.—In the following, we dis-
t – J model, comparing our results to an equivalent cal- cuss observables that can be obtained from snapshots
5
in our proposed experimental scheme. From low- to Discussion & Outlook.—We have studied a class
high-doping, we suggest a number of useful probes: of models, where AFM interactions are combined with
single-hole angle-resolved photoemission spectroscopy bosonic hole dopants in 2D. Our proposed model is of
(ARPES), binding energies, g (2) correlation functions particular interest due to the prospect of near-term re-
and transport. alizations in analog quantum simulation experiments.
A single hole dopant in an AFM background forms While we have predominantly discussed schemes for ana-
a quasiparticle, the magnetic polaron, with rich inter- log quantum simulation, we also envisage future appli-
nal structure [60]. Previous experiments focused on cations in hybrid digital-analog platforms [68], where
measurements of hole-spin-spin correlation functions [25] fast physical tunneling of bosonic or fermionic (Rydberg)
or dynamical probes [61]. However, a plethora of ro- atoms can be realized. Further, extensions in other 3-
vibrational excitation modes are predicted from numer- manifolds of circular Rydberg states may be possible [69].
ical calculations [62], which could be revealed by single- We demonstrated the relevance for strongly correlated
hole ARPES [63]. In our proposed model, a momentum- materials and potential connections to high-Tc super-
insensitive yet spin-selective measurement can be easily conductivity using state-of-the-art numerical techniques;
performed by driving microwave transitions between the this motivates future theoretical, numerical and experi-
|↓⟩ (|↑⟩) and |h⟩ states, in order to evaluate the transition mental studies of bosonic AFM t – J models. Addition-
probabilities. We note that in the t − J z model (J ⊥ = 0) ally, the precise tunability of our proposed model opens
the energy is approximately momentum independent; in exciting new avenues to explore pairing mechanisms and
our proposed scheme this can be implemented as a limit collective phases of doped Mott insulators [70]. For ex-
of the XXZ model with strong Ising terms. Moreover, the ample, via tuning the hole-hole interaction to realize a
characteristic excitation spectrum of the single hole is a hole binding-unbinding transition. Lastly, the exper-
staircase of string-excited states [60, 64–66] with energies imental building block could enable the realization of
scaling as t1/3 (J z )2/3 , which could be directly probed by more elaborate strongly-correlated systems, e.g. non-
momentum-independent measurements. Abelian lattice gauge theories [71].
In contrast to optical lattice experiments, platforms Note added.—During the publication process, we
utilizing tweezer arrays allow for direct access to ener- became aware of a tunable, fermionic t – J model im-
gies ⟨Ĥ⟩ by taking snapshots in the different bases of Ŝ α plemented in cold molecules using physical tunneling of
and Iˆσα and evaluating the terms individually in Hamil- molecules in a lattice [72].
tonian (4). The experimental protocol first requires an
Acknowledgments.—We are very grateful to
adiabatic state preparation protocol, e.g. by preparing
K.-K. Ni, A. Park, G. Patenotte and L. Picard for
a deterministic, low-energy Néel state followed by tuning
fruitful discussions and insights regarding the cold
suitable parameters. Repeating the experiment for zero,
molecule scheme, and we wish to thank N.-C. Chiu for
one and two holes, then allows to measure e.g. their
valuable feedback on Rydberg atom implementations.
binding energy directly.
We thank D. Wei and J. Zeiher for insightful discussions.
On the other hand, indirect signatures of pairing or L.H. acknowledges support from the Studienstiftung des
stripe formation can be obtained from g (2) correlation deutschen Volkes. T.J.H. acknowledges funding by the
functions. Moreover, the tunability of our model may
Munich Quantum Valley (MQV) doctoral fellowship
give a new perspective on the nature of the ground state.
program, which is supported by the Bavarian state gov-
In particular, tuning the magnetic or hole-hole interac-
ernment with funds from the Hightech Agenda Bayern
tion V can (un)favour pairing, which manifests in the Plus. S.H. acknowledges funding through the Harvard
hole-hole distance. Moreover, at finite doping we spec- Quantum Initiative Postdoctoral Fellowship in Quantum
ulate that the phase diagram – similar to its fermionic Science and Engineering. This research was funded by
counterpart – hosts instabilities towards incommensurate
the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG, German
charge and spin ordered phases of matter. Hence, the
Research Foundation) under Germany’s Excellence
formation (or absence) of stripes at finite doping with its
Strategy—EXC-2111—390814868, by the European
correlation between density and spin domain walls can Research Council (ERC) under the European Union’s
be investigated from state-dependent snapshots. Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme (grant
Lastly, we suggest to probe spin and charge transport agreement number 948141), by the NSF through a grant
by time-evolving an initial product state, e.g. a charge- for the Institute for Theoretical Atomic, Molecular,
density wave [67]. The control of atoms on the single- and Optical Physics at Harvard University and the
particle level in tweezer arrays [8] naturally suggests Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory.
to apply quench protocols to an initial product state.
Studying transport properties in 2D t – J models with
long-range interactions and at finite doping could give
important insights into exotic phases of matter with po-
∗
tential connections to strange metallicity. [email protected]
6
†
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1
Supplemental Materials: Antiferromagnetic bosonic t – J models and their quantum

simulation in tweezer arrays
Floquet engineering in ultracold molecules
As discussed in the main text, the t – J model can be rewritten using the Schwinger boson representation, Eq. (4),
yielding a spin model encoded in a three level system. Experimental setups with ultracold molecules have the capability
to coherently address N -level systems, which interact via long-ranged flip-flop spin interactions between rotational
states with ∆N = ±1 and ∆mN = 0, ±1. Further, because the dipole moment enables short Rabi pulse times between
different N -levels with frequencies in the microwave regime, they are highly suitable for Floquet engineering.
Here, we start from the molecular Hamiltonian Ĥmol , Eq. (6), and derive the effective Floquet Hamiltonian to first
order, i.e. we neglect terms O(τ 2 /TF2 ), where τ is duration of a single step within the Floquet cycle of length TF . We
simulate the dynamics of a building block with three sites to confirm excellent agreement between the exact and the
Floquet averaged dynamics.
In our molecular Hamiltonian, we assume that only two levels interact, e.g. by choosing appropriate sublevels with
corresponding selection rules, see Fig. S1. This has the advantage that the Floquet sequence enables the realization
of a highly tunable t – J – V model. In particular, we show how to realize target models with any
−t
ϵt := > 0, (S1)
Jz
and
J⊥
(I) ϵ⊥ := > 0 and ϵV = 0
Jz (S2)
J⊥ V 9
(II) ϵ⊥ := z > 1/2 and 0 < ϵV := z < .
J J 4
For the case of antiferromagentic spin interactions, we choose Jz > 0, which results in models with an overall positive
sign for the kinetic energy term ∝ t. Below, we propose two different Floquet sequences to realize models with V = 0
and V ̸= 0, respectively. Note that more elaborate Floquet sequences, including interactions between all three levels,
can be derived but lead to restricted tunability. Moreover, we can achieve parameter regimes with negative couplings
by combining the Floquet scheme with spatial rearrangement and anisotropic dipolar interactions.
Our Floquet sequence requires rotations between all three Schwinger spins Ŝ, Î↓ and Î↑ [Eq. (3)]. The non-interacting
levels have, by construction, a vanishing transition dipole matrix element but two-photon transitions can be efficiently
implemented; therefore one and two-photon microwave transitions can fully rotate within the three level system.
To derive the Floquet sequence, we find it convenient to re-write the target t – J – V Hamiltonian as
(
h i h i
2tij Iî,σ
x ˆx
Ij,σ + Iˆy Iˆy + Jij Ŝix Ŝjx + Ŝ y Ŝ y
X X
⊥
Ĥt−J = − i,σ j,σ i j
i<j σ
) (S3)
X4 h i 4
+ Vij (2 − ξ)Iî,σ
z ˆz
Ij,σ + ξ Iî,σ
z ˆz
Ij,σ̄ z z z
+ Jij − Vij (1 − ξ) Ŝi Ŝj ,
σ
9 9
where we have introduced the parameter ξ ∈ R and for ξ = 0 we retrieve Eq. (4). Here, we neglect the chemical
potential terms; hence we assume that the driving frequency is low compared to the internal molecular energy scales ω
to suppress driving induced excitations, i.e. 1/TF ≪ ω. On the other hand, we require the driving frequency to be
much faster than flip-flop interactions, 1/TF ≫ χ. Since, ω ∼ 1 GHz and χ ∼ 1 kHz the limits can be achieved
without concern of heating at this stage, or higher-order processes.
The above Hamiltonian can be derived as the effective Floquet model engineered from the underlying molecular
Hamiltonian as we now demonstrate. For two interacting levels, the molecular Hamiltonian (see main text) is given
by

y ˆy
χij Iî,↓
x ˆx
Ij,↓ + Iî,↓
X
Ĥmol = Ij,↓ , (S4)
i<j
where flip-flop terms χij correspond to resonant dipole–dipole couplings [38].

2
a) Molecular level scheme

exchange χ
| N = 2i
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Ŝ
Î"
| N = 1i
<latexit sha1_base64="TnkFzTGv8axAd/rA3AjAF3QFi94=">AAACRnicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfrS7dBIvgQkoiUt0IRTeupIJ9QBvKZHrTDp1M4sxELLHf4Vb/xl/wJ9yJW6ePhW09MHA49zHnHj/mTGnH+bQyK6tr6xvZzdzW9s7uXr6wX1dRIinWaMQj2fSJQs4E1jTTHJuxRBL6HBv+4GZcbzyhVCwSD3oYoxeSnmABo0QbyXtpn95duW1JRI9jJ190Ss4E9jJxZ6QIM1Q7BavY7kY0CVFoyolSLdeJtZcSqRnlOMq1E4UxoQPSw5ahgoSovHTiemQfG6VrB5E0T2h7ov6dSEmo1DD0TWdIdF8t1sbiv7WxIlWg5v5PfUkGqBe0cJQzmLOpg0svZSJONAo6dRkk3NaRPc7P7jKJVPOhIYRKZg61aZ9IQrVJeW758/TOnInVXQxxmdTPSm65VL4/L1auZwFn4RCO4ARcuIAK3EIVakDhEV7hDd6tD+vL+rZ+pq0ZazZzAHPIwC9C8rDL</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="4/9St5JaB5HfJmRjQk2PFMrl/2Y=">AAACL3icbVDLSsNAFJ3UV62vqMtuBovgqiTia1l0o7sK9gFNCJPppB06mYSZibWELPwat/ZrxI249SMEJ20WtnrhwuHce7j3HD9mVCrLejdKK6tr6xvlzcrW9s7unrl/0JZRIjBp4YhFousjSRjlpKWoYqQbC4JCn5GOP7rJ551HIiSN+IOaxMQN0YDTgGKkNOWZVWeIVOqESA39IL3LMs/pR2OOhIjGnlmz6tas4F9gF6AGimp65rcW4yQkXGGGpOzZVqzcFAlFMSNZxUkkiREeoQHpachRSKSbzkxk8FgzfRhEQjdXcMb+VqQolHIS+noz/1Yuz3Ly31nOCBnIrLL4gAqu3JTyOFGE4/n9IGFQRTAPCvapIFixiQYIC6otQDxEAmGl41w48DR3UNF52cvp/AXt07p9UT+/P6s1rovkyqAKjsAJsMElaIBb0AQtgMEzeAGvYGpMjTfjw/icr5aMQnMIFsr4+gHr5ar6</latexit>
Î#
| N = 0i
<latexit sha1_base64="c4JAFYszcOjR4aKGOugJgm5Aq2A=">AAACRnicbVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfrS7dBIvgQkoiUt0IRTeupIJ9QBvKZHrTDp1M4sxELLHf4Vb/xl/wJ9yJW6ePhW09MHA49zHnHj/mTGnH+bQyK6tr6xvZzdzW9s7uXr6wX1dRIinWaMQj2fSJQs4E1jTTHJuxRBL6HBv+4GZcbzyhVCwSD3oYoxeSnmABo0QbyXtpn95dOW1JRI9jJ190Ss4E9jJxZ6QIM1Q7BavY7kY0CVFoyolSLdeJtZcSqRnlOMq1E4UxoQPSw5ahgoSovHTiemQfG6VrB5E0T2h7ov6dSEmo1DD0TWdIdF8t1sbiv7WxIlWg5v5PfUkGqBe0cJQzmLOpg0svZSJONAo6dRkk3NaRPc7P7jKJVPOhIYRKZg61aZ9IQrVJeW758/TOnInVXQxxmdTPSm65VL4/L1auZwFn4RCO4ARcuIAK3EIVakDhEV7hDd6tD+vL+rZ+pq0ZazZzAHPIwC9BFbDK</latexit>
b) Floquet sequence without V

n
⌧1
<latexit sha1_base64="B/jD0XMIeLCwK6ObxHE9ZVPMeH4=">AAACGHicbVDJSgNBEK1xjXGLevTSGARPYUbcjkEvHiOYBZIh9HR6kjY9C901YhjyD17N13gTr978GMGeZA4m8UHB470qqup5sRQabfvbWlldW9/YLGwVt3d29/ZLB4cNHSWK8TqLZKRaHtVcipDXUaDkrVhxGniSN73hXeY3n7nSIgofcRRzN6D9UPiCUTRSo4M06TrdUtmu2FOQZeLkpAw5at3ST6cXsSTgITJJtW47doxuShUKJvm42Ek0jykb0j5vGxrSgGs3nV47JqdG6RE/UqZCJFP170RKA61HgWc6A4oDvehl4r9epijt63Fx/gD0b9xUhHGCPGSz/X4iCUYkS4T0hOIM5cgQypQwLxA2oIoyNLnNLXiZfVA0eTmL6SyTxnnFuapcPlyUq7d5cgU4hhM4AweuoQr3UIM6MHiCV3iDiTWx3q0P63PWumLlM0cwB+vrF6FkoO8=</latexit>
⌧2
<latexit sha1_base64="rCyBPgyTKHaqYnT/OSWuzeQhiJo=">AAACGHicbVDLSsNAFL2prxpfVZduBovgqiTF17LoxmUF+4A2lMl00o6dTMLMRCyh/+DWfo07cevOjxGctFnY1gMXDufcy733+DFnSjvOt1VYW9/Y3Cpu2zu7e/sHpcOjpooSSWiDRDySbR8rypmgDc00p+1YUhz6nLb80V3mt56pVCwSj3ocUy/EA8ECRrA2UrOrcdKr9kplp+LMgFaJm5My5Kj3Sj/dfkSSkApNOFaq4zqx9lIsNSOcTuxuomiMyQgPaMdQgUOqvHR27QSdGaWPgkiaEhrN1L8TKQ6VGoe+6QyxHqplLxP/9TJFqkBN7MUDdHDjpUzEiaaCzPcHCUc6QlkiqM8kJZqPDcFEMvMCIkMsMdEmt4UFL/MPbJOXu5zOKmlWK+5V5fLholy7zZMrwgmcwjm4cA01uIc6NIDAE7zCG0ytqfVufVif89aClc8cwwKsr1+jE6Dw</latexit>
⌧1
⌧3
<latexit sha1_base64="qpXi3mJL9LPl/HOJzahg5c+i/zw=">AAACP3icbVC7TsMwFHXKq4RXCyOLRYTEVCWACmMFC2OR6ENqo8pxndbUeci+QVRR/4EV/obP4AvYECsbTpuBtBzJ0tG5D597vFhwBbb9YZTW1jc2t8rb5s7u3v5BpXrYVlEiKWvRSESy6xHFBA9ZCzgI1o0lI4EnWMeb3Gb1zhOTikfhA0xj5gZkFHKfUwJaaveBJIOLQcWya/YceJU4ObFQjuagalj9YUSTgIVABVGq59gxuCmRwKlgM7OfKBYTOiEj1tM0JAFTbjq3O8OnWhliP5L6hYDn6t+JlARKTQNPdwYExmq5lon/1jJFKl8V/k89SSYMlrRgZmoUbIJ/7aY8jBNgIV249BOBIcJZcHjIJaMgppoQKrk+FNMxkYSCjrew/Hlxp6ljdZZDXCXt85pTr9XvL63GTR5wGR2jE3SGHHSFGugONVELUfSIXtArejPejU/jy/hetJaMfOYIFWD8/ALUE68n</latexit>
⌧4
<latexit sha1_base64="WbIUnFr5BBL0ceHeX/7YPOhPmIk=">AAACP3icbVDLSsNAFJ2prxpfrS7dBIPgqiRSqsuiG5cV7APaUCbTSTt28mDmRiyh/+BW/8bP8AvciVt3TtosTOuBgcO5jzn3eLHgCmz7A5c2Nre2d8q7xt7+weFRpXrcUVEiKWvTSESy5xHFBA9ZGzgI1oslI4EnWNeb3mb17hOTikfhA8xi5gZkHHKfUwJa6gyAJMP6sGLZNXsBc504ObFQjtawiq3BKKJJwEKggijVd+wY3JRI4FSwuTFIFIsJnZIx62sakoApN13YnZvnWhmZfiT1C8FcqH8nUhIoNQs83RkQmKjVWib+W8sUqXxV+D/1JJkyWNGCuaFRsAn+tZvyME6AhXTp0k+ECZGZBWeOuGQUxEwTQiXXh5p0QiShoOMtLH9e3mnoWJ3VENdJ57LmNGqN+7rVvMkDLqNTdIYukIOuUBPdoRZqI4oe0Qt6RW/4HX/iL/y9bC3hfOYEFYB/fgHV6a8o</latexit>
⌧3
⌧4
⌧3
⌧1
x
x
time
<latexit sha1_base64="33rHoSkRoqNEIsAshZtaI0gJ3mo=">AAAB/HicdVDLSgNBEJyNrxhfUY9eBoPgadld4hpvQS8eEzAPSJYwO+kkQ2YfzMxKwhJ/wKv+gTfx6r/4A36Hs0kEI1rQUFR1093lx5xJZVkfRm5tfWNzK79d2Nnd2z8oHh41ZZQICg0a8Ui0fSKBsxAaiikO7VgACXwOLX98k/mtexCSReGdmsbgBWQYsgGjRGmpPukVS5bplh3HLmPLtCyn4jgZsR3XvcK2VjKU0BK1XvGz249oEkCoKCdSdmwrVl5KhGKUw6zQTSTEhI7JEDqahiQA6aXzQ2f4TCt9PIiErlDhufpzIiWBlNPA150BUSP528vEv7xOogYVL2VhnCgI6WLRIOFYRTj7GveZAKr4VBNCBdO3YjoiglCls1nZMlmcWtDBfH+P/ydNx7Rd86JeLlWvlxHl0Qk6RefIRpeoim5RDTUQRYAe0RN6Nh6MF+PVeFu05ozlzDFagfH+BWZ/lcU=</latexit>
Ŝ ⇡
⇡
x
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y
<latexit sha1_base64="mNA5UpnhpK+f5l8mTEDdtGJo/pU=">AAAB/HicdVDLSsNAFL2pr1pfVZduBovgKiShxrorunHZgq2FNpTJdNoOnTyYmYgh1B9wq3/gTtz6L/6A3+GkrWBFD1w4nHMv997jx5xJZVkfRmFldW19o7hZ2tre2d0r7x+0ZZQIQlsk4pHo+FhSzkLaUkxx2okFxYHP6a0/ucr92zsqJIvCG5XG1AvwKGRDRrDSUjPtlyuW6VYdx64iy7Qsp+Y4ObEd171AtlZyVGCBRr/82RtEJAloqAjHUnZtK1ZehoVihNNpqZdIGmMywSPa1TTEAZVeNjt0ik60MkDDSOgKFZqpPycyHEiZBr7uDLAay99eLv7ldRM1rHkZC+NE0ZDMFw0TjlSE8q/RgAlKFE81wUQwfSsiYywwUTqbpS3381NLOpjv79H/pO2YtmueNauV+uUioiIcwTGcgg3nUIdraEALCFB4hCd4Nh6MF+PVeJu3FozFzCEswXj/AmgXlcY=</latexit>
y
Î# ⇡ ⇡ ⇡ ⇡
<latexit sha1_base64="Osetpfh8iQGWsS7vlztbqWU49DE=">AAACCHicdVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWARXw0yoY90V3bisYB/QGUomzbShmYdJRizD/IA/4Fb/wJ249S/8Ab/DTFvBih4IHM65l3ty/IQzqSzrw1haXlldWy9tlDe3tnd2K3v7bRmngtAWiXksuj6WlLOIthRTnHYTQXHoc9rxx5eF37mjQrI4ulGThHohHkYsYAQrLXluIDDJ3ITlGcr7laplOjWE7Bq0TMtCdYQKYiPHOYe2VgpUwRzNfuXTHcQkDWmkCMdS9mwrUV6GhWKE07zsppImmIzxkPY0jXBIpZdNQ+fwWCsDGMRCv0jBqfpzI8OhlJPQ15MhViP52yvEv7xeqoK6l7EoSRWNyOxQkHKoYlg0AAdMUKL4RBNMBNNZIRlh3YPSPS1cuZ9FLetivn8P/ydtZNqOeXpdqzYu5hWVwCE4AifABmegAa5AE7QAAbfgETyBZ+PBeDFejbfZ6JIx3zkACzDevwD5cZsU</latexit>
<latexit sha1_base64="Osetpfh8iQGWsS7vlztbqWU49DE=">AAACCHicdVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWARXw0yoY90V3bisYB/QGUomzbShmYdJRizD/IA/4Fb/wJ249S/8Ab/DTFvBih4IHM65l3ty/IQzqSzrw1haXlldWy9tlDe3tnd2K3v7bRmngtAWiXksuj6WlLOIthRTnHYTQXHoc9rxx5eF37mjQrI4ulGThHohHkYsYAQrLXluIDDJ3ITlGcr7laplOjWE7Bq0TMtCdYQKYiPHOYe2VgpUwRzNfuXTHcQkDWmkCMdS9mwrUV6GhWKE07zsppImmIzxkPY0jXBIpZdNQ+fwWCsDGMRCv0jBqfpzI8OhlJPQ15MhViP52yvEv7xeqoK6l7EoSRWNyOxQkHKoYlg0AAdMUKL4RBNMBNNZIRlh3YPSPS1cuZ9FLetivn8P/ydtZNqOeXpdqzYu5hWVwCE4AifABmegAa5AE7QAAbfgETyBZ+PBeDFejbfZ6JIx3zkACzDevwD5cZsU</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="Osetpfh8iQGWsS7vlztbqWU49DE=">AAACCHicdVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWARXw0yoY90V3bisYB/QGUomzbShmYdJRizD/IA/4Fb/wJ249S/8Ab/DTFvBih4IHM65l3ty/IQzqSzrw1haXlldWy9tlDe3tnd2K3v7bRmngtAWiXksuj6WlLOIthRTnHYTQXHoc9rxx5eF37mjQrI4ulGThHohHkYsYAQrLXluIDDJ3ITlGcr7laplOjWE7Bq0TMtCdYQKYiPHOYe2VgpUwRzNfuXTHcQkDWmkCMdS9mwrUV6GhWKE07zsppImmIzxkPY0jXBIpZdNQ+fwWCsDGMRCv0jBqfpzI8OhlJPQ15MhViP52yvEv7xeqoK6l7EoSRWNyOxQkHKoYlg0AAdMUKL4RBNMBNNZIRlh3YPSPS1cuZ9FLetivn8P/ydtZNqOeXpdqzYu5hWVwCE4AifABmegAa5AE7QAAbfgETyBZ+PBeDFejbfZ6JIx3zkACzDevwD5cZsU</latexit> <latexit sha1_base64="Osetpfh8iQGWsS7vlztbqWU49DE=">AAACCHicdVDLSgMxFM34rPVVdekmWARXw0yoY90V3bisYB/QGUomzbShmYdJRizD/IA/4Fb/wJ249S/8Ab/DTFvBih4IHM65l3ty/IQzqSzrw1haXlldWy9tlDe3tnd2K3v7bRmngtAWiXksuj6WlLOIthRTnHYTQXHoc9rxx5eF37mjQrI4ulGThHohHkYsYAQrLXluIDDJ3ITlGcr7laplOjWE7Bq0TMtCdYQKYiPHOYe2VgpUwRzNfuXTHcQkDWmkCMdS9mwrUV6GhWKE07zsppImmIzxkPY0jXBIpZdNQ+fwWCsDGMRCv0jBqfpzI8OhlJPQ15MhViP52yvEv7xeqoK6l7EoSRWNyOxQkHKoYlg0AAdMUKL4RBNMBNNZIRlh3YPSPS1cuZ9FLetivn8P/ydtZNqOeXpdqzYu5hWVwCE4AifABmegAa5AE7QAAbfgETyBZ+PBeDFejbfZ6JIx3zkACzDevwD5cZsU</latexit>
2 2 2 2
<latexit sha1_base64="JntNMZlbdSHJ4Wrulx1aEmqZKdk=">AAACLXicbVDLSsNAFJ3UV42vqCtxM1gEVyURX8uiG91VsA9oQplMJ+3QySTMTNQSgl/j1n6NC0Hc+hWCkzYL23rgwuHce7n3HD9mVCrb/jBKS8srq2vldXNjc2t7x9rda8ooEZg0cMQi0faRJIxy0lBUMdKOBUGhz0jLH97k/dYjEZJG/EGNYuKFqM9pQDFSWupaB+4AqdQNkRr4QXqXZV03iZEQ0VPXqthVewK4SJyCVECBetf6cXsRTkLCFWZIyo5jx8pLkVAUM5KZbiJJjPAQ9UlHU45CIr10YiGDx1rpwSASuriCE/XvRopCKUehryfzX+V8Lxf/7eWKkIHMzNkHVHDlpZTHiSIcT+8HCYMqgnlMsEcFwYqNNEFYUG0B4gESCCsd5syB56kDU+flzKezSJqnVeeien5/VqldF8mVwSE4AifAAZegBm5BHTQABi/gFbyBsTE23o1P42s6WjKKnX0wA+P7Fyj6qhM=</latexit>
x
x <latexit sha1_base64="33rHoSkRoqNEIsAshZtaI0gJ3mo=">AAAB/HicdVDLSgNBEJyNrxhfUY9eBoPgadld4hpvQS8eEzAPSJYwO+kkQ2YfzMxKwhJ/wKv+gTfx6r/4A36Hs0kEI1rQUFR1093lx5xJZVkfRm5tfWNzK79d2Nnd2z8oHh41ZZQICg0a8Ui0fSKBsxAaiikO7VgACXwOLX98k/mtexCSReGdmsbgBWQYsgGjRGmpPukVS5bplh3HLmPLtCyn4jgZsR3XvcK2VjKU0BK1XvGz249oEkCoKCdSdmwrVl5KhGKUw6zQTSTEhI7JEDqahiQA6aXzQ2f4TCt9PIiErlDhufpzIiWBlNPA150BUSP528vEv7xOogYVL2VhnCgI6WLRIOFYRTj7GveZAKr4VBNCBdO3YjoiglCls1nZMlmcWtDBfH+P/ydNx7Rd86JeLlWvlxHl0Qk6RefIRpeoim5RDTUQRYAe0RN6Nh6MF+PVeFu05ozlzDFagfH+BWZ/lcU=</latexit>
Î" ⇡ <latexit sha1_base64="Z1GEM5lk3CCEfs6MP7PiMp8byJY=">AAACFXicdVBNS8NAEJ3Urxq/qh69LBbBU0ikVnsrevFY0dpCG8pmu2mXbjZhdyOW0p/g1f4ab+LVsz9GcNNWsH48GHi8N8PMvCDhTGnXfbdyS8srq2v5dXtjc2t7p7C7d6fiVBJaJzGPZTPAinImaF0zzWkzkRRHAaeNYHCZ+Y17KhWLxa0eJtSPcE+wkBGsjXTTTlinUHSdUqXsVkroN/Ecd4oizFHrFD7a3ZikERWacKxUy3MT7Y+w1IxwOrbbqaIJJgPcoy1DBY6o8kfTU8foyChdFMbSlNBoqn6fGOFIqWEUmM4I67766WXin16mSBWqsb14gA7P/RETSaqpILP9YcqRjlEWB+oySYnmQ0Mwkcy8gEgfS0y0CW1hwcPsA9vk9RUK+p/cnThe2Tm9LhWrF/Pk8nAAh3AMHpxBFa6gBnUg0INHeIKJNbGerRfrddaas+Yz+7AA6+0TF6CgMA==</latexit>
⇡
c) Floquet sequence with V
⌧1
⌧2
⌧3
⌧2
⌧3
⌧2
⌧1
⌧4
⌧1
⌧4
⌧1
⌧5
<latexit sha1_base64="DZdoRremEo48QVkRvdbohNH+T/k=">AAACP3icbVC7TsMwFHXKq4RXCyOLRYTEVCUICmMFC2OR6ENqo8pxndbUeci+QVRR/4EV/obP4AvYECsbTpuBtBzJ0tG5D597vFhwBbb9YZTW1jc2t8rb5s7u3v5BpXrYVlEiKWvRSESy6xHFBA9ZCzgI1o0lI4EnWMeb3Gb1zhOTikfhA0xj5gZkFHKfUwJaaveBJIPLQcWya/YceJU4ObFQjuagalj9YUSTgIVABVGq59gxuCmRwKlgM7OfKBYTOiEj1tM0JAFTbjq3O8OnWhliP5L6hYDn6t+JlARKTQNPdwYExmq5lon/1jJFKl8V/k89SSYMlrRgZmoUbIJ/7aY8jBNgIV249BOBIcJZcHjIJaMgppoQKrk+FNMxkYSCjrew/Hlxp6ljdZZDXCXt85pTr9XvL6zGTR5wGR2jE3SGHHSFGugONVELUfSIXtArejPejU/jy/hetJaMfOYIFWD8/ALXv68p</latexit>
⌧6
<latexit sha1_base64="b0cEdLiXcRNPgZeBxVHW8RATieg=">AAACP3icbVDLSgMxFE181vpqdekmOAiuyoxIdVl047KCfUA7lEyaaWMzD5I7Yhn6D271b/wMv8CduHVnpp2F03ogcDj3kXOPF0uhwbY/8Nr6xubWdmmnvLu3f3BYqR61dZQoxlsskpHqelRzKULeAgGSd2PFaeBJ3vEmt1m988SVFlH4ANOYuwEdhcIXjIKR2n2gyaA+qFh2zZ6DrBInJxbK0RxUsdUfRiwJeAhMUq17jh2Dm1IFgkk+K/cTzWPKJnTEe4aGNODaTed2Z+TMKEPiR8q8EMhc/TuR0kDraeCZzoDCWC/XMvHfWqYo7evC/6mn6ITDkhbMygYFm+Bfu6kI4wR4yBYu/UQSiEgWHBkKxRnIqSGUKWEOJWxMFWVg4i0sf17cWTaxOsshrpL2Rc2p1+r3l1bjJg+4hE7QKTpHDrpCDXSHmqiFGHpEL+gVveF3/Im/8PeidQ3nM8eoAPzzC9mVryo=</latexit>
⌧5
⌧6
<latexit sha1_base64="b0cEdLiXcRNPgZeBxVHW8RATieg=">AAACP3icbVDLSgMxFE181vpqdekmOAiuyoxIdVl047KCfUA7lEyaaWMzD5I7Yhn6D271b/wMv8CduHVnpp2F03ogcDj3kXOPF0uhwbY/8Nr6xubWdmmnvLu3f3BYqR61dZQoxlsskpHqelRzKULeAgGSd2PFaeBJ3vEmt1m988SVFlH4ANOYuwEdhcIXjIKR2n2gyaA+qFh2zZ6DrBInJxbK0RxUsdUfRiwJeAhMUq17jh2Dm1IFgkk+K/cTzWPKJnTEe4aGNODaTed2Z+TMKEPiR8q8EMhc/TuR0kDraeCZzoDCWC/XMvHfWqYo7evC/6mn6ITDkhbMygYFm+Bfu6kI4wR4yBYu/UQSiEgWHBkKxRnIqSGUKWEOJWxMFWVg4i0sf17cWTaxOsshrpL2Rc2p1+r3l1bjJg+4hE7QKTpHDrpCDXSHmqiFGHpEL+gVveF3/Im/8PeidQ3nM8eoAPzzC9mVryo=</latexit>
⌧5
⌧1
n
x x
time
Ŝ ⇡
⇡
x
x
y
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Antiferromagnetic Bosonic T - J Models and Their Quantum Simulation in Tweezer Arrays

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Antiferromagnetic Bosonic T - J Models and Their Quantum Simulation in Tweezer Arrays

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Antiferromagnetic bosonic t – J models

and their quantum simulation in tweezer arrays

Lukas Homeier,1, 2, 3, 4, ∗ Timothy J. Harris,1, 2 Tizian Blatz,1, 2 Sebastian Geier,5, 4

a) Bosonic t J model c) Spin model mapping

teractions can be engineered using the Floquet driving

The t – J model describes (hardcore) mobile spin-1/2

particles on a d-dimensional lattice with magnetic in-

teractions; hence the local Hilbert space is spanned

Here, we investigate bosonic particles |σ⟩ = â†j,σ |vac⟩,

where we express P spins in the Schwinger represen-

bosons have to fulfill the local constraint

⇡ ⇡ ⇡ and hole densities, respectively, see Fig. 1c.

Supplemental Materials: Antiferromagnetic bosonic t – J models and their quantum

Floquet engineering in ultracold molecules

where flip-flop terms χij correspond to resonant dipole–dipole couplings [38].

a) Molecular level scheme

b) Floquet sequence without V

c) Floquet sequence with V

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